Analogia entis as

Analogy universalized and formalized rigorously and

mathematically in quantum mechanics as the shared
base of nature and knowledge
 Vasil Penchev
Bulgarian Academy of Sciences:
Institute for the Study of Societies and Knowledge:
Dept of Logical Systems and Models
vasildinev@gmail.com

THE SECOND WORLD CONGRESS ON ANALOGY, POZNA, MAY 24-26, 2017

(The Venue: Sala Lubraskiego (Lubraskis Hall at the Collegium Minus),
Adam Mickiewicz University, Address: ul. Wieniawskiego 1)
The presentation 24 May, 15:30
Introduction
 The criticism of analogy
Analogy is often criticized for being unable to distinguish true
from false statements for both admit (and are admitted by)
analogy
o Analogy may be interpreted as metaphor and thus may be
both true and untrue
It admits more than one interpretation
o Some interpretations of an analogy may be correct, and some
incorrect
Analogy seems to be relevant only to the first stage of
cognition or to the popular exhibition of science rather than to
science by itself
 The corresponding perfection of analogy
This implies at least two directions for the perfection of analogy
o Both refer to the relation of truth and analogy
The first one starts from the truth as adequacy and tries to
repair the analogy according to the criterion of adequacy
o The second one, on the contrary, starts from the analogy as
such and search for a certain new kind of truth adequate to
analogy as it is by itself
Those two directions reflects the tension between analogy and
scientific cognition
 Good analogy vs bad analogy
The first one consists in the formally and disjunctively
separation of "good analogy from bad analogy
o The former should generate only true statements unlike the
latter allowing of false propositions
However, repairing it in thus, it cannot be analogy properly:
oGood analogy is not an analogy
An analogy properly can be only bad analogy
o Any scientific notion or concept can be thought as a good
analogy originated from some bad analogy
However, scientific notion is not an analogy any more, after its
perfection
 The analogy mathematically formalized and
rigorous
The second pathway for perfecting analogy suggests it to be
formalized as a way of modal, possible, and probable reasoning
o That pathway correspons to analogy but does not to truth as
adequacy
Now, truth cannot be thought as the disjunctive alternative of
any statement false
o True (as well as false) is not quality from now on: hence, it is
quantity
Any statement turns out to be more or less true as well more or
less false
 Analogia entis
Furthermore, one can add to the latter direction the ancient
and medieval, rather theological idea about the universality
of analogy:
o Both things and statements share it as analogia entis
Then, analogia is the way of existing or being rather than
only a way of cognition or representing knowledge
o One should complement from the contemporary viewpoint
that all things are only probably existing just as all
statements are only probably true
The border between words (statements) and things is
blurred once both have shared the model of probabilistic
truth
 Analogia entis: both probable reasoning and
being
This implies the intention for the probable reasoning in analogy
to be unified with the probable existence of the things in reality
o That approach is consistent to unifying both words (statements)
and things in analogia entis
Even more, the former probable reasoning/existence and the
latter ontological universality of analogy in analogy entis appear
to be the same in a sense
o Both probable and analogical seems to be both thing and word
(statement)
 A few side effects of quantum mechanics
That fundamental problem was resolved in fact by quantum
mechanics
o Indeed, its immediate and main task was how to describe
formally and mathematically the unification of continuous
(smooth) motion in classical physics and the discrete motion
forced for the fundamental Planck constant
However afterwards, many borders in human cognition turn
out to be overcome for an impressive series of unifications
o It includes both unification of things and words (statements)
and probabilistic unification of truth and untruth as a single
unification in essence
Thesis:
 Thesis (1)
The wave function of any quantum system can be
interpreted as its quantitative degree of analogy to any other
quantum system
Therefore, it represents analogia entis in a rigorous, formal
and mathematical way in a scientific discipline such as
quantum mechanics
Any quantum state of any quantum system expressed by a
wave function may be interpreted as the represented
quantitatively analogy of that quantum system to all other
quantum systems in the universe
Quantum mechanics can be interpreted as a scientific
doctrine of analogia entis
 Thesis (2)
Furthermore, vice versa: a certain wave function can be
ascribed to any analogy
oThus, it allows of its interpretation as the description of
some possible or existing quantum system
Indeed, the metaphysics of quantum mechanics involves
both cognition and reality as complementary and thus
equivalent dimensions
oTherefor, both concepts of analogy and wave function may
be applied to both cognition and reality
As a result, a kind of mathematically described and universal
analogy as analogia entis can be introduced
 Thesis (3)
The latter completes analogia entis formally and
mathematically for identifying any state "by itself" with some
statement in analogy, i.e. with a proposition in our cognition
o Thus the fundamental intention of analogia entis turns out
to be realized in a quite unexpected way
That way consists in the meditation of a mathematical and
physical concept such as wave function for analogia entis to
be grounded both theoretically and experimentally rather
than only reasonably or in tradition
o As a result, quantum mechanics can be interpreted as
a practical and scientific doctrine of analogia entis
Two main arguments for
the thesis
 Argument (1)
Any wave function can be interpreted as a series of qubits
o A qubit is defined as usual as the normed superposition of two
orthogonal subspaces of the separable complex Hilbert space
That is way to be introduced it in quantum mechanics
o It may be considered equivalently as the generalization of the
concept of a bit of classical information:
If a bit is a choice between two equally probable alternatives, a
qubit is the choice among an infinite set of alternatives
o Thus a wave function being a quantity of quantum information is
able to describe mathematically the information of any infinite
set or series
 More about the Argument (1)
Then, each of those two orthogonal subspaces involved in the
definition of qubit can be in turn interpreted as the quality of
the same name in two independent (quantum) systems
o Furthermore, the value of the qubit can be accepted as the
quantitative value of similarity (analogy) between the two
system as to the quality at issue
As: (1) any wave function is a value of quantum information in
units of qubits, and (2) any qubit means the degree of
similarity and analogy of the same quality in two different and
compared entities, the conclusion is:
o (3) That wave function represents quantitatively similarity or
analogy of those two entities quality by quality
 Argument (2)
Given any analogy decomposed as a sum of analogies of
the union of all qualities possessed by both systems as it was
explained just before:
o The sense of the sum of analogies means that only
the same quality can be analogical in both entities
Furthermore, different qualities are represented by different
qubits and thus independent of each other, or orthogonal
mathematically said
o Analogy turns out to be decomposed in a set of elementary
and independent analogies, each of which correspond to the
same quality in both entities
 More about the Argument (2)
Then, a value of qubit may be assigned to any particular sub-
analogy referring to a single quality
o A qubit as well as a bit is a unit of information
This means that wave function is the quantity of information
contained in an analogy of whether statements (words) or things,
of whether cognition or reality
o As a result and particularly, cognition is grounded to be
analogical to reality not less than a part of reality can be
analogical to another as well as a piece of cognition to another
The concept of wave function just as that of analogia entis is able
to underlie the fundamental possibility of cognition in a
philosophical sense
A short comment of the thesis
ant the arguments in its favor
 The comment:
The thesis and arguments refer only to the interpretation of wave
function: they extend its meaning from the description of any
quantum (and thus physical) system to the knowledge of the system
by analogy
o Quantum mechanics was the first scientific discipline crossed trough
the gap of cognition and reality
It was forced to do this for the a fundamental property distinguishing
it from all other sciences, which was articulated and postulated by
Niels Bohr:
o Quantum mechanics studies the system of measuring apparatus and
measured microscopic quantum entity only by the readings of
the former
Thus quantum mechanics includes cognition into reality inseparably
 Identifying knowledge and reality
Thus the knowledge and reality of any system can be identified right in
the tradition of analogia entis
o It links all to all by the tool of analogy: the unity of all underlies that
kind of universal and fundamental analogy
Thus, knowledge and reality are merged by and into analogy
o Science created itself in modern age breaking the universal links of all
to all
It studies anything only analyzing and separating it from all others in
order to individuate a few essential causal reasons or interactions
determining its behavior unambiguously
o Therefor, the fundamental condition is the initial distinction of
knowledge and reality
 The formalized holism borrowed from
quantum mechanics
Anyway, quantum mechanics manages to restore the holism
of analogia entis in both mathematical and experimentally
confirmable method
o Any item is described also as a state of the whole, or as the
description of its analogy to all other items in the universe
The cognition of the whole represented by a certain state of
the whole can be identified as reality as the existence of a
determined part of the same whole
o A complicated symmetry appears: (cognition whole
state) is equivalently transformable into
(existence part properties)
 About analogia entis
Is that symmetry universal? Or the case of symmetry is only a
particular case?
o Anyway, analogia entis seems to be the case of symmetry,
whether particular or universal
It is complementable by any nonzero difference of a state of the
whole and the corresponding part of the same whole in general
o However, that general case might be equivalent to the case of
analogia entis, alleged as particular
The concept of information unifying classical and quantum
information advocates in support of the equivalence of the
particular case of analogia entis to the general one violating
the symmetry
Conclusion
 The world in analogy
The world can be represented exhaustedly and quantitatively
only by means of analogy
o Analogy is equivalent to both difference and equivalence of
the corresponding part and state of the whole
Thus analogy is fundamentally holistic
o Quantum mechanics traces the pathway in which holism
therefore analogy can be unified with science in both
consistent and mathematical way
That approach allows of restoring the doctrine of analogia
entis as the fundamental ontology, underlying quantum
mechanics in particular
 The self-referentability of analogia entis
Furthermore, the difference of a part and state of the whole can be
represented in turn as an analogy therefore implying the absolute
universality of analogy
o Analogy concentrates attention on the common or shared part of the
whole meant by it
That part does not exhaust the whole, but anyway it represents
relevantly a certain aspect of the latter and thus a state of it
o Given the concept of quantum information as the information of
infinite series or sets, then:
o The quantity of quantum information in the corresponding part and
state of the same whole can be equated to each other as
a fundamental principle both philosophical and physical as well as
mathematical
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