Module1 Stress Objective

FLUOR DANIEL INDIA PVT. LTD.
PIPING DEPARTMENT
TRAINING ON FLEXIBILITY ANALYSIS
MODULE - 1
CONTENT
1. Objective of stress analysis
2. Codes & Standards
3. Terminology
4. Loads on Piping
5. Stresses in Piping
6. Piping Flexibility & SIF
7. Selection of critical lines
8. Methods of Stress analysis
9. Steps in stress analysis
10. Elaborate on ASME 31.3
PIPING DEPARTMENT
1. OBJECTIVE OF PIPE STRESS ANALYSIS
Pipe stress analysis provides the necessary techniques for engineers to

design piping systems without overstressing and overloading the piping
components & connected equipment.
The objective of stress analysis can be listed as follows:
A) To limit the stresses in the piping system to the limiting value.
B) To limit the deflection in the piping system to the limiting value.
C) To limit the loads on nozzles of connected equipment.
D) To limit the loads on supports.
E) To check for leakage at flange joints.
F) Unintentional disengagement of pipes from supports.
G) Excessive displacement.
PIPING DEPARTMENT
2. CODES & STANDARDS
Codes & standards have been established by a variety of institutes to govern

the design, fabrication & inspection of piping systems. These codes states
the minimum requirements for the safe operation of a piping system. For
severe services, it is important to design far more conservatively than even
the code require. The beneficial effects of designing as per the requirement
of codes includes:
A) Consistency and safety in design

B) Avoiding the chances of major failures resulting in loss of life and
property.
C) Reduction in plant shutdowns and thereby improving the overall process
and economic performance of the plant.
D) Use of assured and sound fabrication techniques provide an increase in
confidence level to the plant personnel & public.
In general the codes set forth engineering requirements deemed necessary

for the safe design and construction of piping systems. While safety is the
basic consideration, this factor alone does not necessarily governs the final
specification of any piping system. A code is not a handbook and it does not
do away with the need of the designer or for the competent engineering
judgement.
The codal requirements for the design are stipulated in terms of basic design
principles and formulae. These are often supplemented with specific
requirements to assure uniform application of principles and to assist and
guide in selection of proper piping elements. Codes prohibits design and
practices known to be unsafe and contain recommendations and mandatory
requirements on the following topic
A) Piping component thickness calculation for internal pressure.

B) Piping component thickness calculation for external pressure.
C) Reinforcement requirements for branch connection.
PIPING DEPARTMENT
D) Minimum flexibility requirements.

E) Piping support and their design.
F) Criteria and values of allowable stresses for various material.
G) Piping fabrication & layout requirement.
H) Piping inspection & testing method.
Continuing demand on industry to generate economical, safe and efficient

energy has brought ever more sophisticated plants and piping systems.
Regulation for piping systems has increased for power & petrochemical
plants. Standardization can, and does reduce the cost inconvenience and
confusion that results from unnecessary and undesirable difference in
equipment, systems, materials and procedures. Within an engineering
organization, standardization is further through the vehicle of official
company standards and procedures. Between organization it is often
accomplished through industry standards. Between nations it is through
international agreements and standards.
Industry standards are generally published by professional societies and

committees. Standards are adopted by industrys consensus after preparation
by experts in the field. To protect the industrial employees and the general
public, often state governments incorporate codes into their laws and
regulations. A code is basically a standard that has been legally accepted by
a government agency.
The following definitions are generally adopted:
Code: It is a group of general rules or systematic standards for design,

materials, fabrication, installation and inspection prepared in such a manner
that it can be adopted by a legal jurisdiction and made into law.
Standards: These are the documents prepared by a professional group having

requirements believe to be good and proper engineering practice and which
are written with mandatory requirements; the verb SHALL is used in these
documents.
PIPING DEPARTMENT
Recommended Practices: These are prepared by a professional group

indicating good engineering practices, but which are optional.
Guides & Guidelines: These are prepared by agencies, organizations and

committees enumerating various engineering methods which are considered
as good engineering practices, without any specific recommendations or
requirements. These may be used at the designers discretion.
In addition to theses, companies developed their own engineering and design

guides in order to have consistent in-house design procedures and to avoid
having any project differ subsequently from others.
Usually the applicable documents such as codes, standards, recommended

practices etc., are written by committees consists of persons representing
industries, professional societies, manufacturers, consultants and also
regulatory bodies.
VARIOUS PIPING DESIGN CODES / STANDARDS:
Each country has its own codes and standards. However, the American
National Standards (ANSI) are the most widely used and accepted. British
and Indian standards are also available for the design and selection of piping
systems.
In USA, way back in 1935, the American Standard Association code for
pressure piping was established to standardize the piping, valves and fittings
throughout the industry. Since then, many different codes have been added
to the original ASA code to cover the many fields that have sprung up since
1935.Throughout the last 68 years, the piping industry has slowly moved
towards standardization so that the pipes, valves, fittings and other
components are readily interchangeable even though they are manufactured
by different companies. Eventually this could lead to the international
standardization of all the piping materials and components enabling
worldwide distribution and use.
PIPING DEPARTMENT
In response to the obvious design and standardization needs, numerous

societies were formed between 1911 and 1921, such as American Standard
Association now called as American National Standards Institute (ANSI).
American Society for Testing of Materials (ASTM), the American Society
for Mechanical Engineers (ASME).
The ASME has issued a number of piping design Codes / Standards over the
period of time. The codes / standards are classified based on the nature of
service for which the piping systems are used in the following manner:
ASME B 31.1 - Power Piping

ASME B 31.3 - Process Piping
ASME B 31.4 - Liquid Transportation Piping (Hydrocarbon, LPG)
ASME B 31.5 - Refrigeration Piping
ASME B31.8 - Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping
ASME B 31.9 - Building service Piping
ASME B 31.11 - Slurry Transportation Piping
ASME B31.1 : POWER PIPING CODE
Scope: -
ASME B31.1, Power Piping Code, prescribes requirements for the design,
material, fabrication, erection, test and inspection of power and auxiliary
service piping systems for electric generation stations, industrial and
institutional plants, central and district heating plants, and district heating
systems. It does not apply to piping systems covered by other sections of the
Codes for pressure piping, and other piping, which is specifically excluded
from the scope of this code.
PIPING DEPARTMENT
ASME B31.3: PROCESS PIPING

Scope: -
This code prescribes requirements for the materials, design, fabrication,

assembly, erection, examination, inspection, and testing of piping within the
property limits of facilities engaged in the processing or handling of
chemical petroleum or related products. The requirements of this code apply
to piping for all fluids, including raw, intermediate, and finished chemicals;
petroleum products, gas, steam, air, and water; fluidized solids; and
refrigerants.
ASME B31.4: Liquid Transportation Piping (Hydrocarbon, LPG,

Anhydrous Ammonia, Alcohol )
Scope: -
This code prescribes requirements for the design, materials, construction,

assembly, inspection, and testing of piping transporting liquids such as crude
oil, condensate, natural gasoline, natural gas liquids, liquefied petroleum
gas, liquid alcohol, liquid anhydrous ammonia, and liquid petroleum
products between producers lease facilities, tank farms, natural-gas
processing plants, ammonia plants, terminals, and other delivery and
receiving points.
PIPING DEPARTMENT
ASME B31.5:
Scope: - REFRIGERATION PIPING
This code contains requirements for the materials, design, fabrication,

assembly, erection, testing and inspection of refrigeration and secondary
coolant piping for temperature as low as 3200 F except when other sections
of the code cover requirements for refrigeration piping.
ASME B31.8: GAS TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION

PIPING SYSTEMS
Scope: - A pipeline or transmission line is defined as that pipe which

transmits gas from a source or sources of supply to one or more large-
volume customers or to a pipe used to interconnect sources of supply. It
prescribes requirements for the design, fabrication, installation, testing and
safety aspect of operation and maintenance of gas transmission and
distribution piping systems, including gas pipelines, gas compressor stations,
gas metering and regulation stations, gas mains, and service lines up to the
outlet of the customers meter set assembly.
ASME B31.9: BUILDING SERVICES PIPING
Scope: - It applies to the following building services:
Water for heating and cooling

Condensing water
Steam or other condensate
Steam
Vacuum
Compressed air and other nontoxic and non-flammable gases.
PIPING DEPARTMENT
ASME B31.11 SLURRY TRANSPORTATTION PIPING

SYSTEM
Scope: - This section specifies minimum requirements for the design,

construction, assembly, inspection, testing, operation and maintenance of
piping transporting aqueous slurries or non hazardous materials, such as
mineral ores.
PIPING DEPARTMENT
3.0 PIPE STRESS ANALYSIS -TERMINOLOGY
Introduction:
The peculiarity of a piping system is that, there are possibilities of every

possible type of stresses being generated in it. Whereas due to pressure
inside the pipe, three-dimensional stresses in longitudinal, circumferential
and radial directions are generated, due to thermal expansion or contraction
(temperature variation) bending and torsional stresses are generated.
Bending stresses are also generated due to the self-weight and the weight of
the fluid flowing through the pipe.
Piping stress analysis provides the necessary technique to design piping

systems without over stressing and overloading the piping components and
connected equipment. The stress analysis of piping component involves
calculation of various stresses at salient points of a piping system subjected
to various loading. These stresses are than compared with the allowable
stresses for the piping material as per the governing code.
Brief description of few of the terms pertaining to stress analysis is given
below.
Terminology:
Stress: - The resistance developed in the material per unit area against the
applied force is the stress in the material. It can be simply specified as force
per unit area of the material.
Stress ( ) = Force / Cross sectional area

PIPING DEPARTMENT
Strain: - A component subjected to load undergoes deformation. The

deformation is quantified by strain defined as change in length per unit
length of the material.
Mathematically, = L / L (Longitudinal strain)
When a bar is in longitudinal strain it also tends to change its dimensions in

the direction perpendicular to the applied load. The change in dimension in
perpendicular direction to the original dimension in that direction is called
Lateral strain. For example in case of bar when axial load is applied,
Along with increase in length, its diameter is reduced.
Thus in this case, = D / D (Lateral strain)
The ratio of lateral strain to the longitudinal strain is called poissons ratio.
= Lateral strain / Longitudinal strain (Within Elastic limit)

PIPING DEPARTMENT
Modulus of elasticity (E): Upto certain limit of loading known as

proportional limit the strain developed in the material is in direct proportion
of the stress. This law is called Hookes law and the constant of
proportionality, E, is called as modulus of elasticity (Youngs modulus),
which is a definite property of the material.
Mathematically, E = /
Stress-strain behavior of material:
A typical stress-strain behavior of a ductile material under tensile loading is

given in the figure , taking A 53 Gr B a commonly used CS material.
PIPING DEPARTMENT
Yield strength: The stress at yield point is known as Yield strength of the
material which is the maximum stress the material can withstand without
undergoing permanent deformation. Though the material does not break
immediately beyond this stress the functionality of the member gets affected
and hence the stress on the member is not allowed to exceed the Yield
strength under normal operating condition.
Ultimate Tensile strength: The maximum stress in the stress-strain curve of

the material is the Ultimate Tensile Strength of the material. This is the point
beyond which the material becomes unstable under load and breaks after
uncontrolled yielding. This point signifies the beginning of the reduction in
cross-section area (Necking).
Allowable stress: Due to uncertainties in the loading and behavior of the

materials, especially in complex configurations, accurate assessment of the
stresses will involve exhaustive analysis and testing which will be very
cumbersome, time consuming & expensive. Widely followed method of
design accounts for the uncertainties in the loading and the material behavior
by introducing a factor called Factor of safety.
The yield strength / Ultimate tensile strength of the material, as obtained
from standard property charts is divided by the factor of safety to reach at
allowable stress of the material.
Mathematically,
Allowable stress, = Yield Strength ( or UTS ) / Factor of safety

PIPING DEPARTMENT
4.0 LOADS ON PIPING
Loading on piping systems can be broadly classified based on their nature as

primary and secondary. Primary loading occurs from sustained
loads like dead weight and not self-limiting in nature i.e.;
deformation will not bring relaxation on stress. Secondary loads,
like thermal expansion loads, are self-limiting in nature;
deformation will result in redistribution of stress. Secondary loads
do not cause failure of the component in a single application. They
are important from fatigue consideration.
Loads in piping systems can also be classified as static and dynamic loads,
based on their effect.
Static load on piping system include:
1. Weight ( Dead loads and Live loads )

2. Thermal expansion and contraction effect ( Secondary in nature )
3. Effect of support, anchor and thermal movements
4. Internal and external pressure loading
Live loads under weight include snow, ice loads etc. and dead loads consists
of weight of pipe material, fluid, valves and other superimposed permanent
loads.
Dynamic load on piping system include:
1. Impact force
2. Wind load
3. Seismic load
4. Vibration
5. Relief valve discharge load
PIPING DEPARTMENT
L O A D IN G
S T A T IC D Y N A M IC
PRESSU RE TEM PERATU RE W E IG H T F R IC T IO N RANDOM H A R M O N IC IM P U L S E
IN T E R N A L R E S T R A IN T D EAD W IN D E Q U IP M E N T R E L IE F
V IB R A T IO N VALVE
EX TER N AL D IF F E R E N T IA L EARTH P U L S A T IO N F L U ID
P IP E IN S -M A T
G R OW TH QUAKE HAM M ER
L IV E
A C C O U S T IC SLUG
FLOW
O P E R A T IN G
SN OW
PIPING DEPARTMENT
5.0 Stresses in Piping
There are main four types of stresses, which affect a piping element from
analysis point of view.
Longitudinal Stress: This stress is developed normal to the cross-section of

pipe.
Longitudinal stress because of pressure
Sl = PD / 4t
Circumferential / Hoop Stress: Under the internal pressure loading this
stress is developed tangential to the cross-section (This stress acts in a
direction parallel to the pipe circumference).
SC = PD / 2t
Radial Stress: Stresses in the radial direction across the wall thickness of
pipe are called radial stresses. Its value is equal to internal pressure at the
inside of the pipe wall and a stress equal to atmospheric pressure at the
pipes external surface.
Note that the radial stress is zero at the outer radius of the pipe, where the
bending stresses are maximized. For this reason, this stress component has
traditionally been ignored during the stress calculation.

PIPING DEPARTMENT
Axial Stress: Under external loads in the axial direction axial loads are
developed in the pipe.
Sa =F/A
Bending Stress: Bending stresses are developed in pipe under the loads
acting in a plane normal to the axis of pipe. These may be caused due to
temperature, weight of pipe, weight of contents, snow and ice, wind or
earthquake.
Sb =M/Z
where, M = Bending moment
Z = Section modulus of pipe
Shear stress: This stress is sum of two components i.e. torsional stress and
direct shear stress. Direct shear stress is usually negligible (These shear
stresses are distributed such that they are maximum at the neutral axis of the
pipe and zero at the maximum distance from the neutral axis, since these
stresses are usually small, shear stresses due to forces are traditionally
neglected during pipe stress analysis). Torsional stresses are developed when
the pipe is subjected to twisting moment
St = T / 2J
where, T = Torque lb-in

J = Polar moment of inertia
The distribution of the stresses in the pipe is as described below:

PIPING DEPARTMENT
6.0 PIPING FLEXIBILITY
Piping systems in plant during service need to accommodate their own

thermal expansion as well as the thermal displacement of the connected
equipment and support structure so as to avoid,
1. Failure of piping system due to overstress

2. Leakage of flange joints
3. Distortion of connected equipment
It is this aspect that the concept of flexibility comes into picture during the
design and layout of the piping system. Flexibility, simply defined, means
the capacity to accommodate displacement without overstressing the
component. The layout should be so that the piping can accommodate the
imposed displacements without causing either excessive stresses or
excessive end-reactions. To achieve this layout should not be stiff. It is also
not desirable to make the system unnecessarily flexible because this results
in excess pipe lengths, bends etc. implying higher initial cost and pressure
drop.
A piping designer has to meet the conflicting requirement of enough

stiffness in the piping to resist the sustained loads and enough flexibility in
the system to accommodate thermal loads. This is an additional significant
constraint put on the piping designer as against an equipment designer
whose requirement is sufficient stiffness only.
To understand the requirement of flexibility and how it is achieved consider

the case of a 8 Sch 40 pipe of ASTM A106 Gr B connected between two
aligned equipment.
The piping is laid out in a straight line of length 30 connecting both
equipments, and carries process fluid of 700F. The piping also has to
accommodate thermal displacement of the connected equipment which is for
Equip. 1 & for equip.2 which are 0.5 & 0.3 respectively.
PIPING DEPARTMENT
The relevant data are given below :

Total thermal expansion 5.63 in/100 ft
Allowable stress - 17100 psi
Modulus of elasticity, E - 30*106 psi
Pipe size - 8.6 OD * 8 ID
Ambient temperature - 70 Deg. F
Moment of inertia, I - 67.45 in4
The total restrained displacement will be L* + Displacement of the

equipment
L = 1.68 + 0.8 = 2.48
Strain L/L = 2.48/360 = 0.0069

Stress = E* = 206666 psi
Loads on the equipment due to this stress can be calculated as stress

multiplied by the cross sectional area of the piping
F = * A = 1616658 lbs.
Consider now the critical buckling load that the pipe can withstand,
considering the pipe to be rigidly fixed to both the equipment.
As per Eulers formula

Pcr = 42EI / L2
Where Pcr is the critical buckling load .
Pcr = 616393.3 lbs
PIPING DEPARTMENT
It can be seen that

1. A very high pipe reaction load is imposed on the equipment nozzle.
2. The load on the pipe is beyond the critical buckling load it can sustain
which implies that the pipe is unstable.
3. The stress on the piping is much higher than the allowable stress.
The piping system is not flexible, that is, the piping system is stiff.
Mathematically, Flexibility = 1/ Stiffness
Types of flexibility: There are two type of flexibility

1. Axial flexibility
2. Bending flexibility
1. Axial Flexibility
Consider member of cross sectional area A, length L and modulus of

elasticity E subjected to an axial load P.
Deflection , = PL / AE
Stiffness, k = P/ = AE / L
Axial Flexibility = 1 / k = L / AE
PIPING DEPARTMENT
2. Bending Flexibility
Consider the same member is subjected to bending load P,
Deflection b = PL3 / CEI

C = Constant depending on the boundary condition, which in turn depends
upon the type of supports, loading and location of applied bending load.
For example when beam is simply supported and loaded at its center, it will
be deflected from its original position as shown in figure and maximum
deflection at point x = L / 2 is given by.
b = PL3 / 48 EI
Stiffness = P / b = CEI / L3
Bending flexibility = 1 / k = L3 / CEI

It can be seen that the bending flexibility is proportional to the third power of
the length as compared to the length itself in the case of axial flexibility. This
means piping become more flexible by providing length, which takes the
deflection in bending as compared to length in the axial direction.
To increase the piping flexibility perpendicular leg is provided by changing

the arrangement as follows.
PIPING DEPARTMENT
The deformation of each leg can be assumed to follow the guided cantilever
shape. Forces and stresses of each leg can be calculated by guided cantilever
formula. The leg AB is guided cantilever subjected to dy displacement and
leg CB is a guided cantilever subjected to dx displacement.
From basic beam theory deflection for a guided cantilever is given by:
= PL3 / 12 EI
or P = 12EI / L3
For leg AB
PIPING DEPARTMENT
L= 20 ft. or 240 in.

= 10 * 5.63 / 100 = 0.563 in.
P = 1708 lbs (force at point A)
For leg BC
L= 10 ft. or 120 in.

= 20 * 5.63 / 100 = 1.126 in.
P= 15822 lbs (force at point C)
Method of providing flexibility :
Axial flexibility can be provided using bellows .

Bending flexibility can be provided using loops, offsets, bends etc.
FLEXIBILITY FACTOR
Early attempts to analyze the stresses in piping systems containing elbows

disclosed that the established structural engineering theory and the results of
experiment did not agree at all well; practical piping systems were found to
be far more flexible than the theory predicted.
PIPING DEPARTMENT
The first theoretical analysis of the behavior of the pipe bends when subjected
to a bending moment, was made by Theodore Von Karman, who showed that
when a curved pipe is subjected to a bending moment in its own plane, the
circular cross section becomes flattened and this results in increased
flexibility.
Under the action of the bending moments M the bending theory gives
tensile stresses on the outside of the centerline AB and compression stresses
on the inside surface
Now consider the forces on a thin slice taken between two radial planes
XX & YY.
PIPING DEPARTMENT
The resultant effect of the tensile loads T in the outer fibers is an

inward radial load on the element. Similarly the resultant of the
compressive loads C in the inner fibers is an inward radial load on the
element.
If view the slice as a cross section of the pipe, and draw a loading
diagram for the ring which will be as below,
Under applied loading, the ring flattens into an ellipse with its major axis
horizontal.
Theory of bending for straight beams (which gives linear distribution of

stress and strain over the entire cross-section of beam) is not valid for curved
beams , according to curved beam theory stress and strain distribution over
the cross-section is hyperbolic.
PIPING DEPARTMENT
These factors result in decreased moment of resistance for the section,

therefore increased deflection so higher flexibility.
The ratio of the flexibility of a bend to that of the straight pipe having
same length and cross section is known as its Flexibility Factor ,
usually denoted as K.
K = 1/ h
where h is flexibility characteristics.
h =TR1 / r2 2
where T= thickness of pipe.
r2= mean radius of matching pipe.
R1= bend radius of elbow.
If now consider the element in more detail, it can be noticed that the
flattening produces bending moments in the ring which are maximum at the
PIPING DEPARTMENT
ends of the horizontal diameter. These moments produces a stress which

varies from tension to compression through the thickness of the pipe wall
and which is circumferential in direction. If one half of this ring, the stress
system in a simplified form in the following way:-
The circumferential stress due to the moment M can be many times the
value y.M/I obtained by bending theory for the structural members.
The factor by which the circumferential stress exceed the longitudinal
stresses in the bend is called the Stress Intensification Factor.
According to ASME B31.3 values of stress intensification factors for elbows
and various types of T connections are as follows
PIPING DEPARTMENT
Reference from B31.3 Table-D

PIPING DEPARTMENT

PIPING DEPARTMENT
7. SELECTION OF CRITICAL LINES :-
GENERALY THIS IS BASED ON THE PROJECT SPECIFICATION,

HOWEVER FOLLOWING POINT ARE CONSIDERED FOR
SELECTION OF CRITICAL LINES.
A) Lines of NPS 2 and larger with a design temp. of 260 Deg.C
B) Lines of NPS 6 and larger with a design temp. of 120 Deg.C
C) All lines with a design temp. below -29 Deg C
D) Non metallic lines NPS 3 and above
E) All lines NPS 16 and above.
F) All lines with very long horizontal or vertical straight runs ( H > 500,
Vertical >50 )
G) Lines subjected to two-phase flow, steamout, regeneration or cyclic

condition.
H) All piping connected to sensitive equipment (Pumps, Compressor,

Turbine)
I) All fired heater, steam generator, shell & tube exchanger with bellow &
Air cooler piping.
J) Piping connected to vessels, tanks or equipment subjected to differential

settlement or any significant external displacement.
K) All systems containing expansion joint, coupling, pressure relief valve,

jacketed lines.
L) Large diameter tank connection.

PIPING DEPARTMENT
M) Lines subjected to Vacuum conditions.
N) Underground piping above 65 Deg.C
O) Category M piping, defined as per B31.3
P) All lines with a design temp. over 400 Deg C
Q) All lines subjected to vibrating

PIPING DEPARTMENT
Formal Analysis Not Required: ( As per B31.3)
No formal analysis of adequate flexibility is required for a piping system

which:
Duplicates or replaces without significant change system operating with a

successful service record.
Can easily be judged adequate by comparison with previously analyzed

systems.
Is of uniform size, has no more than two points of fixation, no

intermediate restraints, and falls within the limitations of empirical Eq.
Dy/(L-U) 2 K1
Where
D = Outside diameter of pipe, mm (in.)

Y = Resultant of total displacement strains, mm (in.), to be absorbed
By the piping system
L = Developed length of piping between anchors, m (ft).
U = Anchor distance, straight line between anchors, m (ft)
K1 = 208,000 SA /Ea, (mm/m)
= 30 SA /Ea, (in./ft)
SA = Allowable displacement stress range. MPa (ksi)
Ea = Reference modulus of elasticity at 21C (70F), Mpa (ksi)
PIPING DEPARTMENT
Formal Analysis Requirements:
Any piping system, which does not meet the above criteria, shall be
analyzed by any one of the following methods.
Approximate methods
Guided Cantilever method

Chart Solutions
Exact analytical Methods
Simplified Kelloggs Method

General Kelloggs Method
Using Finite Element Technique
Model Tests
Code method: This is a quick check method for judging the flexibility of a
simple piping system. Flexibility of any piping system depends on the
following parameters
Material
Temperature
Line size
Length(Total developed length)
Direct anchor to anchor distance
Equipment expansions
Based on various experiments o simple piping systems conducted

by Markl, for system to have adequate flexibility the following Eq.
is to be satisfied
PIPING DEPARTMENT
SE=33.3 Dy/(L-U) 2 SA
Limitations of Code Method:
Piping for which flexibility check is being carried out should be of

Uniform size
It is valid for any system with two anchor points only
This method can be adopted only if there is no intermediate
Support in the piping system
Code method is valid for any system fulfilling above three criteria
and should have been designed for non cyclic service(total
Number of full temperature cycles should be less than 7000)
Approximate methods
The method is used for the following purposes
For approximate assessment of the flexibility of average piping, and to

check lines not meeting code method criteria.
On critical piping, for layout assistance in arriving at a suitable system
for detailed analysis
On non-critical piping, to establish the location of restraints without
unduly impairing the flexibility of the system.
Guided Cantilever Method: The assumptions of the method are
Each piping leg is assumed as a guided cantilever

This method is applicable for a piping system having two anchor points
without any intermediate support
This method is applicable for system with uniform pipe size
All pipe legs should be parallel to the given coordinate system
PIPING DEPARTMENT
The thermal expansion of a given leg is absorbed by the legs in

perpendicular direction, which act as guided cantilever; that is they are
subjected to bending under end displacements, but no end rotation is
permitted.
The amount of thermal expansion , which a given leg can absorb, is
inversely proportional to stiffness .Since the legs are of identical cross
section , their stiffness will vary accordingly to the inverse value of the
cube of their lengths
x=L3 /( L3x x )
x = Lateral deflection in the x-direction

L = Length of leg
x = Overall thermal expansion of the system in x-direction
L3x = Sum of cubed length of all legs perpendicular to x-

Direction
Similar equations can be written for the lateral deflections in the Y- and Z-
directions. The schematic distribution of thermal expansions to the various
members of a simple piping system is
ImI =max Ix, y, z I
The deflection capacity of a cantilever of the type stipulated can be given by
=48 L2 SA/(E D)
= Permissible deflection of leg

D = External diameter of pipe
PIPING DEPARTMENT
Advantages
Simplicity
Applicable to any kind of configuration with two fixed point
Limitations
Inclined pipelines are difficult to analyze
For a system with disproportionate pipe lengths, results are erroneous,
but errors are on conservative side.
PIPING DEPARTMENT
11. ELABORATION ON B31.3 :-
Scope
The Code for the Process Piping covers the Piping typically found in
petroleum refineries, chemical, pharmaceutical, textile, paper,
semiconductor, and cryogenic plants; and related processing plants
and terminals.
The code applies to piping for all fluids including

(1) Raw, intermediate and finished chemicals.
(2) Petroleum products
(3) Gas, steam, air and water
(4) Fluidized solids
(5) Refrigerants
PIPING DEPARTMENT
However followings are not covered by this code
1. Piping systems designed for internal gauge pressures at or above zero

but less than 105 kPa (15 psi) for category D fluid service (the fluid
which is nonflammable, nontoxic and not damaging to human tissue)
and its design temperature is from 29 C through 186 C.
2. Power boilers and boiler externals.
3. Tubes, tube headers crossovers and manifolds of fired heaters, which
are internal to the system
4. Pressure vessels, heat exchangers, pumps, compressors and other fluid
handling or processing equipment including internal Piping and
connections for external piping.
5. Fire protection systems.
PIPING DEPARTMENT
Design Criteria
Design Pressure
The design pressure of each of the component in a piping system shall not be
less than the pressure at the most severe condition of coincident internal and
external pressure and temperature expected during service. The most severe
condition is that which results in the greatest required component thickness
and highest component rating.
Design temperature
The design temperature of each component in a piping system is the

temperature at which, under the coincident pressure; the greatest thickness or
highest component rating is required.
In establishing design temperatures, fluid temperatures, ambient
temperatures, solar radiation, heating or cooling medium temperatures are to
be considered.
For uninsulated components having fluid temperatures below 65C, the
component temperature shall be taken as the fluid temperatures
unless solar radiation or other effects result in a higher temperature.
For fluid temperatures 65C and above, unless a lower average wall
temperature is determined by test or heat transfer calculation, the
temperature for uninsulated component shall be no less than the following:
1. Valves, pipe, lapped ends, welding fittings and other components

having wall thickness comparable to that of pipe: 95% of the fluid
temperature.
2. Flanges (except lap joint) including those on fittings and valves: 90%
of fluid temperature.
3. Lap joint flanges: 85% of fluid temperature.
4. Bolting 80% of fluid temperature.
PIPING DEPARTMENT
Allowances for Pressure and Temperature Variations
The increase of pressure and temperature above the design conditions are
permitted for short term events, as long as several conditions are satisfied, one
of which is that this maximum allowable working pressure is not exceeded by
more than some percentage.
The following conditions are the requirements for the use of variations:
The piping component shall not have pressure-containing components of

cast iron or other non-ductile metal.
The nominal pressure stress (hoop stress for straight or, for rated
components, the pressure divided by allowable pressure times two-thirds
the yield strength) must be less than yield strength of the material.
The longitudinal stress must be within the normally permitted limits.
The total number of pressure-temperature variations above the design
conditions must be less than 1000 over the life of the system.
The maximum pressure must be less than the test pressure; this can be a
limitation if pneumatic or alternative leak testing was used.
If the above conditions are satisfied, and if the owner approves,
The pressure rating may be exceeded by 33% for events that are not more
than 10 hours at any one time and not more than 100 hours per year
The pressure rating may be exceeded by 20% for events that are not more
than 50 hours at any one time and not more than 500 hours per year.
The variation in temperature decreases the allowable stress or pressure rating.

The stress or pressure may exceed the allowable value during a variation in
temperature, without a change in pressure.
PIPING DEPARTMENT
Basis for Design Stresses
The Code provides allowable stresses for metallic piping and these are with,
certain exceptions, the lowest of the following:
One third of the specified minimum tensile strength (at room

temperature)
One-third of the tensile strength at temperature
Two-thirds of the specified minimum yield strength (at room
temperature)
Two thirds of the minimum yield strength at temperature.
Average stress for a minimum creep rate of 0.01% per 1000 hours
Two- thirds of the average stress for creep rupture in 100000 hours
80% of the minimum stress for a creep rupture in 100000 hours.
The allowable stress for bolting is similar, except that it is based on one-
fourth of the tensile strength rather than one-third, and special consideration
is given to bolting materials for which the strength has been enhanced by
heat treatment or strain hardening.
For cast iron, basic allowable stress is the lower of one-tenth of the specified
minimum tensile strength (at room temperature) and one-tenth of minimum
strength at temperature.
For ductile iron, a factor of one-fifth is used.
For malleable iron the same criteria is used as for other metallic materials.
PIPING DEPARTMENT
Limits of Calculated Stresses
Internal Pressure Stress: Stresses due to internal pressure shall be

considered safe when the wall thickness of the piping component, including
any reinforcement meets the requirement as calculated by wall thickness
calculation.
Longitudinal Stresses: The sum of longitudinal stresses in any component

in piping system, due to pressure, weight and any other sustained loading S L
shall not exceed Sh.
Displacement stresses:
Stress Range: The ASME code for pressure piping recognizes that stress due
to thermal expansion tends to diminish with time as a result of
local yielding. This yielding redistributes the internal strain
energy to a larger surface and hence peak stress value decreases.
This reduction of stress will appear as stress of opposite sign in
cold condition.
This phenomenon is known as self-springing. Though the hot stress tends to
diminish with time, the sum of hot and cold stresses for any one cycle
remains practically constant. This sum is called Stress Range.
PIPING DEPARTMENT
The mean stress component of the stress range may vary considerably
during first few thermal cycles as system relaxes. Because of the system
relaxation, the initial value of the thermal stress is allowed almost twice the
material yield stress. After few cycles, the system settles down to elastic
cycling.
SA = f (1.25 SC + 0.25 Sh )
SC = Cold allowable stress.

Sh = Hot allowable stress.
f = Stress range reduction factor.
The stress range defined above is termed as non-liberal Stress range. The
piping code further states that the sum of longitudinal Stresses (SL) due to
pressure, weight and other sustained loading shall not exceed Sh. If the
longitudinal stress due to sustained loading is less than Sh, the code permits
the unused portion to be applied to extend the stress range available for
expansion effects.
SA = f (1.25 SC +0.25 Sh + Sh SL)
SA = f [1.25(SC + Sh)- SL]
This stress range is termed as liberal stress range.

PIPING DEPARTMENT
Stresses due to Occasional Loads:
Operation: The sum of the longitudinal stresses due to pressure, weight, and
other sustained loading SL and of the stresses produced by occasional loads,
such as wind or earthquake, may be as much as 1.33 times the basic
allowable stress. Wind and earthquake forces need not be considered as
acting concurrently.
Test: Stresses due to test conditions are not subject to the limitations defined
in allowable stress criteria. It is not necessary to consider other occasional
loads, such as wind and earthquake, as occurring concurrently with test
loads.
Flexibility Stresses:
The displacement stress range SE, which shall not exceed the allowable
stress range SA,
SE S b2 4 S t2
Sb = Resultant bending stress

St = Torsion stress
= Mt / 2Z
Mt = Torsional moment
PIPING DEPARTMENT
The resultant bending stresses Sb to be used for elbows, miter bends, and full
size outlet branch connections shall be calculated as
ii M i 2 io M o 2
Sb
Z
Where
Sb = Resultant bending stress

iI = In-plane stress intensification factor
io = Out-plane stress intensification factor
MI = In-plane bending moment
Mo = Out-plane bending moment
PIPING DEPARTMENT

PIPING DEPARTMENT
Cold Spring
Cold spring is the intentional deformation of piping during assembly to

produce to produce a desired initial displacement and stress. Cold spring is
recommended especially for piping materials of limited ductility. There is
also less deviation from as installed dimensions during initial operations that
hangers will not be displaced as far from their original settings.
PIPING DEPARTMENT
References :
1. Piping Hand book : Mohinder L. Nayyar
2. Project Bulletin : PB-UE1-EP-001 ( UE-1 Project )
3. Piping & Pipe Support Systems : Paul Smith & Van Laan
4. Fluor Design Guidelines

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TRAINING ON FLEXIBILITY ANALYSIS

TRAINING ON FLEXIBILITY ANALYSIS

1. OBJECTIVE OF PIPE STRESS ANALYSIS

Pipe stress analysis provides the necessary techniques for engineers to

The objective of stress analysis can be listed as follows:

A) To limit the stresses in the piping system to the limiting value.

B) To limit the deflection in the piping system to the limiting value.

C) To limit the loads on nozzles of connected equipment.

D) To limit the loads on supports.

E) To check for leakage at flange joints.

F) Unintentional disengagement of pipes from supports.

TRAINING ON FLEXIBILITY ANALYSIS

2. CODES & STANDARDS

Codes & standards have been established by a variety of institutes to govern

A) Consistency and safety in design

In general the codes set forth engineering requirements deemed necessary

A) Piping component thickness calculation for internal pressure.

TRAINING ON FLEXIBILITY ANALYSIS

D) Minimum flexibility requirements.

Continuing demand on industry to generate economical, safe and efficient

Industry standards are generally published by professional societies and

The following definitions are generally adopted:

Code: It is a group of general rules or systematic standards for design,

Standards: These are the documents prepared by a professional group having

TRAINING ON FLEXIBILITY ANALYSIS

Recommended Practices: These are prepared by a professional group

Guides & Guidelines: These are prepared by agencies, organizations and

In addition to theses, companies developed their own engineering and design

Usually the applicable documents such as codes, standards, recommended

VARIOUS PIPING DESIGN CODES / STANDARDS:

TRAINING ON FLEXIBILITY ANALYSIS

In response to the obvious design and standardization needs, numerous

ASME B 31.1 - Power Piping

ASME B31.1 : POWER PIPING CODE

TRAINING ON FLEXIBILITY ANALYSIS

ASME B31.3: PROCESS PIPING

This code prescribes requirements for the materials, design, fabrication,

ASME B31.4: Liquid Transportation Piping (Hydrocarbon, LPG,

This code prescribes requirements for the design, materials, construction,

TRAINING ON FLEXIBILITY ANALYSIS

Scope: - REFRIGERATION PIPING

This code contains requirements for the materials, design, fabrication,

ASME B31.8: GAS TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION

Scope: - A pipeline or transmission line is defined as that pipe which

ASME B31.9: BUILDING SERVICES PIPING

Scope: - It applies to the following building services:

Water for heating and cooling

TRAINING ON FLEXIBILITY ANALYSIS

ASME B31.11 SLURRY TRANSPORTATTION PIPING

Scope: - This section specifies minimum requirements for the design,

TRAINING ON FLEXIBILITY ANALYSIS

3.0 PIPE STRESS ANALYSIS -TERMINOLOGY

The peculiarity of a piping system is that, there are possibilities of every

Piping stress analysis provides the necessary technique to design piping

Stress ( ) = Force / Cross sectional area

TRAINING ON FLEXIBILITY ANALYSIS

Strain: - A component subjected to load undergoes deformation. The

Mathematically, = L / L (Longitudinal strain)

When a bar is in longitudinal strain it also tends to change its dimensions in

Thus in this case, = D / D (Lateral strain)

= Lateral strain / Longitudinal strain (Within Elastic limit)

TRAINING ON FLEXIBILITY ANALYSIS

Modulus of elasticity (E): Upto certain limit of loading known as