The perfomance research of large scale wind farm
connected to external power grid
LI Huan-ping
(Electric Power College, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640,Guangdong
Province, China;Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Technology)
AbstractAt present, the wind power generators widely used in
China are the squirrel cage induction generators(SCIG). With
the rapid increase in penetration of wind power in power
systems, the dynamic influence of a large wind farm on power
systems is becoming an important issue for integration and
operation of wind farms. So grid codes require that all new
installed WTGs should have the capability of Fault Ride
Through (FRT) or Low Voltage Ride Through (LVRT). This
capability means that wind generation should have the ability to
remain connected during faults (outside their protection zone)
and voltage dip conditions within certain limits. Based on the
appropriate wind farm models, the dynamic performance of
wind farm during faults and the effect of FRT with Static Var
compensation(SVC) equiped is researched. Furthermore, the
effect of FRT when doubly-fed induction generators(DFIG)
connected in wind farm was researched. These models of wind
farm were developed and compared by simulation studies in the
PSCAD/EMTDC environment under different wind fluctuation
conditions as well as gird fault conditions which took Nanao
wind farm connected to the Shantou power grid of Guangdong
Province, China as an example. The simulation results showed
that SVC can provide fast dynamic reactive power support,
DFIG be able to provide reactive power support according to
the requirement reactive power value of FSIG terminal very
well.
Keywords - Wind farm, Doubly-fed induction
generator(DFIG), Static Var compensation(SVC), Fault ride
through(FRT), equivalent methods
I. INTRODUCTION
As a result of conventional energy sources
consumption and increasing environmental
concern, efforts have been made to generate
electricity from renewable energy sources. One
way of generating electricity from renewable
sources is to use wind turbines. With its
reproducible, resourceful and pollution-free
characteristics, the wind power generation has
been developing rapidly and applied widely around
the world since the 20th century. Chinese
government has paid great attention to wind power
generation and strongly supported it[1].
At present, most wind turbines in wind farms of
China are fixed-speed induction generator.
Regarding fixed-speed induction generator with
the special characteristic that its operation needs
the support of reactive power. So the continuous
increase of the wind power penetration level is
likely to influence the operation of the existing
utilities networks, especially the power system
YANG Jin-ming
voltage stability. In general, there are Fixed-
Capacitors(FC) mounted on the terminal of FSIG
to provide reactive power support. FC can support
the needed reactive power under normal
circumstance, but the terminal voltage will
fluctuate when there are gust wind turbulances.
This paper studied the impact of voltage stability
when SVC was connected to wind farm. In
general, SVC devices are not mounted on
generator terminal becase of their high cost. The
SVC device of wind farm researched in this paper
is mounted on the Point of Common
Coupling(PCC).
DFIG can be decoupled control of active
power and reactive power and send reactive power
to provide dynamic reactive power support for
power grid. Many papers give a control strategy of
reactive power that the Power Factor(PF) is a
constant. The authors believe that the control
strategy did not reflect the advanced control
strategy of reactive power completely. This paper
put forward that set reactive power reference of
DFIG as the required reactive power of generator
terminal, thus reducing appropriate reactive power
provided by power grid to increase the static and
dynamic voltage stability of power
grid.Furthermore, less SVC devices will be needed
in this case. Article [2] put forward a coordinated
power control strategy that DFIG provide dynamic
reactive power support for FSIG when three phase
to ground fault occurred in grid. Article [3-4]
introduced the voltage level indicators in
European countries when grid fault occurred.
Article [5] studied the effects of SVC to the wind
farm FRT capability. We take Nanao wind farm
connected to Shantou power grid as example. All
of these are accomplished in PSCAD/EMTDC
software, simulation results show that the the
views of this paper are correct. Part II and part III
give relative models of wind farm. Part IV is case
study of Nanao wind farm connected to Shantou
grid.Part V is conclusion of this paper.
II. DYNAMIC MODELS OF FSIG AND DFIG WIND
 TURBINE dwr
JWG TW TG Dwr (5)
dt
A.Wind Model where JWG is the wind turbine mechanical inertia
The wind model is a four-component model
defined by [6] plus generator mechanicd inertia[ kg m 2 ], TW is
v wv wM v wG v wR v wN (1) mechanical torque. TG is generator electromagnetic
where wM is the mean wind velocity in m/s,
v torque [Nm], and D is friction coefficient[Nm/rad].
v wG is the gust wind component in m/s, v wR is the
ramp wind component in m/s, and v wN is the noise D. Double Squirrel-cage Induction Machine
Model and DFIG Machine Model
wind component in m/s. The last three terms in (1)
A double squirrel-cage induction machine
represent the turbulent wind velocity components;
model, which is represented by a steady state
among them v wG and v wR are deterministic
equivalent circuit shown in Fig.1 where s denotes a
turbulences while v wN is the stochastic part to
predict the occurrence of wind turbulence and the rotational slip, is used for the wind generator. r1 ,
correlation of wind turbulence r21 , r22 are stator, first cage, second cage
at different wind turbines in a wind farm. These
four components provide reasonable flexibility for resistance. jx1 , jx21 , jx22 are unsaturated
the study of one or a group of WTGs. PSCAD leakage reactance of stator,first cage and second
simulation tool has offered wind model in its cage. jX m is unsaturated magnetizing reactance.
library. us is stator voltage. Main flux saturation of the
B. Model of wind turbine induction generator is not considered in the
The mathematic expressions of wind turbine are simulations[9].
expressed as follows [7] : In Fig.2, an equivalent circuit of the DFIG
1 can be seen, where Rs , Rr are stator, rotor resistance,
P w C p , A R v 3w (2) Lls , Llr are stator, rotor leakage inductance, Lm is
2
12.5 magnetizing inductance, us , ur are stator, rotor

C p , 0.22 116 0.4 5.0 e (3)
i
voltage, is , ir are stator,rotor current[10]. This
i
model is described by the following space vector
1 equations in synchronous coordinates as:
1 0.035
i 3 (4)
0.08 1

d
usd Rs isd sd
where P w is the aerodynamic power captaured dt
1 sq
(6)
from wind; is the density of air, Kg m3 ; AR is d
usq Rs isq sq 1 sd
the area that the wind power can be obtained; C p dt
is the power coefficient; v w is the wind speed; is
the tip speed ratio (TSR); i is the middle
(7)
variable; is the pitch angle, .

d
urd Rr ird rd
C. Mechanical Model dt
1 rq

As for the mechanical model, emphasis is put on sd Lsisd Lmird (8)

d
urq RL
r irq Lirq
the parts of the dynamic structure of the wind sisq
1 rd
sq dt m rq
turbine that contribute to the interaction with the
grid[8]. Therefore, only the drive train is (9)
considered, while the other parts of the wind
turbine structure, e.g. tower and flap bending

rd Lmisd Lrird
where L , L , L are
s r m
modes, are neglected. When modeling the drive
train, it is a common practice to neglect the sq Lmisq Lrirq stator, rotor, mutual
dynamic; of the mechanical parts, as their inductance. 1 is
responses are considerably slow in comparison to synchronous angual speed. When the d reference
the fast electrical ones, especially for machines frame synchronous coordinate was oriented along
with great inertia. The rotational system may with the stator flux of the DFIG,
therefore be modeled by a single equation of
motion: sd s sq 0
 ,
and because
,
the d-axis lag
(10)
q-axis usd 0 usq us
1 s
(11)
o
90 in phase, when ignore stator resistance The
stator active power and reactive power can be
described as follows:

Fig.3 Control diagram of Rotor Side Converter(RSC)
Ps usdisd usqisq
(12)
Qs usdisq usqisd
III.TSC+TCR type of SVC Model
From (6), (8), (10), (11) we can obtain:

Lmirq
Ps us Fig.4 is the wiring diagram of Thyristor
Ls
(13) Switched Capacitors and Thyristor controlled
Lmird us2
Qs us Reactor(TSC + TCR) type of SVC, TSC+TCR
Ls 1Ls
systerm generally use N group capacitors(each
So we can control Ps and Qs through irq group has its own thyristor valve) and a group of
thyristor controlled reactor. The number of N
and ird respectively, and the control depends on rated current of thyristor, maximum
reactive power compensation requirements and the
diagram of Rotor Side Convertor(RSC)
expected operative voltage level. The basic
was described in Fig.3. We can see that working principle of TSC+TCR type of SVC
the reference of irq derived from speed- systerm as follows: TCR + TSC system switchs
appropriate groups of capacitor in accordance with
control mode, and the RSC PWM derived the requirement value of reactive power
by current reference pulse width compensation, and there is a slight positive
modulation (CRPWM). Once the deviation, i.e. over compensation. Then TCR
reference currents are determined,the generate inductive reactive power to offset the part
actual currents can be generated using of over compensated capacitive reactive power.
TCR + TSC is a system of reactive power output
a voltage sourced converter operated can be adjustable between capacitive and inductive
with CRPWM. The actual currents are range. The system has characteristic that the active
controlled vary within hysteresis band. power loss can be negligible when the reactive
For lack of space, the control of Grid power output is low. During or after large
Side Converter(GSC) is not discussed disturbances in the power system, because
here. capacitors and reactors can be removed and
switched, transient over-voltage is limited to the
minimum.

Fig.1 Steady state equivalent circuit.

Fig.4 Wiring diagram of TSC+TCR type of SVC

connected to wind farm

Fig.2 T representation of the DFIG in stator coordinates IV.Case Study

In this paper, we used equivalent model to
express Nanao wind farm. Nanao wind farm are
composed of FSIGs and DFIGs. FSIGs in the wind
farm are composed of FSIGs of different rated
power which are 750kW, 200kW, 500kW,
600kW, respectively. The total capacity of FSIGs
in the windfarm is about 53.8MW[11]. DFIGs in Fig.5.equivalent model diagram of FSIGs in Nanao
the wind farm are composed of DFIG which rated wind farm connected to Shantou power grid
power is 750kW with a total capacity of 49.5MW.
In this paper,We neglected the effect of internal
wiring between the wind farm. All the FSIGs in
the wind farm were aggregated into a
single equivalent FSIG operating on an
equivalent internal electrical network,
provided that the incoming wind velocity
is identical or similar on all the wind
turbines.The DFIGs adopt the same
equivalent method as that of FSIGs. In
Fig.6 Wind speed graph of FSIG
this part, we did some research on the
effect of SVC connected to wind farm
when only FSIGs conneted to wind farm
and the coordinated control of FSIGs and
DFIGs.

A.Only FSIG connected to power grid with SVC

Fig.5 is equivalent model diagram of FSIGs in
Nanao wind farm connected to Shantou power
grid. Article [12] introduce several equivalent
Fig.7 The comparing graph of active power with SVC or
methods of wind farm. Voltage at PCC will drop
no SVC
when there are only FSIGs connected to power
grid due to FSIG characteristic that it need to
absorb reactive power before generateing active
power, which does harm to the power grid[13-14].
In gust, ramp wind disturbances and three-phase to
ground fault disturbance(a duration of 0.12s three-
phase to ground fault occurred at 10s), we
compared the two situations that whether SVC
connected at PCC. We give simulation results as
follows: Fig.6 is the graph of wind speed, the mean
wind speed is 15m/s, a period of 1s gust wind F Fig.8 The comparing graph of reactive power with
occurred at 5s which amplitude is 5m/s, a period of SVC or no SVC
1s ramp wind occurred at 7s which amplitude is
5m/s. Fig.7 is the comparing graph of active
power. From Fig.7, we can get that FSIG with
SVC generate less active power than FSIG with no
SVC, because there is active power loss in SVC
device when it generate reactive power[15]. Fig.8
and Fig.9 show the comparing graphs of reactive
power and voltage at PCC, which denote that SVC
can provide fast static and dynamic reactive power
support. Fig.9 The comparing graph of voltage at PCC with SVC
or no SVC

B. Coordinated Control of FSIG and DFIG

Article [16-17] introduced the
impact of power systerm when
variable speed wind generators
connected to weak power grid. Fig.10
is equivalent coordinated control
model diagram of FSIGs and DFIGs.
When both FSIG and DFIG are connected to
power grid, we can set DFIG reactive power
reference value as the required reactive power
value of FSIG terminal so that provide static and
dynamic reactive power support for FSIG. In this g
case, less SVC devices are needed in the power Fig.12. Reactive power graph of FSIG
systerm even that there is no SVC is needed. The
and DFIG
wind speed graph of FSIG is the same as Fig.6.
DFIG has a constant wind speed of 13m/s. A same
three-phase to ground fault is also used in the
simulation. Thesimulation results as follows:
Fig.11 is active power graph of FSIG and DFIG. It
can be seen from the graph that DFIG basically
achieve decoupled control of active power and
reactive power. Fig.12 is reactive power graph of
FSIG and DFIG. We can also get that DFIG
basically provide static and dynamic reactive Fig.13. Comparing graph of reactive power at
support as the required value of FSIG. Fig.13 is the PCC
comparing graph of reactive power at PCC when
only FSIG connected to power grid and when both
FSIG and DFIG connected to power grid. But a
certain amount of reactive power from power grid
is also needed in wind farm though FSIG and
DFIG are in coordinated control, because
transformers and transmission line absorb much
reactive power. Fig.14 is the comparing graph of
voltage at PCC. It shows that the coordinated
control improve the static and dynamic stability of
Fig.14. Comparing graph of voltage at PCC
voltage at PCC.

Fig.10. equivalent coordinated control
model diagram of FSIGs and DFIGs
Fig.11 Active power graph of FSIG and
DFIG
V.Conclusion
We take Nanao wind farm connected to Shantou
grid as an example in this paper. Different
disturbances, for example, gust wind, ramp wind
and three-phase to ground fault are used to
research the static and dynamic performance of
wind farm connected to grid. The performance of
FSIG with SVC or no SVC are compared in the
simulation. It can be seen that SVC can improve
static and dynamic stability of power systerm. And
the performance comparsion of only FSIG
connected to power grid and coordinated control of
FSIG and DFIG are resarched too. We get that
DFIG be able to provide reactive power support
according to the requirement reactive power value
of FSIG terminal very well. So less reactive power
are needed in wind farm so that less SVC devices
are needed in power systerm. All the simulation
results proved our correct views.
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors want to acknowledge the support of
National Natural Science Foundation of China
projects (60534040 and 60674099).
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BIOGRAPHIES
LI Huan-ping was born in Jiangxi province, China on
Mar.06,1986. He received his BSc degree from the Nanchang
University in 2007. he is now doing post-graduate research in
South China University of Technology. His research interests
are power electronics applications in
clean energy technology.
YANG Jin-ming was born in Guizhou
province, China on Dec.15, 1962. He
received his BSc,MSc, and PhD from
the University of Beijing Aeronautics,
the Zhejiang University, and the South China University of
Technology in 1987, 1990, and 2000 repectively. He is now
associate professor in South China University of Technology.
His interests are machine drives and nonlinear control.