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This review article presents the principles for performing a safe, comfortable, and
Index terms: accurate double-contrast barium enema examination. The procedure is a flexible
Barium enema examination, 75.1281, examination in which the fluoroscopist interacts with the patient, the controls of the
75.1282
Colon, radiography, 75.1281, fluoroscope, and the image on the television monitor. During a double-contrast
75.1282 examination, images of the colon are created by manipulating the patient, the
Review barium pool, and the amount of air insufflated into the rectum. Fluoroscopy is
essential for guiding the radiologist to obtain spot images with adequate technical
Radiology 2000; 215:642650
factors. The fluoroscopist analyzes the luminal contour, the barium-coated mucosal
surface en face, and the barium pool to detect abnormalities in the colon. With
1 From the Department of Radiology, careful technique, a high-quality examination can be performed in most patients.
Hospital of the University of Pennsylva-
nia, MRI, Bldg 1, 3400 Spruce St,
Philadelphia, PA 19104. Received June
18, 1999; revision requested August
12; revision received August 27; ac-
cepted August 30. Address correspon- The recent focus on colonic cancer screening has renewed interest in the double-contrast
dence to S.E.R. (e-mail: rubesin@oasis barium enema examination and has stimulated the writing of this article as one of a
.rad.upenn.edu).
four-part series on colonic imaging. The purpose of this review article is to describe and
S.E.R. and M.S.L. are consultants to
illustrate general concepts in the performance of a high-quality double-contrast barium
E-Z-Em.
enema examination.
r RSNA, 2000
The double-contrast barium enema examination has existed in one form or another
since the 1920s and 1930s (15). The double-contrast barium enema examination
technique was still in its infancy in the 1940s and 1950s but improved dramatically in the
1960s and 1970s with improvements in preparation of the patient, enema tube tips, and
coating properties of high-density barium (69). Today, there are numerous textbook
descriptions of the barium enema examination technique (1018). As there are more ways
to perform a barium enema examination than there are radiologists, we will describe the
principles of performing a safe, comfortable, and accurate double-contrast barium enema
examination only as performed at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania (19). We
will provide the rationales for the components of our tailored double-contrast barium
enema examination.
The patient must be prepared both physically and mentally to undergo a barium enema
examination. Both the radiologist and the patients physician take an active part in the
preparation of the patient. The radiologist provides simple, readable instructions for the
colonic preparation. The radiologist also provides a brief written description of the examina-
tion. The written description of the study and a verbal description of the examination by
the referring physician will help alleviate patient apprehension about undergoing a barium
enema examination.
Numerous physical preparations have been described and tested scientifically (2038).
The plethora of preparations reflect the inability to achieve a clean colon in all cases.
Success in colon cleansing is often a function of patient understanding and compliance
with the preparation, as well as of the patients own baseline colonic motility. Most
preparations are successful in young, healthy, mobile outpatients. Colons in patients with
colonic hypomotility, however, may be difficult to clean completely. This group includes
patients who are bedridden, patients with motility disorders such as diabetes or sclero-
derma, and patients taking opiates or drugs with anticholinergic side effects. In patients in
whom colonic hypomotility is suspected, a prolonged low-residue diet, a full 2-day
preparation, or cleansing enemas may be of value.
Most preparations include a low-residue diet for 13 days prior to the examination, a
642
solution that keeps enteric contents semi- pad alleviates some patient discomfort, as
fluid, and an orally administered agent the bony protuberances of ribs and pelvis
that stimulates colonic contraction. Pa- rub against the fluoroscopy tabletop.
tients must drink copious liquids (more
than 2.0 L) to minimize the dehydration
caused by the preparation. In some regi- Insertion of the Enema Tube Tip
mens, a cleansing enema (colonic lavage) A digital examination of the anal canal
is performed. and distal rectum before insertion of the
We use a 24-hour preparation that in- enema tube tip is helpful (42). The digital
cludes a low-residue diet, magnesium ci- examination allows for evaluation of hem-
trate, bisacodyl tablets, and a bisacodyl orrhoids, masses, or inflammatory condi-
suppository. Other preparations may be tions that may make insertion of the
equally effective. However, we do not enema tube tip painful or even dangerous.
recommend the use of large-volume Digital examination also permits the radi-
(4.0-L) isotonic lavage agents, such as ologist to assess sphincter tone, which
PEG-3350 and electrolytes for oral solu- acts as a guide to whether the retention
tion (GoLYTELY; Braintree Pharmaceuti- balloon will need to be inflated. The
cals, Braintree, Mass), as they leave excess radiologist should wear a nonlatex glove,
fluid in the colon and impair mucosal as anaphylactic reactions to impurities in
coating in many patients (28,29). latex have been reported (43).
a.
The referring physician must prepare A thin layer of lubricant is spread on
the radiologist and the patient. The requi- the enema tube tip. A lubricant contain-
sition slip for the examination should ing lidocaine hydrochloride may allevi-
state the appropriate clinical history, sur- ate pain in patients with hemorrhoids or
gical history, and medications the patient inflammatory conditions. The enema tube
takes that have colonic side effects or may tip is pushed gently through the anal sphinc-
cause colonic disease. The referring physi- ter. If there is any difficulty with enema
cian should state if a recent endoscopic tube tip insertion, a wide-bore, nonlatex,
intervention has been performed, be- Foley-type catheter may be used, because
cause there should be a 1-week interval it is softer and of a smaller diameter than
between barium enema examination and the standard Miller air tip (44).
performance of large-forceps biopsy Routine distention of the retention bal-
through a rigid sigmoidoscope, snare loon is not necessary, as use of the bal-
polypectomy, or hot biopsy (39,40). These loon is associated with a small but finite
endoscopic interventions may tear the risk of rectal tear or abrasion and an
colonic mucosa and result in a small risk increased risk of hemorrhoidal bleeding
of perforation if a barium enema examina- (45). Encouraging patients to retain the
tion is performed immediately after air and barium is usually sufficient. Reten-
the endoscopy. Performance of a small- tion balloons are inflated only in patients
forceps biopsy through a flexible sig- who are expelling air and barium from
moidoscope or colonoscope does not pre- the anal canal and only after a normal
clude performance of barium enema ex- distal rectum is demonstrated fluoroscopi-
amination on the same day. cally.
Relative contraindications to the use of
the retention balloon include pelvic irra-
MATERIALS
b. diation, various colitides, solitary rectal
Figure 1. Barium pool obscures polyp in Fluoroscope ulcer syndrome, large distal rectal mass,
splenic flexure. (a) Spot radiograph obtained suspected rectovaginal fistula, and previ-
with the patient in a right posterior oblique In our practice, we use both digital and ous anal canal surgery. If inflated, the
position shows the splenic flexure. The barium conventional fluoroscopes. In the digital balloon is distended not to coapt the distal
pool obscures the en face mucosal detail of the units, the images can be obtained rapidly rectal walls but to act as a ball valve that
descending limb of the splenic flexure. The and reviewed immediately, which short-
luminal contour is seen either as a continuous will be pulled back against the anal canal.
ens the procedure time by about 10 min-
white line (black arrow) or as a smooth edge of
the barium column (white arrow). (b) Spot
utes (41). The use of digital radiography
radiograph obtained with the patient in an also allows the technologists to spend all
Agents for Colonic Hypotonia
erect right posterior oblique position shows the of their time attending to the patient, not
splenic flexure. A 7-mm polyp is manifested in to changing film cassettes. The digital We routinely use glucagon to induce
the shape of a bowler hat. The brim of the hat spot images are reviewed while the tech- colonic hypotonia. One milligram of glu-
(solid arrows) represents barium trapped be- nologist obtains overhead radiographs, cagon is slowly injected intravenously
tween the base of the polyp and the adjacent
normal mucosa. The dome of the hat (open
which allows the radiologist to reimage during a 1-minute period. The intrave-
arrow) represents the top of the polyp. The areas in question before the patient is nously administered glucagon works in 1
polyp is pointed inward, toward the longitudi- sent to the bathroom. minute and lasts about 1020 minutes.
nal axis of the bowel. A washable pad covered by a sheet is Intravenously administered glucagon de-
placed on the fluoroscopy tabletop. The creases discomfort during barium enema
a. b.
Figure 8. Prone versus supine position for viewing the sigmoid colon and rectum. (a) Spot
radiograph obtained after enema tube tip removal with the patient in a supine position. The distal
rectum is seen in air contrast. The most caudal loop (arrow) of sigmoid colon is filled with barium.
(b) Spot radiograph obtained with the patient in a prone position, but the radiograph is printed in
the same anatomic position as a to allow direct comparison of images. Barium in the distal rectum
now obscures en face mucosal detail. The most caudal loop (arrow) of sigmoid colon is now seen
with air contrast. (a and b reprinted, with permission, from reference 19.)
lateral patient position is often best to overhead images obtained with the pa-
view this region. In addition, the over- tient in the decubitus position (59), espe-
head view obtained with the tube angled cially in fluoroscopy rooms in which
about 30 caudad and with the patient in cross-table views cannot be obtained. b.
the prone position usually displays the Views obtained with the patient erect Figure 9. Spot radiographs of the sigmoid
rectosigmoid junction (Fig 6). An angled should not be confined to the hepatic colon with the patient in (a) a left posterior
view also may be obtained with a remote- and splenic flexures but are also useful in oblique position and (b) a steep right posterior
control fluoroscope capable of tube angu- the middle of the transverse colon (Fig 5), oblique position. Identical segments of the
sigmoid colon are identified by similar arrows.
lation. a tortuous sigmoid colon, the ascending
Changing the position of the patient changes
The sigmoid colon is easy to image and descending colon, and even the rec- the location of the barium pool and allows
when it is short and without diverticulo- tum. depiction of different segments of bowel en
sis. However, the radiologist must use The table is elevated slowly and is face.
every trick of the trade to depict a redun- stopped three to four times to allow the
dant sigmoid colon involved by moder- patient to attain equilibrium. When us-
ate to severe diverticulosis. Radiologic ing a conventional fluoroscope, the radi- an erect (Fig 10) or recumbent (Fig 11)
techniques to improve depiction of the ologist places a hand on the patients right posterior oblique position. Women
sigmoid colon include the use of compres- shoulder as a reassurance that he or she are instructed to elevate the left breast
sion (Fig 7), even with the patient in the will not fall. When the fluoroscopy table- manually from the radiation field to
prone position, and placing the patient top is tilted to the erect position, the decrease radiation exposure to the
in the prone (Fig 8), erect, or Trendelen- radiologist must be wary of the patient breast and prevent the soft-tissue shadow
burg position. The proximal sigmoid co- having a vasovagal reaction. If the patient of the breast from overlying the splenic
lon often is best viewed with the patient feels light-headed or faint, closes his or flexure.
in the prone or left posterior oblique posi- her eyes, or stops communicating, the A spot image should be obtained for
tion (Fig 9a); the distal sigmoid colon radiologist should return the table toward every loop in the middle of the transverse
often is best displayed with the patient in the horizontal and carefully evaluate the colon. Whereas views obtained with the
the supine or right posterior oblique posi- patients clinical status. patient in the erect position are superb
tion (Fig 9b). The most caudal loop of The proximal and middle sections of for the upper two-thirds of the lumen (Fig
sigmoid colon often is best seen with air the descending colon often are viewed 5), images obtained with the patient in
contrast with the patient in the prone best with air contrast with the patient in the supine position better depict the infe-
position (Fig 8). the erect or prone position. The distal rior one-third. The hepatic flexure is im-
Views obtained with the patient erect descending colon often is viewed best aged with the patient in the erect left
are helpful for removing the barium pool. with the patient in the recumbent supine posterior oblique position (Fig 12). Some-
Extensive use of images obtained with or oblique position (Fig 9). The splenic times the medial wall is demonstrated
the patient erect may obviate the use of flexure is viewed best with the patient in best with the patient in the supine posi-
Figure 10. Spot radiograph of the splenic Figure 11. Spot radiograph of the splenic
flexure with the patient in an erect right poste- flexure with the patient in a horizontal right
rior oblique position. Diverticula are filled with posterior oblique position. The contour of the
barium (short arrows) and coated with barium descending limb is sacculated. Subtle mucosal
(long arrow). ulceration is manifested as shallow barium-
filled ulcers surrounded by radiolucent halos
(arrows). One week prior to this examination,
this patient had acute rectal bleeding during an
airplane flight. Endoscopic biopsy results re-
vealed ischemic changes.