Alternative Energy

Systems and Applications

Solutions Manual

B. K. Hodge
Mississippi State University

The solutions for the problems in the textbook were worked in

Mathcad. In many problems, specific locations and/or energy
systems components are prescribed. Instructors may wish to
particularize these to other locations and/or components.
Additionally, many problems can be modified to focus on specific
concepts of interest or posed as parametric studies to illustrate
alternative system operating conditions.
 Chapter 2
For the problem solutions in this chapter, Eqs. (2-11) and (2-17) are expressed so the results are
positive if the device is a pump or compressor; thus

H = 0.5 U1 U2 + Vr2 Vr1 + V1 V2

2
Powerfluid = mdot ( U2 Vu2 U1 Vu1) and
2 2 2 2 2

1. A centrifugal pump running at 3500 RPM pumps water at a flow rate of 0.01 m3/s.
The water enters axially and leaves the rotor at 5 m/s relative to the blades, that are
radial at the exit. If the pump requires 5 kW and is 67 percent efficient, estimate the
basic dimensions (rotor exit diameter and width).

2 -1
RPM := := 3500 RPM = 366.519 s := 0.67
min
Powerreq := 5.0 kW Powerfluid := Powerreq Powerfluid = 3.35 kW
3
m kg -1
Q := 0.01 := 1000 mdot := Q mdot = 10 kg s
sec 3
m
The velocity triangles are

Vr1
V2
V1
Vr 2

U m
1
U2 Vr2 := 5
sec

Powerfluid = mdot ( U2 Vu2 U1 Vu1)

Since V1 is radial, Vu 1 = 0. Because the exit velocity triangle is a right triangle, Vu 2 = U2 . Then

Powerfluid = mdot U2
2

Powerfluid -1 U2
U2 := U2 = 18.303 m s r2 := r2 = 0.05 m
mdot

The exit diameter is thus D 2 = 0.10 m. the rotor width at the exit must pass the mass flow with a
radial velocity of 5 m/sec.
mdot 3
width := width = 6.374 10 m width = 0.637 cm
2 r2 Vr2
 2. The dimensions of a centrifugal pump are provided in the table.
Dimension Inlet Outlet

Radius, mm 175 500

Blade width, mm 50 30
Blade angle (degrees) 65 70

The pump handles water and is driven at 750 RPM. Calculate the increase in head
and the power input if the flow rate is 0.75 m3/s.
3
2 -1 m
RPM := := 750 RPM = 78.54 s Q := 0.75
min s

D1 := 2 175 mm width1 := 50 mm D2 := 2 500 mm width2 := 30 mm

-1 -1
U1 := 175 mm U1 = 13.744 m s U2 := 500 mm U2 = 39.27 m s

Vr2
V2
Vr 1
Vm1 Vm2
V1
65 o 70o

The volume flow rate can be used to find the radial velocity (Vm) components.
Q = D width Vm

Q -1 Q -1
Vm1 := Vm1 = 13.642 m s Vm2 := Vm2 = 7.958 m s
D1 width1 D2 width2

The power to the fluid is

Powerfluid = mdot ( U2 Vu2 U1 Vu1)
kg
:= 1000
3
m

Vu1 := U1 Vm1 cot( 65 deg) Vu2 := U2 Vm2 cot( 70 deg)

-1 -1
Vu1 = 7.383 m s Vu2 = 36.374 m s

Powerfluid := Q ( U2 Vu2 U1 Vu1) Powerfluid = 995.18 kW

3. Velocity components are given for various turbomachines in the sketches.
The following information is the same for all of the sketches: outer radius = 300
mm, inner radius = 150 mm, Q = 2 m 3/sec, = 1000 kg/m3, and = 25 rad/sec.
Determine the torque, power, change in head, and reaction for each set of
conditions.
3
1 m kg
ro := 300 mm ri := 150 mm := 25 Q := 2 := 1000
sec sec 3
m
-1 -1
Uo := ro Uo = 7.5 m s Ui := ri Ui = 3.75 m s

Part (a)

V2 = 6 m/s
30o m m
V1 := 3 V2 := 6
sec s

U1 := Ui U2 := Uo

V 1 = 3 m/s

Vr V2
1 Vr2
V1

30o
U2

2 -2
H := U2 V2 cos( 30 deg) U1 V1 cos( 90 deg) H = 38.971 m s

Power := H Q Power = 77.942 kW

Power 3
:= = 3.118 10 N m

2 2 -1
Vr1 := V1 + U1 Vr1 = 4.802 m s

2 2 -1
Vr2 := U2 + V2 2 U2 V2 cos( 30 deg) Vr2 = 3.783 m s

2 2 2 2
U1 U2 + Vr2 Vr1
Reaction := Reaction = 0.654
2 2 2 2 2 2
U1 U2 + Vr2 Vr1 + V1 V2

H := 0.5 U1 U2 + Vr2 Vr1 + V1 V2

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 -2
H = 38.971 m s
Part (b)
Vr 2 = 5.3 m/s

m m
45o Vr1 := 5.3 Vr2 := 5.3
sec s

U1 := Ui U2 := Uo
45o

Vr 1 = 5.3 m/s

U1 U2

45o 45o
V1
Vr 1 V2 Vr2

H := U2 ( U2 Vr2 cos( 45 deg) ) U1 ( U1 Vr1 cos( 45 deg) )

2 -2
H = 28.134 m s

Power := H Q Power = 56.268 kW

Power 3
:= = 2.251 10 N m

2 2 -1
V1 := U1 + Vr1 2 U1 Vr1 cos( 45 deg) V1 = 3.748 m s

2 2 -1
V2 := U2 + Vr2 2 U2 Vr2 cos( 45 deg) V2 = 5.303 m s

2 2 2 2
U1 U2 + Vr2 Vr1
Reaction := Reaction = 0.75
2 2 2 2 2 2
U1 U2 + Vr2 Vr1 + V1 V2

H := 0.5 U1 U2 + Vr2 Vr1 + V1 V2

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 -2
H = 28.134 m s
Part (c)

80o V1 = 3.66 m/s m m

V1 := 3.66 V2 := 6.1
sec s

U1 := Uo U2 := Ui
30o

V 2 = 6.1 m/s

Vr1
V1 V2

Vr2
o
80 30o
U1 U2

2 -2
H := U2 V2 cos( 30 deg) U1 V1 cos( 80 deg) H = 15.044 m s

Power := H Q Power = 30.087 kW

Power 3
:= = 1.203 10 N m

2 2 -1
Vr1 := U1 + V1 2 U1 V1 cos( 80 deg) Vr1 = 7.753 m s

2 2 -1
Vr2 := U2 + V2 2 U2 V2 cos( 30 deg) Vr2 = 3.413 m s

2 2 2 2
U1 U2 + Vr2 Vr1
Reaction := Reaction = 0.208
2 2 2 2 2 2
U1 U2 + Vr2 Vr1 + V1 V2

H := 0.5 U1 U2 + Vr2 Vr1 + V1 V2

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 -2
H = 15.044 m s
Part (d)
Vr2 = 8.7 m/s

30o Vr1 := 3.0

m
Vr2 := 8.7
m
sec s

U1 := Ui U2 := Uo

Vr 1 = 3 m/s

Vr 2
V1
Vr 1 V2

30 o

U1 U2

H := U2 ( U2 Vr2 cos( 30 deg) ) U1 ( U1 Vr1 cos( 90 deg) )

2 -2
H = 14.321 m s

Power := H Q Power = 28.641 kW

Power 3
:= = 1.146 10 N m

2 2 -1
V1 := U1 + Vr1 2 U1 Vr1 cos( 90 deg) V1 = 4.802 m s

2 2 -1
V2 := U2 + Vr2 2 U2 Vr2 cos( 30 deg) V2 = 4.35 m s

2 2 2 2
U1 U2 + Vr2 Vr1
Reaction := Reaction = 0.855
2 2 2 2 2 2
U1 U2 + Vr2 Vr1 + V1 V2

H := 0.5 U1 U2 + Vr2 Vr1 + V1 V2

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 -2
H = 14.321 m s
 Part (e)

30o m m
V1 = 6 m/s V1 := 6 V2 := 3
sec s

U1 := Uo U2 := Ui

80o

V2 = 3 m/s

Vr V1
1
Vr2
V2

30 o 80o
U2
U1

2 -2
H := U2 V2 cos( 80 deg) U1 V1 cos( 30 deg) H = 37.018 m s

Power := H Q Power = 74.035 kW

Power 3
:= = 2.961 10 N m

2 2 -1
Vr1 := U1 + V1 2 U1 V1 cos( 30 deg) Vr1 = 3.783 m s

2 2 -1
Vr2 := U2 + V2 2 U2 V2 cos( 80 deg) Vr2 = 4.377 m s

2 2 2 2
U1 U2 + Vr2 Vr1
Reaction := Reaction = 0.635
2 2 2 2 2 2
U1 U2 + Vr2 Vr1 + V1 V2

H := 0.5 U1 U2 + Vr2 Vr1 + V1 V2

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 -2
H = 37.018 m s
 Part (f)

Vr 1 = 3 m/s
m m
Vr1 := 3.0 Vr2 := 4.33
sec s

U1 := Uo U2 := Ui
o
30
4.33 cos( 30 deg) = 3.75
Vr 2 = 4.33 m/s

V1
Vr2
Vr 1
V2
o
30
U2
U1

H := U2 ( U2 Vr2 cos( 30 deg) ) U1 ( U1 Vr1 cos( 90 deg) )

2 -2
H = 56.25 m s

Power := H Q Power = 112.499 kW

Power 3
:= = 4.5 10 N m

2 2 -1
V1 := U1 + Vr1 2 U1 Vr1 cos( 90 deg) V1 = 8.078 m s

2 2 -1
V2 := U2 + Vr2 2 U2 Vr2 cos( 30 deg) V2 = 2.165 m s

2 2 2 2
U1 U2 + Vr2 Vr1
Reaction := Reaction = 0.462
2 2 2 2 2 2
U1 U2 + Vr2 Vr1 + V1 V2

H := 0.5 U1 U2 + Vr2 Vr1 + V1 V2

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 -2
H = 56.25 m s