ng Thanh Bnh

Chng 3
Cc k thut iu ch
Contents
Introduction
Modulation Introduction
Cc k thut iu ch
iu ch tng t
AM, FM
iu ch s
ASK, FSK, PSK, QAM
Tri ph
CSS, DSSS, FHSS, THSS
Ghp knh phn chia theo tn s trc giao
(Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing
OFDM)
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INTRO
Messages, Characters, and Symbols
During digital transmission the characters are
rst encoded into a sequence of bits, called a bit
stream or baseband signal.
Groups of bits form a nite symbol set or word
(= 2 ) of such symbols
A system using a symbol set size of is referred
to as an M-ary system.

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Messages, Characters, and Symbols
The value of or is an important initial choice
in the design of any digital communication
system.
For = 1, the system is called a binary system,
the size of symbol set is 2, and the modulator
uses two different waveforms to represent the
binary 1 and the binary 0
For = 2, the system is called quaternary or 4-
ary ( = 4) system. At each symbol time, the
modulator uses one of the four different
waveforms that represents the symbol
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Messages, Characters, and Symbols
Figure: Binary and quaternary systems

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Sampling Process (Ly mu)
The analog information is transformed into a digital
format.
The process starts with sampling the waveform to
produce a discrete pulse-amplitude-modulated
waveform.
The sampling process is usually described in time
domain. This operation is basic to digital signal
processing and digital communication.
Using the sampling process, we convert the analog
signal into corresponding sequences of samples that
are usually spaced uniformly in time
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Sampling Process (Ly mu)
We sample the signal () instantaneously at a
1
uniform rate, , once every ( ) seconds.

Thus, we obtain:

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Digital Modulation
The digital signals developed in transmitting voice, data,
video, and signaling information are generated at low
data rates (1 - 50 kbps)
They are so low in frequency that transmissions from
the transmitter to the receiver would require antennas
thousands of meters long.
Furthermore, the signals from one transmitter would
interfere with signals from other transmitters if they all
use the same frequency band.
Therefore, baseband signals are modulated onto a radio
frequency carrier for transmission from the transmitter
to the receiver
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Wireless Modulation
The radio environment at 800-2000 MHz (used
for mobile communications) is hostile.
We must therefore select modulation schemes
that are robust.
In addition to the modulation schemes we must
also choose encoding algorithms that improve
the performance of the system

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Wireless Modulation
We focus on three modulation schemes:
Minimum Shift Keying (MSK)
Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK)
/4-Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (/4-
DQPSK)
Usage:
GMSK: GSM900, GSM1800, GSM1900, and digital
enhanced cordless telecommunications (DECT)
/4-DQPSK: Personal Wireless Telecommunications
(PWT) and PWT-E (enhanced)

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Wireless Modulation
We also examine
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
M-ary Frequency Shift Keying (MFSK)

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MODULATION INTRODUCTION
Modulation Introduction
When we transmit the digital bit stream, we
convert the bit stream into the analog signal:
()cos( + )
We have:
Amplitude ()
Frequency /2 (omega/2pi)
Phase ()
We can change any of these three
characteristics to formulate the modulation
scheme
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Modulation Introduction
The basic forms of the three modulation
methods used for transmitting digital signals are
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

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ASK, FSK and PSK
When and remain unchanged, we have ASK.
The transmitted carrier wave takes two amplitude values
during the duration of the pulse.
When () and remain unchanged, we have
binary (or M-ary) FSK.
The carrier frequency is shifted up or down by a xed
value corresponding to a binary 1 or 0
When () and remain unchanged, we have
binary (or M-ary) PSK.
In binary PSK, the information is contained in the phase.
During the transmission of a binary 1 the carrier phase is
zero, and the carrier phase is changed to a value of
during the transmission of a binary 0.
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Hybrid Modulation Schemes
Two characteristics are changed with each
symbol transmitted.
The most common method is to x and change
and .
This method is known as Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation (QAM)

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Modulation Basics
For the simplest binary signaling system, we
choose two signals denoted by 0 ()and 1 () to
represent the binary values of 0 and 1,
respectively.
Since no channel is perfect, the receiver will also
have Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN),
n().
The data receiver will then process the signal and
noise through a lter, h(), and, at the end of the
signaling interval, , make a determination of
whether the transmitter sent a 0 or a 1.
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Modulation Basics
Receiver structure to detect binary signal with
AWGN

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