Vcey's Answers CHEM1000 Principles and Processes in Chemistry Wook 2 \ctvty 2.1: Photoelectron Why? ‘Aloms ae the fundamental bulging blocks cf a matter. Te allow you to understind how they ‘bond to form molecules you must be fair with the charscerisice of various sebatore partic An slam contains: * cnt nucleus contahing pase charged protons and neutral neutrons, ‘egatvey charged electrons surounding the rucius in sh. ‘Tha secon f the fundementl subatomic patil reponse fr many chemical ntsactens, and the characteristics ofthe outeros or valence) sho i resaoncile or any eniea ‘physical operas. Therefor, it's resconabs to know somatting mare seaut Resear ‘oarples and cstrbulona of hase Sections, Learning Objectives 7 Use onisation eneray tothe probe the electronic structure of an atom, Plato ionisation energy tothe kinetic energy of elected atoms in photoelectron spectroscopy Compare models of the atom based on emia evidence from photoslction spectroscopy Resources Blackman, etal (2012). Chemisty (nd ed). Chapter 4: Atomic Energy Level, pp 109-127, Model 1: lonisation energies and energy levels ‘An slectron ina given sho wil require a certain energy tobe seperated fom the ato. Thus, an ‘letron can be said o oocupy an energy ol nan stom, Within our moet tach ascos ‘must bona shalt apariculr distance om the ruceus, and the soorgy les conectoring ‘o these shes are quarised thats, ont carta deereta energy levels shouldbe une Seo. | _ kam CS 7 ee * fT RARE y see SSeRe Giants | ccenmte HE: cn Crtica inking uestons 1. Assuming that and ge remain constant, what happens othe magritude of Vil the ‘separation, dS orsaeg? As d®, VY ‘cape tom: Meng; are. hem: Ad Eau, 8h ee, We 048 PresetVekude oe 2 ithe two parila are seperate by an ft stance (hat, =m), ha te ae of Asd>o, VSO. 8, Holstnts Ie V> Corie V<0 where 4) the parle nave th same charge hat 8 g1= a)? V>O. Cpesitie) 1) the paricleshave be opposte charge thats 9) =. cacha aa distance wn nucleus, so De similer. BY 6 wy Ing glocually (Ree : in he signifcant increase in moving frm the 12" to the 14® ionisation alee 5 last one in 2r0 stely wt ch & mec 4th In st shell ulc ct a utes much greakTe, caer to the nucleus ~~ ueton 1: Onto sae aes above, seth te pap you'd ante forthe fet 7 ‘Noomete lnzoion ees or nen Grup Is N hao only 2 shells p2__N Valence Shell = 2nd shell, P3 is $0 Ist SE> requre, ree than ‘tty 21: Stop ond Pose ~ Review Questions to con te Po60 268‘Model 2: Photoelectron spectroscopy lonisation energy may be msasures bythe aletron impact method. which atoms nthe gas [Soe ae bombarded with ast moving eotrana. Thece seperate gv valve fr the, [Enston energy ofthe sacton tata mast eal rrovad from the aor other words, the 'cnaation onogy fo an skcton Inthe ghost aocupee one level. Anata, and (Goeraly mote accurate, od tat proves rfrmation n'siom {hat the tneaton energie fs slactone nth ato) snow as photoelectron “Spectroscopy: this methedueee a photon a packet of ight ane) to knocker electron out of Sh'siom. Sects ooainedin tha way ar cad pretosectons igh every photon, sich very shart wavelength uta racation or even xrays re VEINS SER ite gue pee moms ar rated win ptona ta tnown ara “Gacrote energy Emo) fe energy ofthe proton fs gretr tran te rey azessry femove an escort stom: lcron fc wi encone cnr eben & {When erorgy (Em) Sof Efe orsaon energy ofthe alcons, and eneY Is ‘onvered, he felowing rebtonsias emerge: Enroon = E+ Bate i= Enum — Ease “Tus, wa can fn he onstion energy if we know he enory ofthe photon and we can ‘Tatars th htc oreigy 3 the pratelacvon. The kine erery ofthe econ Is treanuec ina pholoacion spectrometer Ir photons of sutflen enery ara use, an ection maybe jected rom ay ofthe one lefels of an aiom. Each atonal jot ony one slacen. bt avery eonon 0 each ator has “mnlapprocmatay) equal hance of bang efctod. Thus, fo aLrge group of ntl atoms, he ‘hats ejecta vn al come om a posse anety loves of te stom. Aso, boca he Bhotons used allnave the same energy stectronseacted roma given anergy vel wi al have {ro same energy. Ony afew ferent energies of eoctd electron wi be obtane, ‘oresponding to the marta of every fvesin the stom. “Tne rests of a photolectonspoctoecony experimen are consenionty presented na Dhoteslacron spesium. Tie ea pl of thereat pure of electrons (ong the veil {ral vers thant enetgy ofthe ejected eicron ong the hoor xs) Howove, 35 Shown nthe aqumlone toov, the onan energy can ba calcltod fem htc ene nd ‘hears we show thi on he horzoral ant stead, a ts more use ous, Before photon interaction 8 i ‘Decreoang Mima) = Increasing Ewe 0) “Sula photosecton specu of M ‘Ate photon erection deuty 2: sosecten xcs PayeeCritical Thinking Questions ‘T._Usiag the data presente in Mece!2, very thatthe onto ane ofthe ected elacton B2B0M) mol" Ec Epheton- Ekinetic = 143-4-14-8= 29-6 Mmd~ 12, What determines the poston of ach pak along the horzont (i iso a photodecen spect? Either Ckinehe % ejected o> or Ei 13. What isthe potertal energy ofthe energy lvl ofthe elaron represented inthe hotoebevon spoctum in Moca 27 a 28-6 Mul 44. What teins the ght or tn ofp fa potelecton pecan? Relatiie number q electrons 15. Explin why itis not possible to determine the rumber af electrons nn nul hypomatel ste ar ha poonlacon spectra a Mel ' His a relative scale, so with no othe comparatie peak, we cavtt tell th actual magnitude 18. Aptetaeleconspecrum of noun dom has snl pak at 297 Mma, 8) Bein whys ct poesia to cterne th vlan aos Ho He We don row from th haght ke ler es, 1) Explain why the ue aio canal be Li weuld haue 2 peaks, 3 Tyaniteet seach of own aiaon ener nd ety rkroun He hao Gia 4 2-37 MJ! ey 25 Paton Speier Pontos‘Model 3: Bohr model of neon 78 ees Critical Thinking Questions“ nuciue(tou) 17, The oeak due to he m= 1 shal rected tobe ata much higher nigton energy tan thea pesk because th n= 1 shel signpsany closer te th ucous™ Why the stance othe sel rom he nucous important n deteriting th caespondng peak Sse elee ater Vidor "Distance -erom nucleus Affects potertal enemy ) binding energy + te Cloer = stronger attrackin 18 stein any one jected lect fm n= sal ayo be rte tfantnelneic omy ofthe seted actors fom ben 2ehel? : es ejected Grom n=) shell are likely no ane lower EK ao more & wold Ihave been needed to overcome binding eng 18, Why sit expected that 270 of the lecte electrons wil core tom tho shel and 810, ‘tthe sactone tem tne n=2 aha? ee etd ne} shell haa 265 ¢ thee hav: : beg [Te pred ferent Cor ronger bicdug (0X2. a eS. willl, Wrse ferent ER + ee Hay 11 Sunray cn in mtg Be & : So ty? Phin Spay PagetModel 4: Experimental photoelectron spectrum of neon (simulated) [e=eaowmer Eeaasminet’ | [en 208m mor Decreasing El oP) Imeroaing Eee m0") ‘Critical Thinking Questions 21. Banod on Medal 4: |) latte photoelectron epactu fr No shown in Mode consistent without peste sets iret No! 1) Doszibe ways (fany in which ou precction was corect and the way (tary) twit was nt comes. ne | peak is higher In € rower of x + han a retanse heght gor 2e5 ns2 har *2 peaks! net one -_ _ 22. Why isi pot important to place umers org the vertical as of photooecton spect? th a relate scale 23, Based onthe spectum in Mode estimate the numiber a actos at each ofthe tree seer ne. san ou: azo Cea, Pi rec te tal ner of ‘Sosfone auld sua te Robe of aceon Na) oh aS Nn Dee 2e- fe = ee PoserModel 8: Energy level diagrams for heium, neon and argon Contrary su: expectations, er aretha oaks in te spat ct tl One he pas Ss auch highalonaon anergy wie two of them are ute aoaoin enor” This spots ‘hatter eons enorgy level mus closer tos nusaus than two energy loves fuer fom he ‘usleue, We now nocd to meally the Bo" model to account otis ooservation. We use 2 ‘mode that include {ina 2 et) and antral or pnt acy Yo ceeobo {Sach eubehell Ourn=1 shel ony has one subahet he 15) who our n= 2 shal Mas two ubsnale Bs and 2p A subahe! ofan typ Reds tao octore whl a eubahe of = p ype Folds sc loctrons, Out Bohr model lacton sal configuration or oon of 2-8 must [Brendesto a subshal elacton configuration of 18 20°39 ‘This ssbthall model canbe anplid to al atoms, or example hem, non and argon, Inthe ‘gram bsow te lowest potental erergyhighas fonauton energy subshetsaelowe ie ‘dara, Each arowrepresents an sacfon and each Rorzotal me's aregion whch ‘Sten are fours The lonsaton aeries ao gen on the ag. then centauraton etiam Neon Critical Thinking Questions, 28. whats reasoning osind ne sumeon tat ne peak a 8.0 MY li Ma 4 conoeponde tothe sectors inthe = 1 sal? H hap the hyhiot Te /towerk Ex so w& clyest 40 Fhe nucleus . 25 Moyantoct ety mista sped onesie n= 2s nr soe as wt. they are clae to each other Tee es ae ely te bee hme res Clie Gey lean ice on, Lrom nade) |"Mark cach peak n Mode! 4 wt he subshol atthe elctrons wor ected rom. ‘Sketon the precited photoelectron spectrum ot nung pask heights ducting the rolstvenurbe of electors and peak postion shoving the vae of lniston energies. Fratue the subsel symbol ebove each peak SB ‘Deseasing nian ervey OA ma) Homework Problems 4 used on ur subehall moda 2) Howmany peaks woul you expect for he photodlcron spectrum et thium? 1) Wat would you expect the reatve heights of the peaks o be? ©) Thos erisation anos for, Me ardL are 181,237 and 626 MJ ot* roopoctvay. Explain is tee. d)Thatatnlsation energies for H and Lire 1.01 and 0.52 MA mot respective plain why omer 2. Repeat Exercise 1a) and or baryllum and carson. ‘3, Skatch an energy eel iagram fs Mode! 5) or berm and carbon. 4. tat element do you think wouldve 56 the photoelectron specium show below? Explain you earening. ian ‘Decreaong lorenion eneay Maro) Pay 2: toda Smeg Paget