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 The Server Side
BLOCK INTRODUCTION Scripting

In the previous Block you have gone through the concepts related to web
programming scripting languages such as HTML5, XML, JavaScript etc. One
common point about these languages is that these languages are interpreted and
executed by the browser which results in display of web pages. When you
access a web page the client side script files are transferred from the web site
which is hosted on a web server to the client side through hypertext transfer
protocol. But are these files stored as similar files at the web server or they are
generated with the help of a programming language? This block attempts to
answer this question. Simply speaking, if the web site displays standard pages
to every client, the web server may just store these pages may be as standard
HTML tags. Such sites are sometimes referred to as static web sites. However,
in practice static web sites has limited uses and Web 2.0 web sites are more
dynamic and interactive. This means that the pages that may be created for a
client may change as per the need of the client, thus, you need some dynamism
at the web server level too. The languages that are used to create client pages at
the server, based on clients requirements may be categorized as the Server Side
Scripting Languages. Some of the common server side scripting languages are
PHP, JSP, SERVLET, ASP.NET, PYTHON and many more. In this Block, we
have used JSP as the server side scripting language. In this Block we will be
discussing about the server side scripting. This Block consists of four Units:
Unit 1 discusses the basic concepts relating to server side scripting. It explains
various enterprise level architectures, HTTP methods and the concept of web
container.
Unit 2 explains the basic directives and elements of JSP. It also explains the
concepts of expressions, and some basic JSP objects.
Unit 3 focusses on exception handling using JSP and use of cookies and
sessions in the content of JSP. It also introduces the concept of managing
emails using JSP.
Unit 4 presents an example of JSP that uses JDBC and database drivers. It also
explains how you can connect to databases and develop applications involving
databases.

5
 Unit Continues from Page 7

6
 The Server Side
UNIT 1: THE SERVER SIDE SCRIPTING Scripting

Structure Page Nos.

1.0 Introduction 5
1.1 Objectives 5
1.2 Server side scripting and its need
1.3 Two-Tier, Three-Tier, N-Tier and Enterprise Architecture
1.4 Various Languages/ Technologies for server scripting
1.5 HTTP Methods (such as GET, POST, HEAD, and so on)
Purpose
Technical characteristics
Method selection
1.6 Use of request and response primitives
1.7 Web container Tomcat
1.8 Summary
1.9 Answers to Check Your Progress
1.10 Further Readings

1.0 INTRODUCTION

In the last Block you have gone through the concepts of client side scripting. A client
side script is executed by a browser and displayed as per the stated format. Such code
however, in general is static in nature. In order to create dynamic web sites you need
to use server side scripting.

This unit explains the concepts of server side scripting. It first defines the need of
server side scripting. It explains various types of client server architectural model that
are being used to develop flexible dynamic applications. This Unit also describes the
role of various HTTP methods which help in transfer of data from the client side to
the server side. It also explains the concept of request and response primitives that
may be needed in a client server system. Finally the unit explains the concept of a web
container with the help of an example.

This Unit thus, provides the basic information about the server side scripting. The
remaining three Units of this Block are devoted to one server side scripting language
JSP. Please remember that this block only introduces you to the server side scripting.
This is one area where tools and technologies are changing at a very rapid rate,
therefore, you must keep learning about web programming through suggested further
readings on the WWW.

1.1 OBJECTIVES

After going through this Unit you should be able to:

Define the need and the purpose of server side scripting

Explain the purpose of tiers of architecture
Identify several languages for server side scripting
Work with some of the HTTP methods.
7
 define request and response primitives and their uses.
List the features of a web container

1.2 SERVER SIDE SCRIPTING AND ITS NEED

Internet and specially World Wide Web is a major phenomenon of the last two
decades. It was first proposed in a paper written by Sir Tim Berner-Lee in the year
1989. The WWW proposal by him was aimed at better communication and was based
on the concept of hypertext a text that can be linked (called hyperlink) to other text
document. What should the basic requirements of WWW?

You must have visited WWW and would have visited many web sites. So just try to
identify what are the very basic requirements that might be needed for WWW. The
first and the foremost is the web address which is a unique address of a resource at a
website on WWW. This resource address is also called the Uniform Resource Locator
(URL). The second in this context would be a set of rules that allows transfer of the
resources (mostly files) from a website to the user. This set of rules was documented
as HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP). Thirdly, you must agree on some common
but simple computer language that allows consistent publishing of the contents (may
be in any spoken language). This common computer language is HyperText Markup
Language (HTML) which uses standard tags. Now, the question is how does a user
reach to a website and where does the website reside?

You as a user of WWW you need an Internet connection which should be running the
HTTP and TCP/IP protocols (recollect HTTP is the application layer protocol of
TCP/IP). You on your computer use a browser, type a website address which happens
to be a URL of a starting page(may be the default index page index.html) of the
website. The website responds by sending this page over the Internet and browser
interprets and displays this page for you. In the whole process, the browser at your
computer acts as a Client. The website obviously has to take the responsibility to
make sure that client gets the requested page, thus, serves the client. Thus, websites
are hosted on a Server. Since this server is of WWW commonly called web, the server
is called the Web Server. In effect, the basic architecture is the Client-Server
architecture. Figure 1 shows this architecture. Please note in the figure that there may
be many clients for a website.

Client 1 Client 2 Client 3 Client n

.

The Internet

Web Server or Servers

Figure 1: The Client-Server Model

8
The implication of this architecture is that you can clearly identify three basic The Server Side
components viz. the Client, the Internet cloud and the Server. The technologies of all Scripting
these three components can be enhanced separately as long as they follow the three
basic tenets, those are, the resources should be named using a standard (URL), a
standard communication protocol is used (HTTP) and the contents are transferred to
the client using a standard tagging language (HTML). Even all these standards over
the period of time can be enhanced, but for this purposes newer client and server
software needs to be created. You can relate these facts to development of newer
secure protocols like HTTPS, creation and enhancement of client side scripting
languages and CSS, and server side scripting technologies. The tremendous growth of
WWW in terms of technologies can, thus, be attributed to the simple, flexible
architecture and basic technologies.

Today WWW consists of dynamic and interactive websites. A website can be made
dynamic using both the client-side and server-side scripting. On the client side many
technologies, like HTML5, CSS3, JavaScript, JSON, AJAX and many others, have
been developed. Some of these technologies have been studied by you in Block 1.
You must keep studying about these technologies form the WWW and keep updating
yourself. The client side scripting can be used to perform activities at the client site
that does not require information from the server. Some such activities may include
creating effects such as animations, simple games, changing display, and even
checking of information in forms that does not require checking at the server etc. The
client-side scripting not only helps in creating some visual effect on the client but also
reduces unnecessary communication between the client and server.

However, it is the Server-Side Scripting that has lead to major advances in website
design. The basic tenet of server side scripting is that to send a HTML file to a client
(browser), you need not store these files on the server as HTML files. Rather,
information can be collected from many sources including databases and HTML
document can be created and sent to the browser. This makes the websites very
dynamic as they can collect information and display formats as per the choices of the
clients. The input to server side script is the input obtained from the client. The server-
side script is executed at server using the resources of the servers. The final output is
created for a client and sent to it for display on the browser. Please note that server-
side scripting may generate different output for different browsers, if required. It
makes the process of creating web pages simple and programmable. Server side
scripting had helped in creating big e-commence based portals simpler to create and
deploy. Can you think of some basic usage of server-side scripting?

Some basic uses of server-side scripting include applications that require users to
login to system using a password. However, for such applications you also face
problems due to stateless nature of HTTP protocol. What does this stateless protocol
means?

It simply means that your current request to a server cannot be related to previous
request as in HTTP server is not required to retain information about your previous
requests. Therefore, if you are performing a transaction that requires multiple
requests, you need to make sure that the information of previous requests is duly
recorded. Thus, you need to make special provisions such as creating cookies or
sessions that help in performing such tasks. Unit 3 of this Block explains these
concepts in more details. However, you should know that the concept of stateless
protocol is extremely useful for Internet as storing states take space and time, and
given the size of internet and its users it would have made Internet very slow.

Server-side scripting is also very useful in extracting information from the user, may
be with the help of a form or otherwise, and processing the information for some
useful purpose. Suppose, you are interested in opening a web based email account,
then you may fill up an account opening request form of an e-mail service provider

9
 like gmail, yahoo mail, rediffmail, etc. When you are filling up the form and commit
some catchable mistake, client side JavaScript caches the error. However, once you
submit the form and still an error is encountered, like duplicate user name, it can only
be caught by the server-side script.

Server-side scripting is also useful when you want to use a database as a backend to a
web based application. Databases are normally stored on a database server which can
be directly connected to the web server. Such kind of application has been discussed
in the Unit 4 of this Block.

Finally, just some basic advice on when to use client-side scripting and when to use
server-side scripting? The answer is very simple if a user interaction element of a
page can be processed without the need of any information from the web server, then
you use client-side scripts. It reduces the load on network traffic, but the client
hardware should be sufficiently fast to execute the client side script.

form of email service provide for obtaining the email access developing an e-
commerce application, then your selection of various products can be stored with the
help of login in a session using forms. Once you want to create the final bill, all the
information you have selected in various. However, client-side scripts are dependent
on browsers and are less secure. For secure applications, you should use server-side
scripting.

1.3 WEB APPLICATION ARCHITECTURES

In the previous section, you have gone through the concept of client-server model of
computing. The model discussed in Figure 1, defines two simple portion where
computing is performed. The first one is the client, which performs the tasks such as
displaying a web page of an HTML document using CSS, running JavaScript,
performing data conversion on the client side, dealing with client side Graphical User
Interface display, communicating the data of the clients over the Internet to the server.
While on the server side data may be stored, updated, or retrieved from database, the
data may also be processed and a response may be sent to the client. Thus, the model
clearly identifies a Client and a Server.

The objective of such a model is to clearly the division of work providing a flexible
and scalable model of computing. This model provides flexibility in the sense that a
new client can be added to whole system without much effort. The client only needs
to know what server to access through the network and how. Now, consider a client-
server environment in which you initially had only single digit number of clients,
therefore, one single server was able to serve all the clients. However, the application
became popular and hundreds of clients joined. In order to serve these clients you may
need to deploy more servers. The important point here is that you can scale the
number of servers based on the requirements. Thus, client-server model is a scalable
model of computing.

1.3.1 N-Tier Architecture

In order to develop client-server based, you need an application development

architecture. One such architecture that can be considered is 2-tier architecture.
Obviously, in the 2-tier architecture, the first tier belonging to the client, which may
be called a client tier, client tier or frontend, and the second tier may be called the
server tier or backend. A developer needs to design the basic interactivity for the
application, rules of data access and business rules in the client tier. In present day
applications interactivity is provided through GUIs. Thus, all the information pages,
forms, etc. designed by you are part of the client tier. Thus, web pages of a web
application accessed by you using your computer system and browser are part of the

10
client tier of the web application. The following is an illustration of use of 2-tier The Server Side
architecture. Scripting

You (client Computer) Web Server running a Web Application

using a Browser Client Tier/Layer Server Tier/Layer
Requests index page of a
web site by typing the Receives the request and
address of the web site processes it to collect
The presentation tier will relevant files.
use server tier files to
create the web page
HTML+CSS+JavaScript
for communication to
client computer.

The index page is displayed

on the browser. Suppose the
web site requests you to
login. You will enter the user
Id and password and press
Submit.
The message page will be
displayed. You can try again
and the process continues
The server will receive
the data. It will connect to
The failure message will database to determine if
be converted to the the user ID and Password
required web page in are correct. Suppose it is
HTML format along with not then it will create the
CSS and the page will be failure message.
communicated to the
client computer. Please
note this layer may also
check the number of
login attempts.

Figure 2: An Illustration of 2-Tier Architecture

As a client, you use the client tier to submit your request for a web page or some data.
The client tier also checks, if you have permission to access the requested data. In
case, user has the access permission, the requested information details are passed to
the server, where the server-tier programs services the request sent by you (as a
client). Once the requested data is available, then it is sent back to the client. Please
note that display of data on your client computer is processed by the client tier of the
web application.

The 2-tier client-server applications are useful for distribution of work, however, they
require complex client implementations and number of communications between the
client and servers. With the popularity of Internet new web application architecture
was developed called n-Tier architecture. One of the most common n-tier architecture
is 3-tier architecture. Figure 3 shows 3-tier architecture.

The layers and their basic functions are:

Presentation Layer/Tier: The presentation tier of the three tier architecture interfaces
with the client. The presentation tier is responsible for displaying the information to
the client as well as extracting information from the client. Technically, for a web
based application the presentation tier resides on the web server on request the
presentation layer displays interactive web pages in the browser of client computers.

11
 Application Logic Layer/ Tier: This is also called the middle ware. This layer is
primarily responsible to provide business rules, sharable components of a web
application, access control etc. This layer shields the data layer from direct use of the
clients. This layer provides an interface between the presentation and data layer.

Data Layer/Tier: The data for a web application may be hosted on a database
management system or a file system. The data layer controls the integrity of data
residing on some data storage system. The application logic sends queries to data
layer which sends back the query results to the application logic layer.

Figure 3: An n-Tier Architecture

Figure 4 shows an illustration of 3-tier Architecture.

Layer / Executed at Example

Presentation Layer/client computer and User logs in and on Successful login

web server requests the list of students for BCA
programme using a GUI based interface
created by the web server.

Business Layer/Web Server On user request the business layer

verifies the access constraints of the user,
suppose he is only authorized to see a
group of students of BCA, then the query
to database is suitably modified.

Data Layer/Web Server and Database The query is executed using a connection

12
Server with the database, and the results are The Server Side
returned to the web server. Scripting

Business Layer/Web Server The web server checks if the returned

data set is empty or not. If not passes the
data set to the Presentation Layer, else
returns an error message.

Presentation Layer/ web server and client The presentation layer converts the data
computer into a HTML table or error message to an
error page. This page then is sent to client
computer and displayed in the browser.

Figure 4: An illustration of 3-Tier Architecture

An n-tier architecture in addition to the above three layers may have many more
application layers such as client presentation layer, entity class layer, persistence layer
etc. The more are the number of layers the more complex the system is, however,
more layers may bring better application flexibility.

In general, n-tier architectures results in more scalable, more secure (database access
is hidden) and better integrity based applications. However, they are more complex in
nature.

1.3.2 MVC Architecture

In the previous sub-section, you have gone through the concept of n-tier architecture.
In this section, we discuss an important architecture that is used by Java for web
application development. This architecture is known as Model-View-Controller
(MVC). This architecture can also be used for the development of a web application.
Figure 6 shows the component of web applications as per this architecture.

Sends updated
Information
Model View

Display Information

Requests action by Model as User

per the request of the User
Interacts with

Controller

Figure 6: MVC Architecture

The MVC architecture has three functional component of a web application that
communicates through a user as well as among them. The following are the basic
components of MVC architecture:

13
 Model: In the context of MVC a Model defines the data model and its access controls.
The main role of this component is to represent data and perform updates on it as per
the defined rules. The main responsibility of this component is to accept user requests
and the data entered by the user and perform the necessary data related function.

View: The function of the view will be to accept the data from the Model and convert
it to form that can be seen be a user in a user friendly way. Thus, view is responsible
for displaying web pages for the user. Any change in the model should also change
the view. This can be achieved using two processes -

Push processes allows views to register with a model and change in the data
of the model result in pushing the current data to view.

Pull process requires the view to get data current data from the model when
needed.

Controller: A user may be allowed to interact with the web pages created by the Vier
component. This interaction may be in the form of selection of options of Menu, pull
down lists, check boxes etc., filling up data in text boxes etc. It is the controller which
accepts this data from the user and initiates suitable actions that should be carried out
by the models.

Let us explain the MVC with the help of an illustration as shown in figure 7.

Model You decided to create a website for

storing information of registered students
for various courses on an e-learning
website. The model may be the student
registration database.

View As a first time user, you want to register

into the website, one of the view would
be the registration page. Another view
may be the list of courses on offer. Please
note that in the view pages the course list
will be created from the model. In case a
new course is added, this list needs to be
updated. How? Not manually, but by a
program. You will learn about this in the
subsequent Units.

Controller You may register to a course by

submitting the online registration form,
the data of this form will be accepted by
the controller and sent to model for
necessary actions.

Figure 7: An Illustration of MVC

Check Your Progress 1

1) What is the need of Server side scripting? How is it different to client side
Scripting?
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
14
 ...................................................................................................................................... The Server Side
...................................................................................................................................... Scripting

2) What are the various components of 3-Tier architecture? Why is it needed?

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................

3) Compare 3-Tier Architecture with MVC?

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................

1.4 TOOLS FOR SERVER SIDE SCRIPTING

In this section we will explain about the basic features needed for the server
side scripting languages. As discussed in section1.2, purpose of server-side
scripting is program the response of a server to the client side requests.
Therefore, the input to server side scripting would be the interactive data input
sent by the client using a web browser, and the output is the displayable web
page which are displayed at the clients browser.

The question that you need an answer is: What should be the elements of a
server side programming language? In order to answer this question, you need
to first look at the functions that may be performed by the server side scripting.
These are:
Some mechanism for accessing the data that has been transferred from
the client.
Creation of dynamic web pages in which server side scripting may
change the contents of a specific portion of a webpage
Processing of form data obtained from the client side, this data
sometimes may be used to store, update, and retrieve information from
the database. All these activities are performed by the server-side
scripting
Handling errors that may occur due to several reasons, such as database
access errors, data related errors, or other events.
Enforcing the data security and integrity and handling constraints.
Handling creation of sessions between client and server despite HTTP
is stateless protocol.
Creating output pages in a HTML or other client side language form.

Thus, a server side scripting language support following constructs:

The basic programming constructs like variables, data types,
assignment statements, if statement, looping statements, arrays, etc.

15
 Most of the web programming languages are object oriented
programming languages, therefore, they uses classes, objects,
inheritance hierarchy, containers, collections of classes, error handling
etc.
To communicate with the clients, they support some predefined
methods, primitives and protocols. This ensures that data entered by a
user is duly sent to a program that handles it. Most of the server side
programming languages call these data items as parameters and have
various ways to refer to these parameters.
A good website requires access to a database system to store, update
and retrieve data based on users request. A database is maintained
under the control of a DBMS. You are required to use a database driver
that makes possible the exchange between the web server and the
database server. These drivers must be connected through some
connection protocols (some of these protocols are Open DataBase
Connectivity (ODBC) and Java DataBase Connectivity (JDBC)). Thus,
a server side script must have classes for driver specification and
connection establishment. In addition, server-side scripting support
constructs to create and execute SQL commands through these
connections and obtain the resulting data tables. But how to access
individual data records and attributes? Thus, every server-side scripting
must support tools to access data records or rows and attributes or
columns.
Since HTTP is a stateless protocol, therefore, you need to establish
sessions or create cookies (These will be discussed in Unit 3 of this
Block). Thus, server side scripting must have classes/mechanisms to
deal with sessions and cookies.
Server side script produces output for the browser, therefore, such
classes or commands must exist in such languages.
Thus, server-side scripting requires extensive features on part of its tools.
Some of the most popular server-side scripting languages include ASP.NET,
PHP, JSP and SERVLETS, Perl and many more. There are a number of tools
that integrate complete web development environment including web servers.
Some such IDEs are Eclispse, Netbeans, and Vistual Studio Express etc. A
detailed discussion on these tools is beyond the scope of this Unit. You will be
learning more about JSP in this Block. However, you may learn and use other
languages also as many of the concepts are of similar nature.

1.5 HTTP METHODS

In the previous sections, you have been explained about the client-server architectures
and the features of the language required for web application development. In these
sections, you have been told that data from the client is passed to the server using a
protocol. In this section, we define some of the basic methods that make this
communication possible.

HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is the protocol that is used for WWW. HTTP is
an application level protocol. What is an application level protocol? Please find out
answer to this question from BCS041: Fundamentals of Computer Networks. Present
version that is in use is HTTP/1.1

16
HTTP uses a request-response method of communication. As a client, you type in the The Server Side
URL of a website, for example, http://www.ignou.ac.in, you are initiating a request Scripting
from the web server

1.6 REQUEST AND RESPONSE PRIMITIVES

below:

1.7 WEB CONTAINERS

The Chi-square Distribution is defined in the BCS-040/Block 2/Unit 4/ Section 4.5 on

page 22.

Check Your Progress 2

1) Create t-distribution for the data given in Figure 7 and Figure 8 of this section
using a spreadsheet package.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................

2) Create chi square-distribution for the data given in Figure 9 of this section using a
spreadsheet package.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................

3) Create F-distribution for the data given in Figure 10 of this section using a
spreadsheet package
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................

Check Your Progress 3

1) Develop all the spreadsheets as shown in Figure 11 to Figure 14. Can you now
make effective use of names for ranges instead of cell references?
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................

1.8 SUMMARY
This section has been an attempt to provide you details on some of the basic concepts
17
 1.9 ANSWERS TO CHECK YOUR PROGRESS

Check Your Progress 1:

Three-

Comparison with the MVC architecture[edit source | editbeta]

At first glance, the three tiers may seem similar to the model-view-controller (MVC)
concept; however, topologically they are different. A fundamental rule in a three tier
architecture is the client tier never communicates directly with the data tier; in a three-tier
model all communication must pass through the middle tier. Conceptually the three-tier
architecture is linear. However, the MVC architecture is triangular: the view sends updates
to the controller, the controller updates the model, and the view gets updated directly from
the model.

From a historical perspective the three-tier architecture concept emerged in the 1990s from
observations of distributed systems (e.g., web applications) where the client, middle ware
and data tiers ran on physically separate platforms. Whereas MVC comes from the
previous decade (by work at Xerox PARC in the late 1970s and early 1980s) and is based
on observations of applications that ran on a single graphical workstation; MVC was
applied to distributed applications later in its history (see Model 2).

Today, MVC and similar model-view-presenter (MVP) are Separation of Concerns design
patterns that apply exclusively to the presentation layer of a larger system. In simple
scenarios MVC may represent the primary design of a system, reaching directly into the
database; however, in most scenarios the Controller and Model in MVC have a loose
dependency on either a Service or Data layer/tier. This is all about Client-Server
architecture.

Web development usage[edit source | editbeta]

In the web development field, three-tier is often used to refer to websites,
commonly electronic commerce websites, which are built using three tiers:

1. A front-end web server serving static content, and potentially

some cached dynamic content. In web based application, Front End is the
content rendered by the browser. The content may be static or generated
dynamically.
2. A middle dynamic content processing and generation level application server, for
example Ruby on Rails, Java EE, ASP.NET, PHP, ColdFusion, Perl platform.
3. A back-end database or data store, comprising both data sets and the database
management system or RDBMS software that manages and provides access to
the data.
Other considerations[edit source | editbeta]
Data transfer between tiers is part of the architecture. Protocols involved may include one
or more of SNMP, CORBA, Java RMI, .NET Remoting, Windows Communication
18
 Foundation, sockets, UDP, web services or other standard or proprietary protocols. The Server Side
Often middleware is used to connect the separate tiers. Separate tiers often (but not Scripting
necessarily) run on separate physical servers, and each tier may itself run on a cluster.

Traceability[edit source | editbeta]

The end-to-end traceability of data flows through n-tier systems is a challenging task which
becomes more important when systems increase in complexity. The Application Response
Measurement defines concepts and APIs for measuring performance and correlating
transactions between tiers.

Comments[edit source | editbeta]

Generally, the term "tiers" is used to describe physical distribution of components of a
system on separate servers, computers, or networks (processing nodes). A three-tier
architecture then will have three processing nodes. The term "layers" refer to a logical
grouping of components which may or may not be physically located on one processing
node.

Check Your Progress 2:

Please use any spreadsheet package and enter all the data as shown in

Check Your Progress 3:

download the file containing all these figures. Find out what formulas have
been entered. Also find the errors in the entry of formula. You may define cell
ranges and use in formulas.

1.10 FURTHER READINGS

Web link:
www.wikipedia.org
19
20
___________________________________________________________________________
UNIT 2 JSP - Basic
Structure
2.0 Introduction
2.1 Objective
2.2 JSP: An Introduction
2.3 JSP Life Cycle
2.4 Elements of JSP
2.4.1 Directives
2.4.1.1 page Directive
2.4.1.2 include Directive
2.4.1.3 taglib Directive
2.4.2 Scripting
2.4.2.1 Declarations
2.4.2.2 Expressions
2.4.2.3 Scriptlets
2.4.3 Action Elements
2.4.3.1 jsp:useBean
2.4.3.2 jsp:setProperty
2.4.3.3 jsp:getProperty
2.4.3.4 jsp:param
2.4.3.5 jsp:include
2.4.3.6 jsp:forward
2.4.3.7 jsp:plugin
2.4.3.8 jsp:fallback
2.5 Comments and Template Data
2.6 JSP Implicit Object
2.6.1 request
2.6.2 response
2.6.3 session
2.6.4 application
2.6.5 page
2.6.6 pageContext
2.6.7 out
2.6.8 config
2.6.9 exception
2.7 Complete Example
2.8 Summary
2.9 Solutions/Answers
________________________________________________________________
2.0 Introduction

In the previous block, you have learned that how to create HTML web pages. It is static
pages. When you will include java code inside the html page, it becomes Java Server Pages
(or JSP). Java Server Pages are simple but powerful technology used to generate dynamic
web pages. Dynamic web pages are different from static web pages in that web server will
create a web page when it is requested by a client or user. For example, your online results on
IGNOU website, the page for every student instead IGNOU web server dynamically creates a
page depending on your roll number.

1
JSP is released in 1999 by SUN Microsystems. JSP is a technology for developing web
pages. JSP is similar to PHP, but it uses the Java programming language. It follows the
characteristics of Java write once and run anywhere. JSP pages are platform independent
means it can run in any platform. It enables you to add dynamically generated content with
static html. In addition to html, JSP page are built using different components viz., directives,
scripting elements, standard actions and implicit objects. This unit covers how to create a JSP
page. It also provides a basic understanding of Java Bean, custom tag and life cycle of Java
Server Page.
___________________________________________________________________________
2.1 Objectives

In this Unit, you will learn the following:

how to create a JSP pages

how to include HTML or plain text files at the time the client requests the page
how to create and access Java Bean within JSP page
how to create a custom tag
how to define JSP predefined variables that can be used within scriptlets and
expression
how to forward request from JSP page to other resource
how to include applet within JSP page
________________________________________________________________
2.2 JSP: An Introduction
Java Server Pages (JSP) is a web technology that helps software developers to create dynamic
content based web pages. Unlike a plain HTML page, which contains static content that
always remains the same but in JSP; you can change content dynamically with the help of
Java Bean and JSP elements. JSP is an extension of Java Servlet because it provides more
functionality then servlet. Servlet are server side components that services requests from a
web server. It is basically a class that run inside the Java Virtual Machine. Servlet is very
useful for writing server side code but it suffer from some disadvantages. In particular,
writing HTML code with plenty out.println() statements (println() is a method of system.out
object to display string which is passed to it), it is very tedious and error prone and also
software developers has to take on dual roles of developing application logic and designing
web pages. JSP is designed to address these disadvantages.
A Java Server Page contains HTML tags as well as JSP elements. The JSP elements are basic
building blocks of the page. The JSP elements are easier to maintain than the servlet. A JSP
page contains a very simple structure that makes it easy to developers to write JSP code and
also easy to servlet engine to translate the page into a
corresponding servlet. In addition to html tags, a JSP page
consists of directives, scripting elements, scriptlets and Web Servers are
computers that using
action elements. Each of these elements can use either JSP client/server model
syntax or they can be expressed in XML syntax but you and connected to
cannot intermix the two. For this problem, you can use the internet for serving
include mechanism to insert file that may use different web pages.
syntax.
The Java Server Pages has more advantages over the servlet
which are as follows:

2

It allows programmers to insert the
Java code directly into the JSP file that makes the development process easier.

JSP support element based dynamic
content that allows programmers to develop custom tags libraries to satisfy
application needs.

Content and display logic are
separated

JSP pages can be used in
conjunction with servlet that handle business logic.

You simply write the regular html with the extension *.jsp. The following code contains a
simple example of a JSP page:

Figure 1: Generating dynamic content with JSP page.

The output of the above program is as follows:

Figure 2: JSP Page

You can see the above program which looks like any other HTML page with some added JSP
elements that allow the server to insert dynamic content in the page. When client send a
request for a JSP page, the server executes a JSP page elements merges with static contents
and sends the dynamically page back to the client browser, as illustrated in figure-1.
The JSP technology is based on JSP API (Application Programming Interface) that consists
of two packages i.e. javax.servlet.jsp and javax.servlet.jsp.tagext packages. In addition to
these two packages, JSP also needs two packages of servlet such as javax.servlet and
javax.servlet.http. Apart from these interfaces and classes, the two exception classes:
JspException and JspError are also defined in JSP API. The javax.servlet.jsp package has two
interfaces such as HttpJspPage and JspPage and four classes: JspEngineInfo,
JspFactory,JspWriter and PageContext. The jspInit() and jspDestroy() methods are defined in
JspPage interface and _jspService() method is in HttpJspPage interface. The
javax.servlet.jsp.tagext contains classes and interfaces for the definition of Java Server Pages
Tag Libraries.
__________________________________________________________________________
2.3 JSP Life Cycle
3
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

In this section, you will go through the life cycle of JSP and see how a JSP page is displayed.
When the JSP is first accessed, it is translated into corresponding servlet (i.e. java class) and
compiled, then JSP page services request as a servlet. The translation of JSP page is done by
the JSP engine of the underlying web container/servlet container (eg. Tomcat). The following
figure-3 shows that how a JSP page is processed.

Figure 3: The steps of a JSP Page processing.

The life cycle of JSP page is controlled by three methods i.e. jspInit(), _jspService() and
jspDestroy().

jspInit() - The jspInit() method is same as the init() method of servlet and it is called only
once during life cycle of a JSP/Servlet. It is used to initialize objects and variables that are
used throughout the life cycle of JSP. This method is defined in JspPage interface. This
method is invoked when the JSP page is initialized. Once the JSP page is initialized, the
getServletConfig() method will return the desired value. It has no parameters, return no value
and thrown no exceptions. The signature of the method is as follows:

public void jspInit() { // Initialization code }

_jspService() _jspService() is the method which is called every time the JSP page is
requested to serve a request. This method is defined in the javax.servlet.jsp.HttpJspPage
interface. This method takes HttpServletRequest and HttpServletResponse objects as an
arguments. The _jspService() method corresponds to the body of the JSP page. It is defined
automatically by the processor and should never be redefined by the JSP author. It returns no
value. The underscore (_) signifies that you can not override this method. The signature of
the method is as follows:
public void _jspService(
javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest request,
javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse response)
throws javax.servlet.ServletException, java.io.IOException
{
// services handling code
} 4
jspDestroy()- The jspDestroy() is invoked when the JSP page is to be terminated. It is
synonymous with the destroy() method of a servlet. It has no parameters, return no value and
thrown no exceptions. Override jspDestroy() when you need to perform any cleanup, such as
releasing database connections or closing open files. The signature of the method is as
follows:

public void jspDestroy(){ // cleanup code }

The following figure-4 shows the life cycle of JSP page.

Figure 4: Life Cycle of JSP Page

Check Your Progress 1

1. Explain the term JSP page.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. What are the advantages of JSP over Servlet?
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. Describe the _jspService() method.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. Write the basic steps for processing JSP request.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5. Explain the life cycle of JSP.

5
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

________________________________________________________________
2.4 Elements of JSP
In this section, we are going to introduce the elements of JSP that make up a JSP page. There
are three types of JSP components such as directives, expressions and scriptlets. A directive
affects the overall structure of the JSP page. They are discussed in detail in the following
sections:

2.4.1 Directives
Directives are used as guiding the JSP container for translating and compilation of JSP page.
It appears at the top of the page. Using directives, the container translate a JSP page into
corresponding servlet. They do not directly produce any output. A directive contains one or
more attribute name/value pairs. Directives are defined by using <%@ and %> tags.
Directives have the following syntax:

<%@ directive attribute = value %> JSP element

and attributes
name are
You can write XML equivalent of the above syntax as follows: case-sensitive.

<jsp:directive. directivename attribute = value />

There are three types of directives currently used in JSP document: page, include and taglib.
Each one of these directives and their attributes are defined in following sections:

2.4.1.1 page Directive

The page Directive is used to specify the attributes of JSP page such as declaration of other
resources i.e. classes and packages, page buffering requirements and name of page that
should be used to report run time errors, if any. The page Directive is a JSP element that
provides global information about an entire JSP page. This information will directly affect the
compilation of the JSP document. Following is the syntax of page directive:

<%@ page attribute = value %>

The page directive contains many attributes, you can set these attributes. The attribute may
be one or more of the following:
Attribute
language=scripting language
import=import list
session=true|false
extends=classname
buffer=none|size in kb
Description
This attribute define the language that will be used to compile
the JSP document. By default, it is java language.
This attribute defines the names of packages.
It specifies whether or not the JSP document participate in HTTP
session. The default is true.
This attribute define the name of parent class that will be
inherited by generated servlet. It is rarely used.
The default value is 8kb. It specifies the size of out buffer.

6
 autoFlush=true|false
Info=text
errorPage=error_page_url
isErrorPage=true|false
isThreadSafe=true|false
The default is true. It means that the out buffer will be
automatically flushed when full. If it is false, it will be raised
an exception when buffer is full.
If this attribute is used, the servlets will override the
getServletInfo() method.
This attribute defined the relative URL to JSP document that will
handle exception.
This attribute indicates whether the current page can act as an
error page for another JSP page. The default is false.
The default value is true. It indicates that the page can service
more than request at a time. When it is false, the
SingleThreadModel is used.

An example of the use of page directive is as follows:

<%@ page import=java.io.*, java.util.Date buffer=16k autoFlush=false % >

This page directive instructs the web container to import java.io package and java.util.Date
class. It also instructs the web container to set buffer size to 16k and turn off autoflushing.
You can specify multiple page directives in your JSP document, such as the following:

<%@ page import=java.util.Date info=Example Page %>

<%@ page errorPage=MyErrorPage.jsp buffer=16kb%>

In the above examples of page directives, the first directive statement tells the web container
to import java.util.Date class and to set information about the JSP page which is retrieved by
getServletInfo() method. The value of the info attribute will be a text string. The second page
directive statement define a name of error page which is used for handling errors and set the
buffer size in 16 kb.

2.4.1.2 include Directive

Include directive is an important JSP directive. This is used to insert text and code in the form
of file such as html, JSP into a current JSP document at the translation time. It means that it
enables you to import the content of another static file into a current JSP page. This directive
can appear anywhere in a JSP document. The syntax of include directive is as follows:

<%@ include file = relative URL %>

For example: The following example will

demonstrate the physically inclusion of header file. Relative URL is only
In this way, you can create a single header file only designates the filename or
once and use it many times for your website. resource name. not fully
qualified; while Absolute
<html><body> URL is designates the
<h2>Example of include directive</h2> protocol, host, path, and
<%@ include file=header.html %> name of the resource name.
</body></html>
Source code for header.html:
<html><body>
7
<h2>This is from Header File</h2>
</body></html>
The output of the above program is as follows:
Uniform Resource
Identifier (URI)
identifies a resource
either by location or
name. For eg.
http://www.ignou.ac.in
/ignou/aboutignou

Figure 5: Example of include directive

2.4.1.3 taglib Directive

As yet, you have learned the basic elements of JSP. In this section, you will learn about the
creation of custom tag libraries in Java Server Pages.
A custom tag is user defined tag. It is a reusable code in a JSP page and tag library is a
collection of custom tags.
Custom Tag Syntax -
To use the customs tags in a JSP page, JSP technology provide a taglib directive to make use
of the tag. The taglib directive has the following syntax:

<%@ taglib uri=tagLibraryURI prefix=tagPrefix %>

The uri attribute defines an absolute or relative uri of tag library descriptor (TLD) file and the
prefix attribute defines the string that will identify a custom tag instance.
To use customs tags in a JSP page, you need to know four components that make use of the
custom tags. These are:
1) Tag handler class Uniform Resource Locator
(URL) is a specialization of
2) Tag library descriptor file URI. It includes location as
3) JSP file well as protocol to retrieve the
resource. For eg. http://www.
4) Deployment descriptor file (web.xml) worldofscience.in/pacnt.aspx

Tag Handler Class -

It is a java class that defines the behaviour of the tags. This class must implement the
javax.servlet.jsp.tagext package.
Tag Library Descriptor (TLD) file -
A tag library descriptor file is an xml document. It defines a tag library and its tags. The file
extension of this file is .tld. It contains one <taglib> root element and tlibversion, jspversion,
shortname, tag are sub elements of the taglib element. The tag is the most important element

8
in TLD file because it specifies the name of the tag and class name of the tag. You can define
more than one tag element in the same TLD file.
Deployment Descriptor file (web.xml) -
The deployment descriptor is an xml file that specifies the configuration details of the tag.
The most important element for custom tag in web.xml file is <taglib-location>. Using the
web.xml, the JSP container can find the name and location of the TLD file.
A JSP file -
Once, you have created tag handler java class, a tag descriptor file and define configuration
details in deployment descriptor file and then you have to write a JSP file that makes use of
the custom tag.
Here are some steps for generating a simple custom tag. Now, follows the following five easy
steps:
Step-1: write and compile a java class called MyCustomTag.java which is given in following
program source. The class file must be placed in the directory say customTag under the
WEB-INF/classes directory.

package customTag;
import javax.servlet.jsp.*; Uniform Resource
Name (URN) is used
import javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.*; to identify a resource
public class MyCustomTag extends TagSupport { independent of its
public int doEndTag() throws JspException { location. It is subset
JspWriter out = pageContext.getOut(); of URI. It does not
try { out.println("Hello from custom tag"); } include protocol. For
Ex. ISBN no. which
catch(Exception e) {} is used to uniquely
return super.doEndTag(); identify a book.
}//doEndTag()
} //main class

Step-2: Create a TLD file named taglib.tld as shown in following program source and save it
in WEB-INF directory.
<!DOCTYPE taglib PUBLIC "-//Sun Microsystems, Inc.//DTD JSP Tag Library
1.2//EN" "http://java.sun.com/j2ee/dtd/web-jsptaglibrary_1_2.dtd">
<taglib><tlib-version>1.0</tlib-version><jsp-version>1.2</jsp-version>
<short-name></short-name> <tag> <name>myTag</name>
<tagclass>customTag.MyCustomTag</tagclass></tag> </taglib>

Step-3: Create a JSP file named CustomTag.jsp that contains the following code:
<html><body><%@ taglib uri="/myTLD" prefix="easy" %>
<easy:myTag /></body></html>

Step-4: Place the following code in web.xml under the <web-app> root element.
<taglib> <taglib-uri> /myTLD </taglib-uri>
<taglib-location>/WEB-INF/taglib.tld </taglib-location>
</taglib>

9
Step-5: Start server say Tomcat (if you are using this). Open web browser and run the JSP
page. The following screen comes as an output for a simple custom tag.

Figure 6: A simple JSP Custom Tag page

When the user requests the JSP page, the JSP container first sees the taglib directive and gets
the taglib uri. On the basis of this, JSP container looks into the web.xml file to find taglib
location and continues the processing and get the name of tag. After getting the name and
location of TLD file, it obtains the java class. Now, the JSP container loads the class for
custom tag and continues the processing.
________________________________________________________________
2.4.2 Scripting Elements
Scripting elements allow you to insert java code fragments directly into an HTML page. You
can specify three ways to include java code into your JSP document, such as declarations,
expression and scriptlets. Each of these scripting elements has an appropriate location in the
generated servlet. These are discussed in more detail in following sections:

2.4.2.1 Declarations
As its name implies, declarations are used to declare the variables and methods that can be
used in the JSP document. The declaration part is initialized when the JSP document is
initialized. After the initialization, they are available to other expressions, declaration and
scriptlets. A declaration is start with a <%! and end with a %>. The syntax of the declaration
is as follows:

<%! declaration %>

You can write XML equivalent of the above syntax as follows:

<jsp:declaration> code fragment </jsp:declaration>

For example: simple declaration of variables

<%! int i = 0; %> // i is an integer type variable
<%! int a, b, c; %> // a, b, c is an integer type variable
<%! Square a = new Square (4.0); %>

Following is a variable and method declaration:

<%! String name = new String(SOCIS); %>

<%! public String getName() { return name; } %>

When the above code is automatically compiled and converted from JSP code to servlet, the
declaration part of JSP page is included in the declaration section of the generated servlet.

10
The first declaration statement is used to defined a variable as string type with initial value
socis and second statement is defined a string type method named get Name().

2.4.2.2 Expressions
An Expression is an instruction to the web container to execute the code within the
expression and to display the resulting data at the expressions referenced position in the JSP
document. Expressions are evaluated at request time i.e. run time. The syntax of the
expression is as follows:

<%= expression %> Translation time

is the portion of
time when the
You can write XML equivalent of the above syntax as follows: JSP engine is
translating &
<jsp: expression > code fragment </jsp: expression > compiling the
JSP file.
For example, to show the current date and time:
<%= new java.util.Date() %>

Consider another example:

<html><body>
<%! String name = new String("SOCIS"); %>
<%! public String getName() { return name; } %>
Hello <b><%= getName()%></b><br/><%= new java.util.Date() %>
</body></html>

The output of the above program is as follows:

Figure 7: Expression example

When the above code is complied and converted to servlet code and then expression part is
placed in its referenced position of the generated servlets _jspService() method.

2.4.2.3 Scriptlets
In scriptlets, all the scripting elements are brings together. It is executed at the request time
and makes use of declaration, expressions and JavaBeans. You can write scriptlets anywhere
in a page. It contains a valid java statements within the <% and %> tag and get inserted into
the _jspService() method of generated servlet.
The syntax of the scriptlet is as follows:

<% scriptlet code %> Request time is the

portion of time when
the JSP-Servlet is
You can write XML equivalent of the above syntax as follows: handling the request.

<jsp:scriptlet > code fragment </jsp:scriptlet >

11
For example: The following example will demonstrate the number series from 1 to 3.

<html><body><p>Counting to 1- 3 :</p>
<% for (int i=1; i<=3; i++) {%><p>This number is <%= i %>.</p>
<% } %></body></html>

Output of the above program is as follows:

Figure 8: scriptlets Example

________________________________________________________________
2.4.3 Actions Elements

Action elements (or standard actions) are tags that can be embedded in a JSP document. At
the compile time, they are replaced by java code.
Before going to start learning about how you can add Java Bean in JSP page, you must take a
look at what a bean is. A Java Bean is nothing more than a java class. It is reusable
component that work on any Java Virtual Machine. For the creation of Java Bean, you must
create a java class that implements java.io.Serializable interface and uses public get/set
methods to show its properties.
2.4.3.1 <jsp:useBean>
The first JSP standard action (identified by jsp prefix) is <jsp:useBean>. This action is used
to include an instance of java bean within java server pages. The syntax of the <jsp:useBean>
action is as follows:
<jsp:useBean id=name
scope=page | request | session | application
typeSpecification>
body
</jsp:useBean>

typeSpecification can be represented in the following syntax:

typeSpecification ::= class=className |

class=className type=typeName |
type=typeName beanName=bean_name |
type=typeName

Following table contains the attributes of the <jsp:useBean> action:

Attribute Description

12
id It represents name of the object. This attribute is required.
scope It defined the scope of the object. It may be page, request, session or application.
This attribute is optional. By default, it is page.
Class This attribute represents the fully qualified class name of the object. The class
name is case sensitive.
type It specifies the type of object. The value of this attribute is equal to class, a super
class of class or an interface implemented by the class. If it is not specified then
same as class attribute.
beanName It is the name of bean.

The scope attribute of Java Bean means how long the object is available and if it is available
than only for a single user or all application users JSP provides different scope for sharing
data between web pages. These are:

Page - page scope means, the JSP object can be accessed only from
within the same page where it is created. By default, it is page. JSP implicit objects
out, exception, response, pageContext, config and page have page scope.

Request The object is available to current JSP and to any JSP or
Servlet that control is forward to and included from. Only Implicit object request has
the request scope.

Session JSP object is accessible from any JSP within the same session.
Implicit object session has the session scope.

Application - JSP object is accessible from any JSP within the same
web application. Implicit object application has the application scope.

2.4.3.2 <jsp:setProperty>
This action is used to sets the Java Beans property value. The syntax for this action is as
follows:

<jsp:setProperty name=beanName property_expression />

property_expression can be represented in the following syntax:

property=* |
property=propertyName |
property=propertyName param=parameterName |
property=propertyName value=propertyValue

Following table contains the attributes of the <jsp: setProperty > action:
Attribute Description
name It represents name of the bean instance defined in <jsp:useBean> action.
property It specifies the name of property being set. This attribute is required. If it is an
asterisk (*) then it is used to set all properties of bean. You can also specify the
specific bean property.
param This attribute represents the name of parameter.
value It specifies the value assigned to the named beans property.

2.4.3.3 <jsp:getProperty>

13
Once you have defined a bean and given it a name using the <jsp:useBean> action. Now, you
can get the beans property values with another standard action <jsp:getProperty>. This action
is used to get the property value from a Java Beans and add to the response body. The syntax
for this action is as follows:

<jsp:getProperty name=beanName property=propertyName />

Following table contains the attributes of the <jsp: getProperty > action:
Attribute Description
name It represents name of the bean instance defined in <jsp:useBean> action.
property This attributes represents the specific property within bean.

Following is the simple Java Bean example that store student name.
Lets create a Java Bean named student.java and place class file under WEB-
INF/classes/bean1 directory.

package bean1;
public class student {
private String name;
public String getName() { return name;}
public void setName(String name) { this.name=name;}}

Now, you can access the properties of the Java Bean from a JSP.
<html><body>
<jsp:useBean id="myBean" class="bean1.student" scope ="session" />
<jsp:setProperty name="myBean" property="name" value="Poonam" />
Welcome to this Unit, <jsp:getProperty name="myBean" property="name" />
, Please visit egyankosh.ignou.ac.in to get more.
</body></html>

The following output screen is as follows for the above program.

Figure 9: A simple Java Bean Example

You have learned the standard actions specific to a Java Bean. The remaining actions are
defined in the following sections. Using the following standard actions, you can dynamically
insert a resource into a current JSP page, forward the current request to another page or add
bean/applet in a page.

2.4.3.4 <jsp:param>
The <jsp:param> action tag defines the name/value pair of parameter to be passed to an
included or forwarded JSP document or a page that uses the <jsp:plugin> tag.

Following is the syntax of the above action tag:

<jsp:param name=paramName value=paramValue />
14
In the above syntax, name attribute defines the name of parameter being referenced and value
represents the value of named parameter.

2.5.2 <jsp:include>
JSP supports two types of include: static and dynamic. In the previous section, you have
already been studied the static include i.e. include directive. In static include, the content of
included JSP code is inserted into the including JSP (or current JSP Document) at the
translation time. After the content of included JSP is processed, the content included in JSP
file does not change until the included file is changed and server is restarted. While in
dynamic include, the content is included at the request time. This means that it is a
mechanism for including static as well as dynamic content in the current JSP document such
as static HTML, JSP or Servlet. This is done by <jsp:include> action element.
Dynamic includes are performed using the following syntax:

<jsp:include page=relativeURLSpecification flush=true />

or
<jsp:include page=relativeURLSpecification flush=true >
<jsp:param />
</jsp:include>

In the above syntax, page attribute defines the path of the resource to be included and flush
attribute indicates whether the buffer is flushed. It is an optional parameter. The first syntax is
used when <jsp:include> does not have a parameter name/value pair. If you want to pass the
parameter to the included resource, use the second syntax.

For example:
<html><head><title>Student Information</title></head><body>
<h2>JSP Include Example</h2><table><tr><td>
<jsp:include page="head.jsp" flush="true">
<jsp:param name="student" value="Poonam"/>
<jsp:param name="prg" value="BCA"/>
</jsp:include>
</td></tr><tr><td>Course Name:BCS-053</td></tr></table>
</body></html>

Source code for head.jsp file:

<% // Get the Student Name from the request

out.println("<b>Student Name:</b>" + request.getParameter("student"));
out.println("<br>");
// Get the Course Name from the request
out.println("<b>Programme Name:</b>" + request.getParameter("prg")); %>

Output screen for the above program:

15
 Figure 10: JSP Include Example

2.5.3 <jsp:forward>
The <jsp:forward> action is used to terminates the current execution of JSP page and transfer
the control to the another JSP page within the same application. It may be static or dynamic
page or resource. It can be used with <jsp:param> tag. The <jsp:param> is used for providing
the values for parameters in the request to be used for forwarding.

The syntax for <jsp:forward> action tag is as follows:

<jsp: forward page=relativeurlSpecification flush=true />
or
<jsp: forward page=relativeurlSpecification flush=true >
<jsp:param />
</jsp: forward >

For example:

<html><head><title>Example: JSP Forward</title></head><body>

<% if((request.getParameter("city")).equals("delhi")) { %>

<jsp:forward page="head.jsp" >
<jsp:param name="student" value="Poonam"/>
<jsp:param name="prg" value="BCA"/></jsp:forward>

<% } else { out.println("Your value is incorrect"); } %>

</body></html>

Source code for head.jsp file is same as in the above <jsp:include> example. Enter the
following URL into your browser to see the result.
http://localhost:8080/BCS053/jsp/jspForward.jsp?city=delhi

Figure 11: JSP forward example

16
2.5.4 <jsp:plugin>
The <jsp:plugin> action element is used to insert java component such as Applets and
JavaBean in JSP page. The <jsp:param> is also used with action element to send parameters
to Applet or Bean. Following is the syntax of <jsp:plugin> action:

<jsp:plugin type=pluginType code=classFile codebase=relativeURLpath>

<jsp:param />
</jsp: plugin >

In the above syntax, type attribute indicates the type of plugin to include in JSP page, code
attribute represent the name of class file and codebase attribute is the path of where the code
attribute can be found.

For example: An Applet program named JavaApplet.java

import java.applet.*;
import java.awt.*;
public class JavaApplet extends Applet{
public void paint(Graphics g){
g.drawString("Welcome in Java Applet.",40,20);
}}

Plugin source code:

<html><body><p>Plugin Example :</p>

<jsp:plugin type="applet" code="JavaApplet.class" width = "200" height = "200">
<jsp:fallback>
<p>Unable to load applet</p>
</jsp:fallback>
</jsp:plugin>
</body></html>

The output of the above plugin program is as follows:

Figure 12:plugin example

2.5.3 <jsp:fallback>
The <jsp:fallback> action is used only with the <jsp:plugin> action element. It provides
alternative text to the browser.
For example: <jsp:fallback> Unable to see plugin </jsp:fallback>
17
Check Your Progress 2
1. Write the names of JSP components with their syntax.
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2. What are Standard actions in JSP? Explain the standard action specific to Java Bean.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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3. What is difference between JSP include and include directive?
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. What is declaration scripting element? Explain with example.
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------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5. Write a program which will demonstrate the use of <jsp:include> with <jsp:param> action.
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________________________________________________________________
2.6 Comments and Template Data

JSP Comments
Commenting is a part of good programming practice. Comments help in understanding what
is actually code doing. You can write comments in JSP like the following way:

JSP comment syntax:

<%--jsp comment text --% >

This comments tag is used within a Java Server Page for documentation purpose. It tells the
JSP container to ignore the comment part from compilation, so it does not appear in the
resulting java code.

<!-- HTML comment --> This HTML comment is treated by JSP container as just like
another html tag. It is not a JSP comment. It can be viewed through the web browsers "view
source" option.

/* java comment */ or // used inside the scriptlets tag is also not a JSP comment. This is
a java comment. This comments are not translated by JSP container and therefore do not
appear on the client side web document.

For example:

<html><body>
<%-- This is JSP comment not visible in the page source --%>
<!-- This HTML Comment - visible only in the page source
<% out.println("Welcome in JSP World" ); %> -->
<% //This is single line comment under the scriptlet %>
<% /* out.println("This comment is used for multiple lines."); */ %>

18
Program output:

Figure 13: JSP comment example

Program output is visible only in page source code of web browser.

Figure 14: HTML comment's view in web browser

JSP XML Text Element

The <jsp:text> is an XML tag. It is used to enclose template data in JSP document.
Template(static) data consists of any text that is not interpreted by the JSP translator. You
cannot intermix JSP data with XML data in single file even you can include directive. The
XML syntax for text element is as follows:

<jsp:text> text </jsp:text>

________________________________________________________________
2.7 JSP Implicit Object

JSP Implicit objects are the java objects that are available for the use in JSP document to
developers and they can call them directly without being declared first. These objects are also
called predefined variables. These variables are parsed by JSP engine and inserted into
generated servlet as if you defined them yourself. These objects are used within the scriptlets
and expressions of the JSP page. These implicit objects are defined in the servlet
specifications javax.servlet.http package, two are part of the JSP javax.servlet.jsp package
and some is in Java core API.
JSP supports implicit objects which are listed below:
Implicit Object Type
request javax.servlet.HttpServletRequest
response javax.servlet.HttpServletResponse
session javax.servlet.http.HttpSession
application javax.servlet.ServletContext
page javax.servlet.jsp.HttpJspPage
pageContext javax.servlet.jsp.pageContext
out javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter
config javax.servlet.http.servletConfig
exception java.lang.throwable

19
 2.7.1 request Object
The request object is an instance of HttpServletRequest interface. This object is used to
retrieves the values that the client browser passed to the server during HTTP request such as
cookies, headers or parameters associated with the request. The most common use of request
object is to access query string values. You can do this by calling the getParameter() method.
You have already seen the example of request.getParamater() method in <jsp:include> and
<jsp:forward>.

For example:

<html><body><h2>Example of request Object</h2>

<% // Get the Programme Name from the request Query
String name=request.getQueryString();
out.println("Hello: "+name); %>
</body></html>
When you run this program, it looks for your name in the query and returns the value, if it is
found. Enter the following URL into your browser to see the result.

http://localhost:8080/BCS053/jsp/reqObject.jsp?poonam

Figure 15: Example of Request Object

In the above program, getQueryString() method of request object is used to return the query
string from the request.

2.7.2 response Object

As you know, response is a process to responding against it request. Using response object,
reply is sent back to the client browser. Through this object, response parameter can be
modified or set. This object is used to handles the output of client. The response object is an
instance of HttpServletResponse interface.

<% response.sendRedirect(http://www.ignou.ac.in);%>

When the above code is run in Tomcat server, the sendRedirect() method of the
javax.servlet.HttpServletResponse to redirect the user to a different URL. In this case, control
transfer to IGNOU website.

2.7.3 session Object

The session object is represented by the javax.servlet.http.HttpSession interface. This object
is behaves in same way as under the java servlet. For each user, servlet can create an
HttpSession object that is associated with a particular single user. This object is used to track
the user information in a same session. Session tracking allows servlet to maintain

20
information about a series of request from the same user. This can be done by URL rewriting,
cookies, hidden form fields and session.

2.7.4 application Object

The application object is an instance of javax.servlet.ServletContext. This object has
application scope which means that it is available to all JSP pages until the JSP engine shut
down. The ServletContext is the environment where the servlet run. The servlet container
creates a servletContext object that we can use to access the servlet environment. There is one
ServletContext object for each web application per Java Virtual Machine.

2.7.5 page Object

It represents the javax.servlet.jsp.HttpJspPage interface. This object is reference to the
current instance of the JSP page. The page object is a synonym for this object and is not
useful for programming language.

2.7.6 pageContext Object

The pageContext object is an instance of javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext. It is used to represent
the entire JSP page. The pageContext object is used to set, get and remove attribute of the
JSP page.

It provides a single point of access to many of the page attribute such as directives
information, buffering information, errorPageURL and page scope. It is also provides a
convenient place to store shared data. This object stores references to the request and
response objects for each request. The PageContext class defines several fields, including
PAGE_SCOPE, REQUEST_SCOPE, SESSION_SCOPE, and APPLICATION_SCOPE,
which identify the four scopes.

2.7.7 out Object

Out is a very simple and frequently used implicit object in scriptlet. JSP expression is
automatically placed in output stream. So, out object is rarely needed to refer in expression. It
is an instance of javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter class which extends java.io.writer. You call either
print() or println() method to send output to the client.

For example: <% out.println( Hello! Out Object); %>

2.7.8 config Object

The config object is an instance of javax.servlet.http.servletConfig. This object is used to get
the configuration information of the particular JSP page.

2.7.9 exception Object

This object is available only on pages that are marked as an error page using the page
directive isErrorPage attribute. This object is assigned to the Throwable class which is the
super class of all errors and exceptions in the java language. It contains reference to uncaught
exception that caused the error page to be invoked.

Check Your Progress 3

21
1. What are the implicit objects?
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. What is request object? Explain with example.
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3. Which implicit object allows the storage of values in an associated hash table?
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4. Write a JSP program for odd numbers.
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5. Write a JSP program for displaying a Remote address using scriptlets.
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2.8 Complete Example

The following program is displayed a JSP login page which accepted login information from
the user and count the number of times user visit the page.
Source code for header.html
<html><head><title>BCA:BCS-053</title>
<style>h1{text-align:center}</style>
</head><body><table><tr><td><img src="logo.jpg" /></td><td>
<h1>Indira Gandhi National Open
University</h1></td></tr></table></body></html>

Source code for visitCount.java

package bean1;
public class visitCount {
int count=0;
public visitCount(){}
public int getCount(){ count++;
return this.count;}
public void setCount(int count)
{this.count=count;}}

Source code for footer.jsp

<html><head><title>BCA:BCS-053</title></head><body>
<%@ page language="java" %>
<jsp:useBean id="counter" scope="session" class="bean1.visitCount" />
<jsp:setProperty name="counter" property="count" param="count" />
<footer><hr> &copy; 2013 IGNOU</footer>
Visitor Count:
<jsp:getProperty name="counter" property="count" />
</body></html>

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Source code for main.jsp

<html><head><title>BCA:BCS-053</title></head><body>
<%@ include file="header.html" %>
<form action="actionJsp.jsp">
<fieldset ><legend>Login Details</legend>
Username <input type="text" name="uname"/><br>
Password <input type="password" name="pwd"/> <br></fieldset>
<input type="submit" value="submit"> </form><br>
<jsp:include page="footer.jsp" />
</body></html>

Source code for actionJsp.jsp

<html><head><title>BCA:BCS-053</title></head><body>
<%@ include file="header.html" %>
<% // Get the User Name from the request
out.println("<b>User Name:</b>" + request.getParameter("uname"));
out.println("<br>");
// Get the Password from the request
out.println("<b>Password:</b>" + request.getParameter("pwd")); %>
</body></html>

The outputs of the above program are as follows:

When you will click on the submit button of the above form, the following screen will be
displayed with the login information.

The above example contains many small program files such as header.html, visitCount.java,
footer.jsp, main.jsp and actionJsp.jsp. The header file is used for displaying a heading for the

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program page. In visitCount.java, visitCount is a Java Bean class that acts as a visitor
counter. It has a single int type property, count that holds the current number of times the
beans property has been accessed. This program also contains the methods for getting and
setting the count property. In footer.jsp, the visitCount bean is integrate with JSP page using
the <jsp:useBean> standard action. Other two action elements <jsp:setProperty> and
<jsp:getProperty> are also defined for the count property. In main.jsp, header and footer files
are included by using the include directive and include action. Two input form control is
defined for accepting the users login information. Another file actionJsp.jsp is also included
in main program. When you will run main program named main.jsp, it will show you a form,
in which you fill information and submit the form.

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2.9 Summary

In this unit, you have covered the basics of Java Server Pages. Now, you have known that the
JSP technology is used to create web application. It is an extension of the servlet because it
provides more functionality then servlet. Aside from the regular HTML, there are three types
of JSP component that you embed in your document i.e. directives, scripting elements and
actions. Directives are used to control overall structure of the JSP page. You have learned
three types of scripting elements such as declaration, expression, and scriptlets. Some
Standard actions are specific to Java Bean and other actions are used to include or forward
request, add applets or plugin within JSP page. You have also learned about the objects that
are available for use in scriptlet or expression without being declared. Now, you have able to
create a web page in JSP and also able to create/access a Java Bean within the JSP.
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2.10 Solutions/Answers

Check Your Progress 1

Ans1: JSP page contains JSP technology specific elements as well as static HTML or XML
tags. A JSP page has extension .jsp which tells the web server that the JSP engine will
process elements on this page.
Ans2: Both Servlet and JSP are server side technology but the development process of JSP
page is easier than Servlet. The content and display logic is separated in a JSP page and you
can insert directly java code inside the JSP page while in servlet, you can write java code
with plain html using plenty of out.println() statement for front end display of the page which
is very tedious work. Another advantage of JSP page over the Servlet is that the JSP page can
use custom tags while in Servlet, it is not possible. The power of JSP is to provide a
framework for Web application development.

Ans3: The _jspService() method is defined in javax.servlet.jsp.HttpJspPage interface and it

is invoked every time a new request comes to a JSP page. This method takes
HttpServletRequest and HttpServletResponse objects as an arguments. It returns no value. A
page author cannot override this method. It is defined automatically by the processor.

Ans4: When a client requests a JSP page, the browser sends a request to web server which
is forwarded to the JSP engine. If it is a new request from the client then it translated and
compiled by the JSP engine into a servlet. Now, servlet is ready for servicing the client

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request and generates response which returns back to the browser via web server. For the
second time same request from the client including browser and web server request to JSP
engine, the JSP engine determines the request that the JSP-Servlet is up to date, it
immediately passes control to the respective JSP-Servlet.

Ans5: Pl. refers to 2.3 section of this unit.

Check Your Progress 2

Ans1: pl. refers to 2.4 sections of this unit.

Ans2: The standard actions are tags that are embedded in a JSP page such as forward,
include and many more. It is also called as action elements. You can dynamically insert a file,
reuse a Java Bean, forward or include a request to/from the other page. There are three action
elements specific to Java Bean i.e. <jsp:useBean>, <jsp:setProperty> and <jsp:getProperty>.
For more detail, pl. refers to 2.4.3 section.

Ans3: This include directive is used to insert text and code at the translation time. You can
not pass the parameter in this directive. The syntax is: <%@ include file=relativeURL %>

The include action is used to include static as well as dynamic content in the current JSP page
at the request or run time. You can pass the parameter using param action. The syntax is :

<jsp:include page =relativeURL/> or

<jsp:include page =relativeURL/> <jsp:param ../></jsp:include>

Ans4: The declaration tag is used to declare variables and methods which are placed inside
the declaration part of the generated servlet. In JSP page, the declaration tag is start with <%!
and end with %>. The code inside this tag must end with semicolon. For example:

<html><body><p>Example of declaration tag </p><%! private int i = 4; %>

<%! private int squre(int i) { i = i * i ; return i; }%> <%= squre(i) %> </body></html>

Ans5: Source code for <jsp:include> action :

<html> <head><title>JSP:Include example</title></head><body>
<jsp:include page="faculty.jsp">
<jsp:param name="name1" value="Sh. Shashi Bushan" />
<jsp:param value="Director" name="desig1"/>
<jsp:param name="name2" value="Sh. Akshay Kumar" />
<jsp:param value="Associate Professor" name="desig2"/>
</jsp:include>
</body></html>

Source code for faculty.jsp file

<html><head><title>faculty.jsp</title></head><body>
<b><i><% out.print("Name : "+request.getParameter("name1")); %></i></b> <br>
<% out.print("He is a "+request.getParameter("desig1")+" Dept.: SOCIS"); %> <br>
<b><i><% out.print("Name : "+request.getParameter("name2"));%></i></b><br>
<% out.print("He is a "+request.getParameter("desig2")+" Dept.: SOCIS "); %>

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 </body></html>

Check Your Progress 3

Ans1: Pl. refers to 2.7 sections.

Ans2: pl. refers to 2.7.1 section.

Ans3: The pageContext object is an instance of javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext. It is used to

represent the entire JSP page. The pageContext object is used to set, get and remove attribute
of the JSP page. It provides a single point of access to many of the page attribute such as
directives information, buffering information, errorPageURL and page scope. It is also
provides a convenient place to store shared data.

Ans4: <%@ page language="java"%><html><head><title>Odd number example written in

JSP</title></head> <body><p>Odd number are:</p>
<% for(int i=0;i<=100;i++) {
if((i%2)!=0) { out.println(i); out.println(""); } }%></body></html>

Ans5:<html><body><% out.println("Remote Address is :" + request.getRemoteAddr());%>

</body></html>

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