Chapter 3

Quantitative Relationship:

by
Dr. Nor Nadiah Mohamad Yusof
 What is Atomic Mass?
The weighted average mass of all of the naturally
occurring isotopes of an element.
Atoms are so small, it is difficult to discuss how much they
weigh in grams.
Use atomic mass units.
an atomic mass unit (amu) is defined as a mass exactly
equal to 1/12 of the mass of one carbon-12 atom.
 Micro World Macro World
atoms & molecules grams

Atomic mass is the mass of an atom in

atomic mass units (amu)

By definition:
1 atom 12C weighs 12 amu

On this scale
1H = 1.008 amu
16O = 16.00 amu
Natural lithium is:
7.42% 6Li (6.015 amu)
92.58% 7Li (7.016 amu)

Average atomic mass of lithium:

7.42 x 6.015 + 92.58 x 7.016

= 6.941 amu
100
Average atomic mass (6.941)
Basic Counting Unit in Chemistry
 The Mole
The mole (mol) is a counting unit for objects -
atoms, ions, molecules, etc.

A mole is just a unit used to represents an amount

equivalent to 6.02x1023 .

The abbreviated form of this unit is mol.

The symbol used to represent the number of moles

is n.
The mole (mol) is the amount of a substance that contains as
many elementary entities as there are atoms in exactly 12.00
grams of 12C
1 mol = NA = 6.0221367 x 1023
Avogadros number (NA)
 How many atoms are present in 1 mole of hydrogen
atoms ?
6.022 x 1023 H atoms
How many atoms are present in 1 mole of 12C atoms?
6.02x1023 12C atoms
How many moles are present in 2.67 x 10 23 molecules
of N2H4 (ammonium)

1 mol N2H4
Moles N2H4 = 2.67 x 1023 MoleculesN2H4
6.02x1023 molecules N2H4

= 0.44 mol N2H4

 What is Molar mass? eggs
The mass of 1 mole of marbles in grams
atoms
shoes
1 mole 12C atoms = 6.022 x 1023 atoms = 12.00 g
1 12C atom = 12.00 amu
1 mole 12C atoms = 12.00 g 12C
1 mole lithium atoms = 6.941 g of Li
Since 6.02x1023 x 12 amu = 12 g, so 6.02x1023 amu = 1 g
For any element
atomic mass (amu) = molar mass (grams)
 M = molar mass in g/mol
NA = Avogadros number

Sample Problem 3.1 Calculating the Mass and the Number of Atoms
in a Given Number of Moles of an Element

PROBLEM: (a) How many grams of Ag are in 0.0342mol of Ag?

PLAN: (a) To convert mol of Ag to g we have to use the #g Ag/mol Ag, the molar
mass M.
107.9g Ag amount(mol) of Ag
SOLUTION: 0.0342mol Ag x = 3.69g Ag multiply by M of Ag
mol Ag (107.9g/mol)
mass(g) of Ag
 Do You Understand about Molar Mass?
How many atoms are in 0.551 g of potassium (K) ?

1 mol K = 39.10 g K
1 mol K = 6.022 x 1023 atoms K

1 mol K 6.022 x 1023 atoms K

0.551 g K x x =
39.10 g K 1 mol K

8.49 x 1021 atoms K

 Calculating the Mass and the Number of
Sample Problem Atoms in a Given Number of Moles of an
Element
PROBLEM: Iron (Fe), the main component of steel, is the most important metal in
industrial society. How many Fe atoms are in 95.8g of Fe?

(b) To convert g of Fe to atoms we first have to find the #mols of Fe

PLAN:
and then convert mols to atoms.

mol Fe = 1.72mol Fe
SOLUTION: 95.8g Fe x
55.85g Fe mass(g) of Fe
6.022x1023atoms Fe divide by M of Fe
1.72mol Fe x = 1.04x1024 atoms
(55.85g/mol)
mol Fe Fe
amount(mol) of Fe
multiply by 6.022x1023
atoms/mol
atoms of Fe
Molecular mass (or molecular weight) is the sum of
the atomic masses (in amu) in a molecule.

1S 32.07 amu
2O + 2 x 16.00 amu
SO2 SO2 64.07 amu

For any molecule

molecular mass (amu) = molar mass (grams)

1 molecule SO2 = 64.07 amu

1 mole SO2 = 64.07 g SO2
 One Mole of
Common Substances
Oxygen
32.00 g

Water
CaC3 18.02 g
100.09 g

Copper
63.55 g
 Do You Understand about Molecular Mass?

How many H atoms are in 72.5 g of C3H8O ?

1 mol C3H8O = (3 x 12) + (8 x 1) + 16 = 60 g C3H8O

1 mol C3H8O molecules = 8 mol H atoms
1 mol H = 6.022 x 1023 atoms H

1 mol C3H8O 8 mol H atoms 6.022 x 1023 H atoms

72.5 g C3H8O x x x =
60 g C3H8O 1 mol C3H8O 1 mol H atoms

5.82 x 1024 atoms H

 Heavy
A mass spectrometer is an instrument used to measure

Light
the relative atomic mass or molecular mass

Light

Heavy
KE = 1/2 x m x v2
v = (2 x KE/m)1/2
F = q x v x B
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometer
 Percent Composition of Compounds
Percent composition of an element in a compound =
n x molar mass of element
x 100%
molar mass of compound
n is the number of moles of the element in 1 mole
of the compound
2 x (12.01 g)
%C = x 100% = 52.14%
46.07 g
6 x (1.008 g)
%H = x 100% = 13.13%
46.07 g
1 x (16.00 g)
%O = x 100% = 34.73%
46.07 g
C2H6O 52.14% + 13.13% + 34.73% = 100.0%
 Chemical Formulas
A molecular formula shows the exact number of atoms of
each element in the smallest unit of a substance

An empirical formula shows the simplest whole-number

ratio of the atoms in a substance
molecular empirical
H2O H2O
C6H12O6 CH2O

O3 O
N2H4 NH2
 Experimental
Determination of
Empirical Formula
 Example:

Combust 11.5 g ethanol

Collect 22.0 g CO2 and 13.5 g H2O

1 mol CO2 1 mol C 12.01 g C

Mass of C = 22.0 g CO2 x x x
44.01 g CO2 1 mol CO2 1 mol C
= 6.00 g C
1 mol H2O x 2 mol H x 1.008 g H
Mass of H = 13.5 g H2O x
18.02 g H20 1 mol H2O 1 mol H
= 1.51 g H
Mass of O = Mass of sample (Mass of C + Mass of H)
= 11.5g (6.00 g + 1.51g)
= 4.0 g O
The number of moles of each element present in 11.5 g Ethanol

Moles of C = 6.00 g C x 1 mol C = 0.500 mol C

12.01 g C

Moles of H = 1.51 g H x 1 mol H = 1.50 mol H

1.008 g H

Moles of O = 4.0 g O x 1 mol O = 0.25 Mol O

16.00 g O

Empirical formula C0.5H1.5O0.25

Divide by smallest subscript (0.25)

Empirical formula C2H6O

Empirical To Molecular Formula

Empirical is lowest ratio.

Molecular is actual molecule.
Need Molar mass.
Ratio of empirical to molar mass
will tell you the molecular formula.
Sample Problem 5 Determining a Molecular Formula from
Elemental Analysis and Molar Mass
PROBLEM: During physical activity. lactic acid (M=90.08g/mol) forms in
muscle tissue and is responsible for muscle soreness. Elemental
anaylsis shows that it contains 40.0 mass% C, 6.71 mass% H, and
53.3 mass% O.
(a) Determine the empirical formula of lactic acid.
(b) Determine the molecular formula.
PLAN:
assume 100g lactic acid and find the
mass of each element
divide each mass by mol mass(M)
amount(mol) of each element molecular formula
use #mols as subscripts
divide mol mass by
preliminary formula
mass of empirical
convert to integer subscripts formula to get a
empirical formula multiplier
Sample Problem 3.5 Determining a Molecular Formula from Elemental
Analysis and Molar Mass
continued

SOLUTION: Assuming there are 100.g of lactic acid, the constituents are

40.0g C mol C 6.71g H mol H 53.3g O mol O

12.01g C 1.008g H 16.00g O

3.33mol C 6.66mol H 3.33mol O

C3.33 H6.66 O3.33

CH2O empirical formula
3.33 3.33 3.33

molar mass of lactate 90.08g

3 C3H6O3 is the
mass of CH2O 30.03g molecular formula
Example:
Hydroquinone, an organic compound has a molecular
weight of 110 g/mol. If it has a composition of 65.5% C,
5.45% H and 29.09 % O, determine :

a) The empirical formula

Answer = C3H3O

b) The molecular formula of hydroquinone

Answer = C6H6O2
 Be Prepared!!!
1st Quiz (Weeks 5)