YS ele aiciene sce) Reflect On Your Learning (Page 650) 1. [Likely initial answer] Chemical reactions occur that produce electricity. (hiaae complete answer The substance wi the greatest tendency 1 gin electrons (ic with he Dest postive rednc- ears secre vi he extra cucu rm anole substance wi he gress tendency 9 08 Ce sn Peer te most nezaive reduction poten. Tons transfer eletic charge within the cleo to complete the internal circuit. 2 {Likely initial answer) The ability to transfer electrons is the key scientifi concept earn emote answer The rcative strengths of oxidizing and redcing agents as measnrod by meiner on potentials nor veveepetoexpiin why elecions are transfered, Oxidation sates belp ro understand nd desc the chem aN coec a accompany te gain and Toss of eestons, Other concepts sch as eleconegatviies and jon mobility fare also part of the explanation. 43. Teach Pinel anawerl Cells come ina varey of sizes; some cells re rechargeable and some ar no. Ts also, Cor ne ore fat are used such as nicksl-cadraam (NiCad) and lead seid, Ces have a great impact Because of tir use in cars and portable electronic devices such as CD and DVD players. ies complete answerl Celis generally fall into three categories: primary, secondary, and Ths! cs ‘Each has oon et cases and uses Primary oes ae nol rechargeable, ate eltvely inexpensive and ate wud ‘ashe igh and small electronic devices. Secondary cells are rechargeable and ae wey uel fo" ‘mobile phones. laptop rane ona and small elec devices, Fuel cells wee 3 continously supplied fel and can be used small power- generating stations and probably (inthe neat future) in cas. All ofthese cells significant affect our lives ia terms of ‘convenience, new opportunities, and environmental effects Try This Activity: A Simple Eloctric Cell (Page 651) (a) The copper stip was momentarily coaneced tothe postive (re) tema of the voltmeter and te TE SP the rebate Clack) teal The needle ofthe voltmeter deflected brely from 2eo to poss Yahi {or the digital oer ee terol x posve vals), When the leads were reversed, the needle ued 1 go backwards below 2870 (or the digital meter briefly registered a negative value). (@) Yes. (Depending on the fruit or vegetable, two may be needed, connected in series.) The arene wih he two metal stripe acted ike a cel or battery. There must be some chemical actions ‘occurring that produce electricity (@ Yes (a Ne ris and vegetables contain sme kind of ice 8s long. as they ate rlativelyfesh and nos died out, (Fhe elcie cell could be improved with « more compost and convenient design. Insiend of using some fruit oF ‘eeu se te sical chemicals inside the fit or vegetable and ut tern in some Kind of comings 9.1 OXIDATION AND REDUCTION PRACTICE (Page 653) Understanding Concepts Pee eanian wee teed to describe a reaction producing axctl from its mtually occuring Compound, Gradation was used to describe reactions of substances such a8 metal or fuels with o-9 =. (0) An oxidizing agent isa substance that causes or promote Une oxidation of another bstanee BA redoing agent isa substance that causes or promotes the reduction of another svbsayes {© Maullurgy isthe scionce and technology of extracting metus from their natrally cevuring compounds and ‘adapting these metals for useful purposes. CO eaene is the adverse reartion of human-made items with chemicals In the ensionment, vsslly metals ‘reacting to form oxides, carbonates. of sulfides, 378 Chaolor9 conyighe@ 78 Neon2 (a) oxidaton of iron; oxygen isthe oxidizing agent (0) reduction of lead(lf) oxide; carbon isthe reducing agent {o) reduction of nickel(I) oxide; hydrogen isthe reducing agent (@) oxidation of tin; bromine is the oxidizing agent (6) reduction of iron(II) oxide; carbon monoxide isthe reducing agent (oxidation of copper; nitric acid is the oxidizing agent 3. Three feducing agents used in metallurgy are carbon, carbon moaoxide, and hydrogen. 4. Nonmetals serve as oxidizing agents for metals. Making Connections 5. Inthe history of metallurgy. technological applications came before scientific understanding. Methods for refining and alloying gold, copper, silver, lead, mercury, tin, and iron were developed over 3000 years ago, long before atomic toory- Extension 6. Archacometallurgists are concerned with what metals are present in metalic objects, where the metal ores were mined. and where the metals were rediced from the ore. The metals mast studied are capper, tin, and lead, xx found in bronze objects made during the time peti from 3000 3.c. 10 1000 8. (ihe “Bronze Age") Samples of the same metal from diferent mines can be distinguished from each other by the ratios ofthe lead isotopes that are present Establishing the place where a metal was mined helps archaeologists to reconstruct te trade patterns of ancient soci ties. PRACTICE (Page 656) Understanding Goncepts 7. (a) A redox reaction is a chemical reaction involving a transfer of electrons. (b) Reduction is a chemical process involving a gain of electrons. (©) Oxidation isa chemical process involving Joss of elecirons. 8 (@) ng, 9 Znit, + 2e~ uly + 267 + Copy ©) Mg) > Mai + 2e7 2 Hig) + 267 > Hyp 9.) Nig 9 Niky + 207 ‘oxidation Cuy + 2e7 Coy, eduction (©) Po. > Pop, + 267 oxidation Cit, + 2e7 Cay reduction © 2M + 27 Hay, reduction Cag > Cabhy + 207 oxidation () Fei + 367 = Fem seduction Alyy ARS + 37 ‘oxidation £10 Ch + 26° > 20g 2g) yy # 20° U1. The presence of the same ions in the reactants and products indicates that no electrons have been transferred. ‘Therefore, a redox reaction has not taken place,PRACTICE (Page 659) Concepts: 12. (a) +46 b) +7 (e) +6 @# © ®t ‘13.{a) +1 (b) +2 © 4 @3 ©2 © +5 @ 0 @ 3 H@ 0 o) 0 © 4 (d) 42 15.G@) 16H.) + 20,025) + 3CH,OHyy > 40%) + SAGE, + HO, Ho 62 2Han 8 ono2 1-2 (©) The orange colour ofthe Crs0;Z should be replaced by the green colour of the Cr3, 16. methane > methanol >” methanal > methanoic acid > carbon dioxide CH, HOH CHO HCHO, co, 4 2 o 2 “ byes 8 17.(@) The oxidation aumber of ron in Fe,0, i calelaed tobe +5. (b) The fractional value of the answer is unusual because it would involve a fractional number of electrons which is aot possible, (©) The formula, Fe,O,, might represent a compound involving a combination of iron(II) oxide and iron(II) oxide, which could be Written FeO*Fe,05. PRACTICE (Page 662) Understanding Concepts 18.(@) 5CH,OHp, + 2Mn0,2, + 6 HZ, 9 SCH,0, + 2Mnz, + 8H,0, SPEER a ana * She 2, * Pte * SD (0) Catbon is oxidized from -2 t0 0: CH,OH"3"CH,O (©) Manganese is reduced from +7 to +2; MnO," Mn®* 19.(@) Cy + ZAENOygs) P ZAR + CUNO, oe Tee eT ae seasons eon Oxidaton'Ca"> CoP: redo: Ag > Ae © PHO + 2H Pola + 2KNOs reaction is not redox © 4 2 Klgg Tyg + 2KCI oa * hee ps 2 reaction is redox eatin: I~ 1 by edo Cin hy > CX 380, Chaptor 9 conga ©2082 Neon TUTMMITMINMINMTINTNNTINNTINUUINIINNNNINNNNTINITINTTNTTNT TINT ee(@) 2NaCly > 2Naq) + Cly fa atl eniliiey reaction i redox oxidation: CI” Clin Cl: reduction: Nat Na 1 © Hoty + 5 HOH + Ne 9 Pep Sg US Se reaction isnot redox ( ZAK, + 3Clyy —* 2AlClyg I lini 0° on” ae Teaction is redox ‘oxidation: Al + Al; reduction: Clin Cl, > CI" @ 2CHygg + 130, > 8005 + 10H,0, Zyige * Ge > get ES season isreox Tbadbn: Cin Cy > Cin Coys eon On 0, 3 Olin CO, and 0 (0) 2H,0., 9 2,0, + O, +1 aan aif , 6” reaction is redox Sidon: 0 in 0, 100 18 0, reauton: On 0, 100 in 1,0 20.(0) single placement (b) double displacement | © angle duplacemere | @ aetpctiee (e) double displacement i © imine © Sonttion & sezampestion peel ee 2 Payee acta nnyatopenproise HDs havea odo number of and ean be liber ovdiedo Ory eee eee tiles sum of 2 (sin Op oven as) a Making Connections 22. On Earth, carbon is ewily oxidized to carbon dioxide by a combustion reaction. Cy + Ong) > CO; Ces + Ong) > Cre ~- ‘On Saturn, carbon would likely undergo the following reduction reaction, q Go # Hae Cay ‘SECTION 9.1 QUESTIONS { iter [SOnidadon aiaten ST toss ot etecrons | ‘increases (vavornes more positive) Gain of electrons | decreases (bevomes more negative) j 2.(@) Cathy + 2e~ > Ou, reduction Phy > Poi + 2e~ oxidation (b) Clg +247 3 2Cijy redaction 2 Brgy > Bry + 267 oxidation | 3. An oxidation number is a positive or negative number corresponding to the apparent charge that an atom in a mole- cule or ion would have if the electron pairs in covalent bonds belonged entirely to the more electronegative ator. } 4, A redox reaction ean be recognized using a chemical reaction equation by i + Jooking for examples of formation, decomposition, single displacement, and combustion reactions: 9 { ~~ ooyrgnc 9 as meson Bleotic Gals 981 Fi TUTTI HIDEELLILICLCL-oIICeCeCbIne-CPILIISc-PPLIWeebePbiLee-e- PPL Me ce- CLL de cebeb bes Casec coda epee eh eee La* comparing the oxidation states of atoms/ions on the reactant side ofthe equation with those of atomssions of the same elements on the product side. 5. (a) When an atom is oxidized, its oxidation number increases, ic, becomes more positive, () When an atom is reduced, its oxidation number decreases, ie., becomes more negative. 6.(@) carbon +2; oxygen -2 ©) oxygen0 (©) nitrogen -3; hydrogen +1; chloride -1 (4) hydrogen +1: phosphorus +5; oxygen -2 (© sodium +1; sulfur +2; oxygen -2 (sodium +1; phosphorus +5; oxygen -2 ~ a He 7.2) MnO + Oui) * Hlqy > Matis) + H20q) + COn) Ta aa (©) Carbon is oxidized. Its oxidation number changes from +3 10 +4. (©), Manganese is reduced. Its oxidation number changes from +7 to +2. 8.) 0p + COyp > H:COy) (©) This isnot a redox reaction, The oxidation numbers of all ofthe atoms remsin unchanged. ‘Applying Inquiry Skits 9. Clean the surface of the copper and zinc strips thoroughly using stee] wool. Rinse, dry, and measure the mass of each ‘metal strip. Then insert the strips ino an orange (or other Fruit) and connect the strips directly with a wire. Let the cell ‘operate fora period of time. Remove electrodes, rinse and dry, and measure the mass of each electrode. Making Connections 10.(a) 3 AGS + 2Aly > ALSyy + CAR) (@) Aluminum is oxidized (0 to +3) and silver is reduced (+1 to 0). © This is a beuer method of cleaning silver than polishing or scrubbing because it does not remove silver from the object the way that polishing and scrubbing do. 11, The Breathalyzer measures the alcohol content of exhaled breath. which is assumed to be proportional to the blood alcohot content, Inside the device, the alcohol in the breath sample is oxidized by acidic potassium dictuomate, process that produces a colour change that is measured by a colorimeter. ‘The Intoxilyzer uses infrared absorption spectroscopy to pass infrared light dhrough the breath sample, and then measures how much absorption is caused by the presence of aleobol. ‘The technology ofthe Breathalyzer is based on the redox reaction between ethanol and acidic polassium dichro- ‘mate, while the Intoxilyzer is based on infrared sbsorption spectroscopy, which does not involve a edox reaction. 9.2 BALANCING REDOX EQUATIONS PRACTICE (Page 668) Understanding Concepts ‘The oxidation number of an atom is calculated by counting shared electrons as belonging to the more electronegative stom, Therefore, the gain or loss of electrons by an atom is reflected by a change in the oxidation number equal wo the ‘number of electrons transferred. 2.(a) CyOris + OCliag * M4 Hyg) 7 2G + 3Chag) + 7H, 0) 210%) + SHSOs%4) 58085, + Tyg + 3 Hy + 1,0) (©) 2HBriggy + HySOyqq) F Op) + Beggy + 2H,0pp 3.(@) 2MMO, gq) + 3S0s%y + Hy0q) > 380,25) + 2MnOgg + 20H iy () 4 C1059) +3 NyHyyg) 2 ENO) + 4 Cling + 6H;Op) ANE) + 70yq) 7 4 NOx, + 6H:0 382 Chapter 8 opr @ 082 Neen €\inderstanding Concepts BO Oy * 2Hig +22 > Nag * HO reution () NOziy + 20H; > NOs; + HOp) + 267 oxidation (0) Ag0q) + Hy + 267 > 2ABq) + 20H reduction ( NOsjq + 3Hhag + 267? BNOgg + HO) seduction ©) Hag) + 20H) > 2H: + 27 oxidation A (dng) > Zahhy + 2071 NOjgy + 10h + 867 > NHig + 2 #00 Wag + NOs) + 10 Hay > 4 28g) + Nag + 320w © yyy) + 267 2Chew $0 yp) + 21;0p) ~? SOjkay + 4Hlag + 227 6.(9) Cay + S0ay) + 210 7 2Chiy + SO + 4 Fag E 1.(a) 21MAO,z,) + 2H,Og + 3€° 7 MBOny) + 4 Hag) 312 Igy baw + 2€71 2MOO.gy +4 70q + Oly —» 2MA0q) + 80H) + 39 6) BION) + 20Hay > CNOGn) + HM + 227 TOygy + 310+ 607 > Kay + 6 Hap DENG) + Tig) =? SCN) + Nap (© 2OCIzy + H:Og + 267 > Clay + 2O%GQd Ogg + 4 OHiay > CIOs) + 2HOp + 467 BOC > 2 Chay + COs Extension ET HMIO sgg + 51a) * 2HESO) > KSOuey + 7MBSOI + $50 © SP SECTION 9.2 QUESTIONS (rage 673) Understanding Concepts Fr eaag redox equation ae based on the conservation of eleetons the number of eletirans etea By the Ovdizing gem must equal the numberof electrons lst bythe reducing age 2, Oxidation: increase in oxidation mumber; loss of electrons Reduction: decrease in oxidation number; gain of electrons ‘rng ©2009 NonCa) > Cus, + 267 NE aia) + 2H + CF NO yg) + HOG] fy + 2NOz 9, + 2H) DMtgly + 4HOyy > Magy + 8H + S67] SIHBIOyg, + SBig) + 207 7 BEL, + 310g] 2Mngi) + SHBIO yg + 9H > SBI, + 2MnOc, + 70, 3 [0 ri9) 9 Ong) + 2Hyy + 2E7 CPt) + HE, + 60" > ACHR, + THO, 3HOrpg) + CHO, + Hy > 2Cihy + 3 Oxy + 7H,0y 4@ 2CHOMy + 5 OHGy > COGS + 41,09 + 3€7] i TOs) #3HOy + 6¢7 Key + 60H, UCHOW) yy + 40H gy + TOyzy F2COFS + SHO + Tay © A8:Oy) + HO yt 26° > 2Agy + 20HZ, CHO jy + 3 OHZ, 4 CHO,Zy + 2H,0g) + 20 ‘AB:0(@ + OHGa + CHLOiyq) > ZAR + CHOgiy + Hg, be © 218,045) + 8OHGy > 25025 + 4H;0q).+ 6e7} 310 yg) + 2H,0p + 4e ~3 40H | 0 i " Applying Inquiry Skills i : q va ener experiential digs ht lel detente aang of the cn pes ia redox eon a e ‘sravimetric stoichiometry (miss measurement) and volume stoichiometry (tration). i Making Connections i 6.@) 2TAly) + 4 OH > ANOH ay + 307] 3ILH.Oy + 207 + Hy + 20H) 2Algy + 20H) + 6HLOy > 2AUOH) gz) + 3 Hyg, (©) ‘Some possible health and safety issues associated with the use of solid drain cleaners are: : * Sodium hydroxide is very caustic and should be handled with gloves and eye protection. + ushing luminum compos down he rin aan ipa on he coment Decae lun ons a 7 ly ‘toxic to fish and other aquatic organisms. 2 | Extension } 7 Celt tm > Cty a 5 a et it 15.1 mb 25.0 mL he das mal, 28,0,k) + 30xg + 40Hz, > 450, + 21,0,mol Meg = 15.1 mf. x 0.125 “y Hog = 1,89 mmol Amo) Fe enema" = 189 ml CoM X Tp COR 89 mmol 1 1 Cet = “250; = 0.0755 moVI. Cet = 75.5 mmoVL ‘The concentration of iron({) ions in the sample is 75.5, mmol/L. 3 PREDICTING REDOX REACTIONS se onidation an reduction are processes that work together inthe transfer of electrons that takes place in many chen ridin ae ee ton iy the process of losing elecwons while reduction is he provess of ining electrons. ‘Guiding agents and reducing agents are the substances dixetl involved in the transfer of electrons ina eos AG” rine ageuts remove cletrons from reducing agents calsing te reducing agent tobe oxidized (loss of ees {rons) and the oxidizing agent to be reduced (gain of electrons). 2, Ifa substance [sa very strong oxidizing agoat it has a very strong atraction for electrons: F Tra sebannee isa very strong reducing agent, ts electrons are weakly atracted, and are easily removed. 4 According fo Table 1, lead and zinc react spontaneously with a copper(T ion solution. 5S According to Table 1, sllvr and copper did not appear to react with a coppes() ion solation, Tho meal, Phy and Zo, which react spontaneously with Cuz both appear elow the Cufyy tne in a table of reduction hatf-reactions. ln Fea lente spontaneously with ed() ions silver copys and eed meta i ot est with ead) Son ‘The meta, Zn, which reacts spontancowly with PP, appears elow the Ph, line in arable of reduction half- reactions, i ‘Applying Inquiry Skills Meare anc act spontaneously wth meals listed below them in tale of eduction tafreactions, According ro Table 3, the predictions are correct and the hypothesis is verified, 9, The flowing tble of reduction half-reaction equations is based onthe evidence presented in Table 4 Rolative Strengths of Oxkdizing and Reducing Agents decreasing ‘SOA Claag * 2 = 2 Claas 7 deoreasing reactivity of T Bigg * 2° = 2 Bling T reactivity of ‘oxidizing agants [1 Ty 228 > 2lee ‘SRA reducing agents Beatie Galle 3857. @)_Iternal-combustion engines area major source of pollusion and environmental damage, Electric cars powered hydrogen fuel cells are seen as “pollution free.” “ (©) The number of lead-acid battertes needed to power an electric ear would make the car very heavy. Used lead batteries are a major source of lead pollution, © Advances in hydrogen fuel cells could make electric cars the “green” solution to pollution from internal-combus- tion engines. ll 8.Consumer magazines are a good ‘source of infomation nels" and" bateries, regarding their reliability, cost” simplicity of use, safety (leakage), size (volume), shelf life, active life, energy density, power capacity, maintenance, disposal, environmental impact, and ability to be recharged. 9.Lithium—iodine batteries are commonly used in pacemakers. but cme ‘are powered by radioactive isotopes. Conventional pacemaker batteries last from four to eight years, depending how much the hear uses the pacemaker. A doctor tracks signals from the pacemaker to ascertain when the battery is neating the end of its life. Rechargeable batteries generally hod less energy, and would need to be replaced more often. PRACTICE (Page-700) oe ». Understanding ’ 1A galvanic cel is an arrangement of two half-cells that spontaneously produces electricity. ‘A huali-ell isan clegtrode-eleetolyte combination forming one-half of a complete cell. ‘A porous boundary is a barrier that separates electrolytes while still permitting the movement of ions. An inert electrode is a solid conductor that serves as an anode or a cathode in a voltae cell, but is chemically unre- aetive, 2. A cathode isthe electrode where reduction occurs aa ‘An atde is the electrode where oxidation oecirs. 3.@) cathode ©) anode ©) anode (@) cathode : 4, An inert electrode is used in a half-cell where no: conducting solid is involved if the’ half-reaction equation. ‘5. The solution in a salt bridge must be a “spectator” clectrolyle chemically; that is its ions must not react with the half= cell ions that pass through. 6. (a) ‘SOA Moy! ABiy 2a |Z | i cathode 2 TAB +e + Agia] i anode yy ~> Zekt, + 20° net DAR + Zi) > AB + Zs Ao, i ). oO -SOA~ : Pio Nba» Czy Orgy HD VARS IAL, s suthode 3 (Oy) + 21,0 + 4¢- > 40H) anode STA ARS, + 307) Mel 4Aly + 30yy + 6HOy > 4K, + 120K Bet 4A + 30x) + 6 Hp) > 4 AKOFyy 9. The nicke! cathode could be replaced by any inert conducting material such as carbon or platinum. The anode solue fon could be replaced with an inert aq jeous electrolyte such as aqueous potassium sulfate. emp 209 neben19 Concepts 10. (@) cathode Sufi + 267 9 Sm Ee = -014V anode Gig > Oh +267 Ee = 091 PITT ee ere 1 e L tc net Say + Cry 7 Sy + Cl AE = Fe cqoee) ~ Frente, -014V - C0914) AB = 4071V “The standard cel potential is 40.77 V. (0) cathode SOgs) + 4H) + 2€7 4 HSOy—q + HO By = 4017 anode Coy > Coby + 227 ES = 028 net Coy + SOgday + AH) 9 HeSO su) + Haq) + Coty | ae etna) ~ i : = ATV - (028V) y AB = +045 i ‘The standard cell potential is +0.45 V. (©) cathode Oyg) + 2H{Qq + 46° > 4 Hay Be = +0400 anode 2 (Hyg + 20H > 2H-Oq +21, = 083 IV ea ra ie OL a a net Hyg + Onin > 2H), AB = Ee expoaey ~ Fr"caat) = 4040 - -083V) ARE = 41.23 ‘The standard cel potential is «3.23 V. 1L@ ay | CURE, I Pop | Ply Cg CHP UPR! AR BE cuadey ~ Fr tenis) . = MV - (0.13) aE = 4047V ‘The standard cell potential is +0.47 V. © Nig UN BaP |Z Nig IN Ni 9 AE = Eyeainede) ~ F"‘enade) 026V - 0.16) be = 40500 ‘The standard cell potential is +0.50V. . commgnt 2208 Neon© MR ty tay AE = Fveatsey ~ Fe note) AE = +0.77V - (0.00) are = 40nVv ‘The standard cell potential is +0.77 V. j| Teathede Ay + 36° > Ady, 1 Res atsov anode ny -> Inf) + 30° gE et Auf + Ing > Avy) + Inky aE = +184 aE” canoe ~ Fe way Feo) ~ Fr catodey ~ AE? = +1.50V — (+1.84V) Fam = “O34 The standard reduction potemtial forthe n3 | Ing hal-cell is -0.34 V, 13. If the standard lithium cell is chosen as the reference half-cell with its reduction potential defined as 0.00 V, then 3.04 V must be added to each reduction potential in the table, Therefore, the reduction potential for the copper half cell becomes +3.38 V and the redaction potential for the zinc half cell becomes +2.28 V. 14, The chemical system has come to eguilitrium, Applying inquiry Skills : 15, Analysis i cathode anode Cog Ca OrZay Cr PUBS Pay APY = 30.28V__ Fe = 12BV AE = Fatty) Face) = Frente) ~ Fue) = 40.95V ‘The standard reduction poteutial for the Pay | Py half-cell is 40.95 V. cathode anode Pas Pabs HTT, IT : ar = +129V w9sv cone) = Fy cata) ~ SE? H 40.95 ~ (+129V) Fonte) = O34 "The standard reduetion potential for the Tit Th, half-cell is -0.34 Y. cathode anode Tha! Mit TRS, Ti ar = +129V 3988 chapters ‘ny 03 wakon«7.(@). SOA: Cut, SRA: 2,, cathode Cufiy + 27 > Cuyy Be = 40V anode Zag ~> Tay + 20 = 076 net Ory + ZA g) > Cuyy + Zohsy AE? = ES catose) ~ Frtantey = W36V ~ (0.76V) : AB = +1.10V ‘The poteatal of this cell is +1.10.V. Ue, ©) SOA: Cr,0;25, SRA: Sng, jj cathode COrhs) + Hy + 6" > 20 + 7150, anode 31Sniy > Suk + 26°] Ret COR, + M4 Hig) + 3 Sng > 2CHE) + THO py + 3 Sty AE» Foie ~ Finns) +123 V - (40.14) AB = 4137V ‘The potential of this cell 8 +137 Vo... Fes 41Bv | Bo = -014y oppgh © 209 Nasonbattery, the colourless solution changes toa yellow-brown solution (with some black negative terminal Of the battery, bubbles of gas form, fos any nh he colour change andes formato: (A preiptate may aso be observed) supplics energy to cause the reaction. diagnostic test for iodine can be done by dissolving iti a nonpolar liquid lke a hydrocarbon. (Appendix A6) rect i sign the gx produced shouldbe called by downward displacement of, water. Forcing a nonspontaneous reaction to occur isa way of producng new wees PRACTICE (Page 738) Understanding Concepts 1. @ (cathode) Niks) + 26- 5 Nig (anode) 2g by + 2e- Gen NES * 2m ON, + Ey AE» Fates) ~ B,cootey() (cathode) 21210 + 207 7 Hyg + 2 OHZol (anode) 4 OF, Org) + 2HO q+ 4° (ret) 2H 7 2g * Op «DE. = Ey" etne) =F occ) t 083 ~ (040) AE* = -123V ‘The minimum applied potential difference 2 (a) (cathode) 2 ICH) + 8 > CH! (anode) 2Bigy Bry + 267 TIC LIPS ee Ge) FOR, + DB DP 2CK Bm, DEP = Bates) ~ F'n0s = OAV - @LOTY) ABT = -148V | sth mininum api pte ifexenee regi to proce achecal change 105 1 (b) (cathode) Cufy + 2€7 > Cy) Fe = -034V (anode) Cay > Cabhy + 207 Be 2 -034V : (ped | noes (overall) reaction oocurs AE = Ean) ~ Fresotey -034V ~ 034) . 0.00, ar Nail -The minimum applied potential diffrence required to make this ell operate 4, (a) (eahode) 2140p, + 2e7 9 Hap + 2 HG0) (anode) Sty > Safty + 267 - Tea) TAO g * Sg) > yyy + (FOR ay * Stig 21,0 y+ S09 > Hag * SHOP ‘production of Sn and OH aqueous ions forms (vet) Note: Simultaneous (ow-soluble) solid titi hydroxide, Sn(OH) a : i 4(©) A 1.5.V cell should be more than enough potential difference to power this reaction, since calculation indicates the ‘nlnlimum required is only 0.69 V at standard conditions. AEP @ ES eateey ~ Fen) = 083 V - C014) AB = -069V ‘The minimum applied potential aitference required to produce a chemical change is 0.6 V. : 4. The cell would not have a spontaneous reaction. The strangest oxidizing agent resent in this cell i water; and it has an E, wel below tat of the strongest redacing agent present, sulfate and lead. The calculated AE® yal a sanded conditions is- 0.47 V. : : Making Gonnections 5. A specific consumer product that is used sometimes as an electric cell and sometimes as an electrolytic cel isa rechargeable battery of any type. ‘SECTION 10.1 QUESTIONS (Page 736) Understanding Concepts 1 At the cathode of an electrolytic ect, the oxidizing agent reacts by gaining electrons. At the anode of si electrolytic el the reducing agent reacts by losing electrons. 2. ‘The cathode and anode of an clestrdlyc cell are labelled with signs opposite to those in galvanic cell (Tbe common convention (used inthis text) labels the anode of a galvanic ecll “negative because itis a source of 3. In an electrolytic cell, electrons move through the external circuit from the anode to the cathode, Within the ell, cations move toward the cathode and aniias move toward the anode. + A power supply is required for an electrolytic cell because the rection is nonspontaneous, which means that the ‘oxidizing agent cannot attractor remove electrons from the reducing agent. A potential difference must be supplied to move electrons from one tothe other. SAE = ESemcy — Beer?) -O091V - C041V) AE = 050 ‘The cell potential value, AE* = ~ 0.30 V, indicates this reaction is nonspontaneous. 422 Chapter 10° opp © 2003 Mabonpate) — Erag'ing) +0.77V — 080) = -0.13V - (40349) ag = -047¥ The cell pote valve, BE" = = 04 6 (@) (cathode) 2,0, + 22” > Hag + 20H) (node) Cy > Cay #26 Gam) PHO, + Cy > Hay * 2OHay + CR (oe) 210g, + Cy) > Hay + CHOHy ‘Note: Cd* and OH” aqueous ions form (low-soluble) solid cadmium(l) hydroxide, C4(OH),. BE = EP cates) ~ Fr eent) = -0.83¥ - €040V) ag =-043¥ un produc a chemical change s 043 V -The-mininyar applied potential difference requied to produce aieeltl Be = -0V (b) (cathode) Sri + 227 > $M (anode) Saiy —> Safi) +247 Be = +0159 ow Sti > Sty * Sela 5 Leith | DE = Ev ceatoiey — Fram) i c i 14V + (015 V) aE 29 required to produce 2 chemical change is 0.29 V. ‘The minimum applied potential difference= 0.00155 mof x 65.38 co pot pa Mi, = 0.102 g ‘The mass of zinc oxidized is 0.102 g, 2 @Cy + se 5 cy im S48 ra 45 min 30s 52.00 g/mol 9.65 x 108 Clot 1 = S4A = 540K 1s 45pii x Os 4 395 = 27005 +308 1 = 27305 432 Chapter 10 ‘oopton © 002 Neenrey = 051 gl X 52.00 Mg = 262, i se nts of hemi prods 126 eT Ma Meee IN sil || se ‘ aon Sos 9.65 108 C/mol 58.69 g/mol t 1 = 0540A = 0.540 Cis ii ii mal yy = 0250 4% eRe tg, = 0.00426 00] a ane mor ix 7G, Ing: = 0100852 mol ‘ : | x l i n= F nF 3 0.40 : 5 i ‘ 4 min 4 1.52. x10? : i ot { 28.4 ata i ‘The time to plate the nickel is 25.4 min. 4 10, (cathode) 2 [Alf + 3€7 > Alig] 4 (anode) 312 CIg, 7 Cha + 2677 i ag 4 70.90 g/mol Me i Tig, = 238 : i ‘Tho mats of chlorine gas produced at the anode is 21.3 8. i H.G,0f) + WH +t Be 2g + THO | 220h 1788 j 9.65 x 108 C/mol 5200 ghinol 1 ¢ cop ©2083 Nason Electric Cots 499 :220K x 36008 a = 792 x 108s ah ! ny = inagx hay fy = 0342 ma p= 0300 pro Hemel: fe = 2.05 mol ue fier || 205 pul x 9.65 x 108 © mt T92x 10s T= 2500 = 250A ‘The current required is 25.0.4. Applying Inquiry Stille Prediction 12. (a) According tothe stoichiometry ofthe known half-reaction and Faraday’s law, 0.766 g of tin should form as shows below, ft le > Sng ila 346A = 6.00 min 118.69 g/mol 9.65 x 10" C/mol lint T= 346A = 3.46 Cis 0s 6 = 6.00 pif x 3608 eo 1 F i F a4eE x 3604 x 9.65 x 104 20129 mot 0.0129 moré-x ae : gg = 0.00649 mol Me = DO06A5 A> 11869 Be sq = 0.7065 § Analysis, (©) The mass of tin produced is (118.05 - 117.34) 2 = 0.71 g 494, Shaptec 10OA + 36 4 Aly 26.98 g/mol fe © 4.66 mol # mol AL gy = 4.66 more> x uw 3 mate ‘ yy = 1.55 mol ' gy = 155 pil x 26:98 my, = 419g mt ‘The mass of aluminum oxidized would be 41.9 g. (©) Obviously, there would be a huge weight advantage io using an aluminum-oxygen fuel cell: the mass of metal required for discharge is less than 9% as moch, ifthe charge delivered ia equal ‘SECTION 10.3 QUESTIONS (Page 753) Understanding Concepts 1. 1 = 03004 = 0300C% 150 ih x-O5 ~ 9905 9.65 X 10° Chinol | -# “F i e300 © x 9004 lig i ~ 9.65 x 10% 1 i Me = 0.00280 mol = 2.80 mmol i ‘The amount of electrons transferred is 2,90 mmol. 2 20g > Ch, + ze" in m S5kA 7090 gol aon | 9.65 x 10* C/mol 1 = S5kA = 55x 10°C 3600s fo Bon x “TS = 29x 104s =4 F h F 55x rot 29 x 108) ? " 945 « 108 : 16x10 aac, ! Moy = 16X10 mete x Soe ey, = 82 10? mot 436 Chapter 1082x 10 pol x 70.90 al x 1090 5 my Mer, 5.8% 105g = 0.58 Mg “The mats of chlorine produced is 0.98 Mg ar 0.58 3. ASR tO > i Feo * Tao roe. 9163 x 10'Cimol «107.87 gal - min aon x 104 x ae 1 = §28min “The tie to llverplate the texpot i 82.8 min. I i 4 AR a Be + Alp 2498 425k 9.65 10! Cimal 2698 ghmol 7 u 1 = 20KX a Electrolyte Cols, 437 eon @ 2005 Netan: & Baal x 9.68 108 a BOK ‘ T= S28KCh = 528KA “The average curent required is 52.8 KA, 5.) Mae Dem ~ a 20X18 Si 180h 2431 g/mol 9.65 X 10 Cimol 1 = 20X IPA = 20x 10 Cis b= 1809 SE Gao ths ar nat h 7F 20x 108 x 68> 10g : 94s x 104 ria = O12 2431 yyy = 163% 10 kg = 163 Mg ‘The mad’ of magnesium produced is 1.63 Mg oF 1.63 ©) 2Chy > Ch, + ae Pin 134 kmol 70.90 gfnaok to, = alge x AS re = etm meq, = 672 kp x 70:90 mel = an6x ing = edhe rhe Mb adi oda in gee 6. CoRt, +e FCM 250.0 mL 14a 2.05 h 58.93 g/mol 9.65 X 10 Chol “= Ma = 1140s = 138 X10"& neceMe TF is ie $ 738 10k 965 x 10 2 ‘mot ng. = 0.0872 mot nog = 00872 me x Liao” inege = 0.0836 mol Vt Pceso, * 0.0436 moe Cobh + tem moasmg agra ee 75.0 min 63.55 g/mol 9.65 x 104 Cmol T= 0.876A = 0.876 Cis te 130 mh x oe 450% 108 s 0.0204 prot x 63.55 = 130g (amass loss atthe anode) ‘The final mass of the copper anode will be (25.72 ~1.30) g ~ 2442.6, Making Connections 8, Ins chlor alkali cell, araday’s law is critical to the process design becase the quantities of eletrcal current equited rust be determined by the desired production of chemical products. The cost of power, size of conductors, and rime of operation ae all maliers of concer to industrial processes, Process contol just involves varying the quantity of ccharge through the cell, which will proportionally vary'the amount of product. . 9, {@) Chemical technicians prepare solutions; order inventory; maintain and ciean equipment; set up baysareas for ‘experimentation: perform many kinds of tnalyses wit all types of equipment; and maintain records of lb stocks, policies, and procedures. : (&) Chomical technician education requireinents vary, but usually include certification in atwo- or three-year instruc tion program ata technical school or college. | (©) (Educational facilities listed may be loca! facilities or those farther afield.) (@ (ob listings will. of course, vary with the newspaper selected and the date) copia 2009 tn lectroyic Cols 439 : tMil] er tatu eee ed (Page 725) 1 Te AEN. puadaation Oxidation isa process in which electrons are ost or donated by an atom or fon ins redox reaction: 3. True 2 Pe strongest oxidizing agent in a galvanic cell iv above the strongest reducing agent in che lox tabie ‘producing a cell potent! that is negative positive 5, Pulte The eathede anode ofa. cell 1s the electrode where electrons are fost or given up by the reducing agent 6. Tre 17 False: The cell potential of a standard leat-nickel cell is-@39 +0.13 V. True 9. True 10.) nd) 2. 13.) 34.0) 15.) 16.(¢) 17.) 18. (6) LL (Page 726) Understanding Concapts peered ia chemical process involving 2 loss of electrons and an iereas in oxidation nena. (2) Reduction ix chemical process involving a gin of clectons and a daerese in oxidation NUDE 1 A eedox reaction isthe transfer of electrons from a reducing agent to an oxidizing ges%- ( Fes +e Feb (reduction) Nigg NB + 227 (oxidation) @) Braggy #207 2 Ba) (seduction) Day haw + 227 (oxidation) © Pay + 227 A Plas (seduction) Siz) Say + 27 (oxidation) 3.G@) 0 ot fe) 41 (d) +4 fe) 1 4) 0 2 0 432 DAly + FeO) > 2 Fe + AlLOxe A is oxiized, Fe is reduced &) 0 41 3 Q Ing, + 3h Imi + 2 The ~~ Tn, is oxidized. TH, is Fedced ecto Cale 418 one |FTP PPITIIITITTTTTTTTTT TTT TTT TTT TTT Tere enT TT eeeeTr rer nena © 8, 2 mw 2 Cry + Snigy > 2 Cri + Snisy Cri 1 reduced, Saft, is oxidized @o a1 i oO Clatagy + Bag) > 2 Chay + laagy Clay i duced, Hz is oxidized ©#-1 0 H-1o0 Ullys, + 20H) + 2CHCyy + Uy US is reduced, Cay, is oxidized 5. net ionic equation is balanced in terms of the numbers of different kinds of atoms or ions and the tua electric ‘charge on each side of the equation, 6) 42 2 ad 0 Agig) + HO, > Agha) + Ory, () 4A8) + 2109 > 4 Abi) + Org) + 4HE, na 045 2 4 3 Cig + 2NOsan + 8H, + ICM, + 2NOg, + 41,00, 2eiCu 3670, 3Cig) + BHNO ys) > 3 CUNO oy + 2NOjy + 440 ” Ss 2 4 MnO) + H2C0usq) > My + COryy + Hp) Sem, — 2eM,C,0, 2M nO yaa) + SHC Oyu) + 6H, > 2MafEy + 1000p + 8 HL0y ©) os 4 0 KIO su + Ky + Hh) KC) + ly) + Hey Semi, Ler KE KIO oq) + $ Ky + GHC > 6K, #31ey) + 9140 8.(@) 3 (0yq) + 2Higy + 2€7 > Oxy + HO] Vay * 380) + 10,2, + 6 Hy + 6e° 30h * ay — Thay > 3 Org, » Plot 6Clzy > ACG, + 46° 418s + 2 Hig #6 ~ NOyy + HO) Rot 6g + ANDi + BHiGy POs +4 NO ATO () 2ICNGy +20Hay > CNORy + H,Op) + 267] Oxi, + 2140p + 40° Chgy + 40H INay ? Gye DOOD > Ce @ 4 PHyg) + 12 OH) > Pay + 12 H,Oq + 1227 AICO, + 4,05 + 34 > CHONG, + 4 OZ) Se 4 PH + ACOs + 4404, > Puy + + COM 25) + 40H, + 414 Chaprarg ony 3809 eon(@) MoO gz, + 8Hfy + 4e° 9 Mifay + 48,0, 4 MnO ga) + MnOgig, + 7] cenit © 2009 neon SMiOga + 8Higy > Mit + 4MAOQ * 48,0, 9.(a) Coty +26 CO Mui) +207 3 Vat 2e Vy Thy 2 Tey (b) In this table the strongest oxidizing agent is CoZZ, and the strongest reducing agent is Ti 10, (a) OA —SOA- OA OA Hoay NO stay Kao Big B20 ZINOsig) + 2 ag) + & 7 NOng: + HO) 2 Biigy > Bray + 227 HIIELEAVELAVAPAE Lees OCD UL ME TNOyay + #Hing + 2Bigy > 2NOyg, + 9:0 * Blas (oonspontaneous) (6) OA, -SOA~ OA OA OA OA ay | MO yian i S0g5 Higy 10. Re vas Mi ty Mi Bir 20m MiOugy + 8 Hag * S07 > Mnf + 4409, SUP) Fey © IH MnO,iq + 8 Haag + SF) > Mic + SFekt 41,09, (spontaneous) © SOA OA. ug Hay iy HO, Sip Min Jer Bn 2+ 207 > Bay Cig > Guy + 267 2, +O, > Bay * Oley (onspontancous) @ -SOA- OA Fey 0, H,0; se RA Oyg) + 2H,0y + 407 > 4 Oey 2 UPeq) = Fey + 27] Ogg, + BHO * ZF > PFO, (Spontaneous) @ SOA “OA 0A OA Cor, 8005, Og Nahe S025) OHi fe) sad MOq) Nala) Soa Oban Cofty + 207 + Cy SOs% + 2 OH) > S055 + HA + 207 TIMI iia UL ses ae ILLS LLL ERD Gil + SOG, + DOW, > Coy * SOihs * HOn (spontaneous) Per recto Calls 415Ow SOA OA Cry NO see Sn #0, ae RAY RA” Sify + 2e7 = Sry 2 (Cy > Cehy +o) Sik + 2GRR, > Sy + 2h (spontaneous) UL. @) 2H,0q + 22° > Hyg + 20HZ, Cy > Coiey + 27 Cag # BHD > COW ag + Bary (b) If a gas is collected and exposed to a flame, and a “pop” sound is heard, then hydrogen gas was likely produced. Ifa piece of red limmus paper i placed into the reaction mixture and the limus tums blue, them hydroxide ions were likely produced (slight dissociation of caleium hydroxide precipitate) Ifa sample of the final solution is placed into a bamer flame and ayellow-fed colour is produced, the caleium ions were likely produced. 12. The thes essential components ofan electric cell are two cleerodes (solid conductors) and an electrolyte (aqueous conductor). 13. (a) cathode: HyO + H,Op + 267 > Hey + 2 0HG, anode: Tag + 20H Gy) ZnO.) + HO) + 267 net HBO 5 + Zayy > Hay + ZO (©) The elecuons flow from zins 19 mercury, because they ae released by the 2ine and gainea by the mereary() oie. (©) Mercury oxide (in @ conducting paste) is likely the cathode and zine metal the anode. M4.@) euhede: MaOyzy + 8Hhyy + Se” > Mafs + 40, BS = 1S1V anode: Aly > Ay + Ey = 00 ae FS case) ~ Fee) = 1S1V - (40.80) AB = 4071V “The predicted cell porential is +0:71 1) cathode: Snfqy + 20° + Sty, Bos Day anode: Zag» Tee +207 «B= 076 DE” = Ee ceinotes — EF anode) = O14V ~ (0.76) AE’ = +0.82V ‘The predicted cell potential is +0.62 V. 15.62) AE? = ES cma) ~ E:(aotey = -028V - (0.76 V) AE® = +048 ‘The predicted standard ceil potential is +0.48 V. 1 436 Chapter 9 ont 2003 Nae(0) AE = Ey veutmic) ~ Faroe) 40.34 ~ CO.14V) AE’ = 40.48 ‘The predicted standard cell potential is +0.48 V. ©) AE = Fe canoe) ~ Fc) = +L51V - (0.26V) 16.(a)_ Nickel will be the cathode because itis immersed in the strongest oxidizing agent. Nis, ‘Cadmium will be the anode because Cd, isthe strongest reducing agent © SOA OA OA Nig Ny Cay Cay HO, o ut Nip NR Sig Cle Ro AE = Ey cae) ~ Es 026 ~ (0.40%) AE = 4014V “The predicted standard cell potential is 40.14 V. © 117, Standard redvetion potentials forall other half-cells are measured relative to that ofthe standard hydrogen half-cel, ‘defined as zero volts. The standard hydrogen half-cell consists of an inert platinum electrode immersed m «Go eolh souien of hydrogen ions. with hydrogen gas a 1.00 ¥Pa babbling over the electrode, and 2 25°C. 18. BE = Ef ceatnotey ~ Er ‘anoded ES cattooe) = AE + EP ated +194V + -0.40V) i Fcateo) = *154Y 4 “The standard reduction potential for the Ce 12 iy | Ce half-cel is 41.54 V. copyright © 228 Naan Bleciio Cots 41718. A“dou! galvanic has awl of ro and has ace an eirtan Sate 20.2) Tin cuings acre wel toon nt roves tog shiny Cui sng the da couting rennin he ion andereath speed: bef te src esting Deak, thet neath comedes ques ere 2 temper ding sen an tn é Zin couing here vel on and prove a srog cosine thst oxidizes ta iver grey colour. The sine re. Son coutng i tai zine crbona ics potion he ion undcna I fne cal token the inci peerenallyoxeed compared toon escaing te peng and pete he caren tig 21.(@) The impress curen method of extol ptecton aes a barry of DC generator o spp lerons to the ion ot being preted. Te nega emir of the pone sippy scomate othe em oc snd the Postve trina sonnei oan carbon cece," fled to tee the cade ad protested rom cording, (&) The secs! anode method of cahaie proteus a metal has moe east oxidized than ro, Shs ane ormagresum, The saci anode comeced ote on sent being pote. ootine vee al whoa ete Applying Inquiry Skills 22.(a) ini ) 4 Pees ‘anode oO wu € cay Cody #267 + Cug, Bp = 4034V Pog) > Pity + 2 =o fo = 0.13 net Coy + Ph. > Cus + PRE, © AE = Fest) ~ Fraie +038¥ - CODY) sav ‘The predicted cell potential is 40.47 V. 2) Procedure Clean three small strips of zine with stecl wool. ‘Add a few millilitres of each unknown solution into separate, clean test tubes. Place a strip of zine metal into each solution and recora evidence of reaction, For each solution that was unreactive with zino, add a few millilitres of each solution to separate test tubes. ‘To wach of these test mbes, add a few drops of sodium carbonate solution and record evidence of reaction. Dispose of all solutions in the waste beaker. AE 23. 18 Chacter 9 ‘ovina 2008 MesonPage 759) tne 2 False: Reduction ceeurs atthe anode cathode and oxidation occurs tthe eethede anode in un electrolytic ce 3. False: Electrolytic eels generally have a single elecrolyce “ ‘the other helo but they have oxidation and reduction processes occuring a twe electrodes so they sre complete cells. The power supply rests a potential difference to drive the reaction. 4.Te 3.Tive ote 7. Fals: I you want wo deposit twice a given mass of silver in an electrolytic cell, then you rust either use twice the current fat or double the time. BO) 9. (a) 10. (b} 1.6) 120) 13.) 14.) 13.@ 16. (d) ‘Worked Solutions 11. [(-0.76) ~ @LODIV = -183V @ 15. 4 OH) > + 2H:0, + ae is re 0 fel 32.00 g/mol 22 min os 9.65 x 104 Cimol += 22 wif in 5908 b= 13% 108s g SIE X13 XIE £ 965 x 10° S inal ne = 0.081 mot 0.081 myo ¥ 0.020 mot 0.020 iol x 32.00 85 mol 065s (a) - J mol 0, Tere ‘opine © 2003 Neon ectraiyie Cale 445EEE Te (rage 760) € Understanding Concepts Understanding Con fmng of a posible but ansponaneusoxatin-rdaton ress by the appli a reata dfference from en ouside power sure. (b) Oxidation (electron loss) occurs ‘at the anode: reduction (electron gain) occurs at the cathode. 1) Osim ron compoul, war Wn present and te re fewer owning ages and reas te ke ie cay one of ec Te enperre sal Yr bth, mating cae an lectode agents present oftan on on ty mu be ale to wind te temperate conditions In ll other aspects, eerie i mao cleerolysis with aqueois electrolytes. a eee ie avangetoniiing agent present undergoes eduction athe cathode andthe soongest sa ter undetpunsanodation at the anode, Boh he clectons and ons move nthe sme econ incl and galvani cell. een flan els and ectoytc els hat to mos ily edoxrseton in eectoltic cae ieee ty reaon mst be daven byte appliaton of poten! diferece (olay) rm an Cel SF cry cls havea negative cell ptt and galvanic calls havea psi cel poeta Se rr pcoegaive deignan ofthe looses differs wer n electoite cel, the eahode By coment Ete ane postive In galvanic fl fecal 'sesinatcd postive andthe anode negative, 2, (a) Nomponeineous rachon -~ extemal vollagerequied (D) spontaneous eacdon no exteral voltage rire (2) Spowancourweacton — no external voltage requze. (3 Nonspomaneous reaction —-exmal vollge require. 4. BE = Eto) ~ Frond (a) AE? = [(-045)-O7N]V = -L22V ‘The minimum potential difference that must be applied to cause a reaction is 1.22 V. Sb) AF = 10.00) ~(F 080] = -0.80V ‘The minimum potential difference that must be applied to cause a reaction is 0.80 V. @ (©) ab = (C01) - C014] V 0.00 ‘Any potential differeace applied will cause tin to dissolve atthe anode and to plate out atthe cathode, but there {sno net chemical reaction. AE” = 0,00 V for this cell. 5, (a) (cathode) 2H,0q, + 2€7 > Vag) + 2OHq) Fp = -083V {anode) 2 Brgy D> Broan +267 Eg = +107¥ TS ce ere sce ree ee Ged 210 q + 2Bigy > Hag + 2 Hay + Br AE? = EP cunmte) ~ © (nodes 0.83. V ~ (1.07) ag = -190¥ ‘The minimum applied potential difference required to produce a chemical change is 1.90 V. (b) (cathode) 2 [2 HO + 287 F Hyg) + 20H) Bp = -083V (anode) $OU Gy) 7 Ong + PHO y + 407 AP = 0809 PORTA ALLELE OEE ILI ESOS (ney 2H;0q) > 2Hyg + Ong, EY = EF eutoce ~ Franc) = 0.83 V - (+ 0.40V) Ag = -123V “The minimum applied potential difference required to produce a chemical change is 1.23 V. 446 chepier 10 amyegnt 2008 Menon(©) (athode) 2 [Coby +227 > Coy] Ee = -028V (anode) 2H,0_) > Org + 4H t 467 BE = HBV ec ere ec ere TT ~ (oe) 2CoRE) + 2H;Oq) F Ong * 4Hisg) * 2 C045 AE’ = EP catatc) ~ Fr canoe) = -028V - 123) ar = -151V (Note: Ifthe voltage is slightly higher (1.64 V), the anode product will be predominantly chlorine, because the CI” ion oxidation is very much faster than that of H,O molecules. “The minimum applied porenialdiference required to produce a chemical change is 1.51 V. 6, (a) (cathode) 2D HZy) + 2€7 > Hay Ep = 0.00V {anode) 2H,Oq) > Ogg) +4 Hig + 407 Fe = ABV (wet) 21,0) + 2 Hay + Ong) ©) AE = Eo aie) ~ Ennio) > 000 ~ (1.23) AE = -123V “The minimurn applied potential difference required to produce a chemical change is 1.23 V. 1, (@) (cathode) 4 [Als +37 Alg] (anode) 31208 + Oxy + 4€) 7 (net) SARS +605 7 4 Aly +30) (b) (cathode) 2 (Nagy) +e” Nay) (anode) 2 Clg, + Chyyy + 2€7 (tet) 2Nay + 2Clag > Nagi + Che, [Note: The cathode half-eaction given is forthe origin! chlor-alkali process, which uses a mercury eathode. The soditm metal produced is reacted with fresh water to produce hydrogen gas and sodium hydroxide. In newer diaphragm and ion-exchange membrane cet, water reacts atthe cathode instead of sodium ions as shown below. (cathode) 24,0) + 22° F Hag, + 2 OH (anode) 2Cly + Ch + 227 (net) 2H{Oy + 2Chay > Hay) + 2OHZy + Clas 8, (a) In the electrorefining of copper, the anode is impure copper, the cathode is highly pure copper, and the sotation contains copper (I) ions. (@) In the clectorefining of copper, the silver, old, and platinom impurities are not oxidized atthe anode, and so fal to the hortom of the cell as tiny particles of solid metal, forming a sludge. tron and zine impurities are oxidized to ions atthe anode, but are not reduced atthe cathode because copper(l) ions are a stronger oxidizing ascat. ‘This means that unless the voltage applied is too high, the iron and zinc ions will remain in solution. {) Higheparity copper is especially important in electronics es an efficient conductor of electnc Curent, copie © 703 Neon Froctroitic Cats 437 WIIATTNIAIIAEEEIE AAI EIPIAIIETEIAIVCUMIS OIC cmamini 34) CR + Bel > Cha, 50a =30cs hs 363 x 10 Cine! $2.00 gfmol € 1 mol ne, = WOE * 35002 1,92 mol 190 npr x A, 5.17 mol - Fr” F ae i a 5:17 pedi X 9.65 X ok a0 £ r= 142X108 “ime ine wo pate 100 of eromium is 7.42 X 10° s (or 2.06 h) mc, + 287 > ; How =psocs 1s 9,65 104 Cimol 63.55 g/mol = 4,05 x 10? “the time to plate 100 g of capper is 4.05 10° s (or 1.12 b). @ si + 4 = Stig) 750A = 750Cs 108 9,65 x 10" C/mol 118.69 g/mol ' ig = 100 x EE * 118.69 gq = 0.943 mol é 450. chapter 10 anpign 2200 eon7 amt ast x 9.05 x 10-2, a0 & 3 434% 10 s ‘The time to plate 100 g of tin is 4.34 x 10° s (or 1.20 h). (nd) 2ZiRy = 20g, + 22g + Oy * 4 Hay BE = EP camo) ~ EP camo) -0.76V ~ 1.239) -199V “The minimum applied potential difference required for the electrolysis is 1.99 V. q @ ue, + Be ~ 2H) ~ 5.00kA = 5.00KkC/s 100kg 8.65 x 108 Clmol 65.38 geno 1 1 mot ae LooKg x $538 £ 153 mol 1 = 5006 “The time to plate 1,00 kg. of zinc is 590 s (or 9.84 min). opyight © 202 Neen Biooroyyie Cals 48115, 16. m A + 367 = Aly Th = 3600s (exact) L00ke 9.65 * 108 C/mol 26.98 g/mol 111 adh x 9.65 x 10 -&. 36005 = 298 X10 Cis = 298 kA ‘The current required to produce 1.00 kg of aluminum per hour is 2.98 kA. Cy + tly 75.0 mL L50A = 150C/s 0.125 movL 9.65 X 10* C/mol Hey = Cv = 0.125 22 x 0.07507 eg = 0.00038 mot ig. = 0.00938 moL€G2* x Tee n,. = 0.0188 mol 00188 pol x 965 x 15 i) so £ $ =12 x Lin f= 12 x108S

Ca 3005 ards - 2085) g = 0.188 9,65 10% C/o 63.55 gimol 1 mM mol nog = O48 X BSE gg 7 0-00283 mol diol Te = 0.0083 ptt x FE, = 0:00566 0} fal) F u ' -F te ; 0566p 968 104 300< Tre ous Toss atthe anode i he sane val atthe ent, and the balecton rans SY Note Trego the same value for average eueD! Wi ES ao ed if calculated from the anode mass chal: (anode) Coy SS Cay + BE (03.14 — 52.968 = 0.188 spe average coment esi T0 onze O16 g of opper se anode is 1.8.8. the mass value Coy The primary source of experimental eer it A OS the precision of the balance, which Ii The ra gna igs, One could 180 SY a ET ee mass chang i to smal! because doing used oer forte mes as ong woul give ass Nan Sano Mpean gis Ante! They SOUS the expel variation Jn Ue current low ove KE 35 Ce ree rues which Teguires constant A@}esTen sof the current used by the experimenter. copys 2009 akon pectic cute 53 CAAES tal value ~ predicted value (©) Sdilference = x 100% redid valve = J8A= 18541. seg TSA ‘difference = 2% ‘The ammeter accuracy anpears reasonably good, However, this i tenttveconelsion because the precision oF the oxpesient is poor. Making Connections 19. (a) The plastic is made conductive by a chemical dipping of the cleaned/treated plastic to make an adhering layer of copper otk! (b) ‘The surface must be thoroughly cleaned and etched by removing some surface plastic molecules, In one process for ABS plastic, che intial layer is catalytic palladium, which is then covered with a layer of nickel. In other rocesses. copper is deposited first. In all cases, several other layers of metal are then added, usually by electol- ysis, to produce the final plated product. (©) An important limitation isthe ability to create molecular-size pts in the plastic surface to adhere the initial metal layer. Metal plating plastics makes them less flexible and the plating may crack. Av a general rule, ifthe object ‘has to bend, them it should not be plated. Selective plating may be used with some objects. 20, Chromium from electroplating waste solutions can be removed by first reducing the chromium from the +6 oxidation state to the +3 state using a reducing agent such as sodium bisulfite, The chromiunn(Il}) ions are then precipitated as ‘a nontoxic chrominen(IID) hydroxide, SU (Page 762) Purpose ‘The purpose is to create a process for plating copper onto a metal object. Question ‘What design produces a smooth layer of copper metal that adheres to metal object? Prodiction {) According tothe redox concepts in ths unit and some Imernet research, a metal object can be plated atthe cathode of a copper(I) sulfate electrotytic cell. The key independent variable is the electric current. The best plating should occur at relatively low currents because this produces a relatively low rate of plating. The assumption is that the quality ‘of the copper plating will be beter if forms more slowly. Gis, + 2e > th, ia 1 neat Mog thee ‘The amount of copper formed depends directly on the amount of electrons transferred. The amount of electrons per unit of time depends directly on the current. Experimental Design A small metal object is carefully cleaned and plated with copper. The dependent variable isthe quality of the copper pleting as detcrmined by its thickness. appearance, and adherence tothe object. () The following electrolytic cell is constructed. etal object | CUSOsgay: H_S0 gq! iy cathode (—) il anode (+) Based on other copper-plating cells, copper(I) sulfate is acidified with a sulfuric cell, {) The independent variable used isthe electric current. Other potential variables that are held constant ar: surface area Of the meral in the solution; cieaning of the metal surface; distance between the electrodes: charge transfered {q = 19; and the composition, concentration. and temperature ofthe electrolyte, 454 Unies ony © 2003 nenon