Mobile and Wireless Communication

Course Instructor: Dr. Safdar Ali

Communication Networks
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
Local area network (LAN)
Wide area network (WAN)
LEASED LINE
SWITCHING NETWORK
For transmission of data beyond a local area,
communication is typically achieved by
transmitting data from source to destination
through a network of intermediate switching
nodes.

The switching nodes are not concerned with the

content of the data; rather their purpose is to
provide a switching facility that will move the
data from node to node until they reach their
destination.
SWITCHING NETWORK
Information from station A intended for station F.
Data is sent to node 4.
SWITCHING NETWORK
It may then be routed via nodes 5 and 6 or nodes
7 and 6 to the destination.
SWITCHING NETWORK
Some nodes connect only to other nodes (e.g., 5
and 7). Their sole task is the internal (to the
network) switching of information.
SWITCHING NETWORK
Node-station links are generally dedicated point-
to-point links.
SWITCHING NETWORK
Usually, the network is not fully connected; that
is, there is not a direct link between every
possible pair of nodes.

However, it is always desirable to have more than

one possible path through the network for each
pair of stations.

This enhances the reliability of the network.

SWITCHING NETWORK
Two quite different technologies are used in wide
area switched networks:

Circuit switching and

Packet switching.

These two technologies differ in the way the

nodes switch information from one link to
another on the way from source to destination.
Circuit and Packet switching??
SWITCHING TECHNIQUES
Circuit switching
Dedicated communications path between two stations
The most common example of circuit switching is the
telephone network.

Packet switching
Eachnode determines next leg of transmission for each
packet
CIRCUIT SWITCHING
Station A wants to send data to station E.
PHASES OF CIRCUIT SWITCHING
Circuit establishment
An end to end circuit is established through switching
nodes
Information Transfer
Information transmitted through the network
Data may be analog voice, digitized voice, or binary
data
Circuit disconnect
Circuit is terminated
Each node deallocates dedicated resources
CONNECTION OVER A PUBLIC CIRCUIT-
SWITCHING NETWORK

Private Branch Exchange

Disadvantages?
CIRCUIT SWITCHING
Can be inefficient
Channel capacity dedicated for duration of connection
even no data is being transferred.
Utilization not 100% (either speaking or listening)
PACKET SWITCHING
Data is transmitted in blocks, called packets

A typical upper bound on packet length is 1000

octets (bytes). If a source has a longer message to
send, the message is broken up into a series of
packets
PACKET SWITCHING
The control information, includes the information
that the network requires in order to be able to
route the packet through the network and deliver
it to the intended destination.
PACKET SWITCHING
Advantages?
PACKET SWITCHING ADVANTAGES
Line efficiency is greater
Many packets over time can dynamically share the
same node to node link

Unlikecircuit-switching networks that block

calls when traffic is heavy, packet-switching still
accepts packets, but with increased delivery
delay
Disadvantages?
PACKET SWITCHING DISADVANTAGES
Overall packet delay can vary substantially
This is referred to as jitter (critical for real time data
services)
Caused by differing packet sizes, routes taken and
varying delay in the switches

Each packet requires overhead information

Includes destination and sequencing information
Reduces communication capacity

More processing required at each node