Semantic Web - A Study On Web Service Composition Approaches

International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development, Volume 1(4), ISSN: 2456-6470
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Semantic Web: A Study on Web Service Composition Approaches
Michael Raj TF Siva Prakasam. P
Asst. Prof, Dept. of Computer Science, SRC, Associate Prof., Dept. of Computer Science,
SASTRA University Sri Vasavi College, Erode, Tamil Nadu, India
ABSTRACT increasing over the year. This article aims to simplify

the searching process for the appropriate
A Web service is a collection of open protocols and methodologies for the designated web service
standards used for exchanging data between composition. We have surveyed more than 40
applications and systems. Web Service discovery, research articles and are listed with merits and
selection and composition are the important tasks of demerits of it.
the any automated business processes. In a web
service composition set of web services are A web service composition problem can have six
collectively executed to achieve the objectives. This dimensions such as composition language, knowledge
study reveals the existing approaches used for web reuse, automation, tool support, execution platform,
service composition in both syntactic and semantic target users. It is also determining the work flow for
environments. We have reviewed more than 40 an automated process [3].The selection of the
articles in this domain and concluded with merits and approaches was a three-step process that involved
demerits of the methodologies applied for the preliminary selection, further selection, refinement.
implementation of the web service composition.
The general framework of a web service composition
KEYWORDS has different components, one of them is process
generator based on the external and internal
Service oriented architecture, Web service specification of a service of a service consumer and
composition, Semantic web, Semantic service service provider respectively. There are 12 platforms:
discovery eFlow, FormSys, Intalio BPMS, Self-Serv, SHOP2,
Sword, Taverna, XL, Yahoo!Pipes, YAWL, jBPM,
I. INTRODUCTION JOpera [8].
Web service is a component can be remotely

identified by the URL and they are heterogeneous in
nature [1]. These components are described and
accessed by using the various standards XML, SOAP,
WSDL and UDDI [2]. Web services are constructed
based on the Service Oriented Architecture (SOA),
which is depicted in the figure 1 and are distributed
across the web to service numerous business
applications. Implementation of business applications
with the help of web services includes various
operations such as service request, request
preprocessing, service matching, service discovery,
service selection, service composition.
Fig 1. Components of SOA
These operations can be done in many ways and
various methodologies and approaches have been
Integration of web services into composite services or
developed and employed. Considering and selecting
applications, which is a highly sensible and
those approaches for the specific environment is a
conceptually non-trivial task and is recognized in both
tedious task because numbers of services are keep on
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the enterprise and the consumer areas [10] [13][20]. Petri Net based approach, which focuses on the
The criteria based web service selection methods are reliability calculation method. It uses Fuzzy
mostly used to achieve the objectives of domain, Reasoning Colored Petri Net (FRCPN), Service-
which can be classified as follows [14] Oriented Architecture (SOA), Supercomputing Cloud
Platform (SCP); Sequential Linked List for Filling
service-ranking approach Reliability Value (SLLFRV), Ontology, Web
linear programming method language for Services (OWL-S), a method called T is
fuzzy model proposed to quantify the reliability of a repairable
QoS-based service selection method system [4].
hybrid models
ANP Non-deterministic planning methods for automated
web service composition is explained in [5].
The entire article is organized as follows Section-I Performance of a web service composition can be
contains the introductory concepts. Section-II give the improved by minimizing the response time of web
overview of the various approaches, merits and service composition. QoS Properties Response Time,
demerits of them and Section-III concludes article Execution Time, Reputation, Availability,
with the observations of the review. Accessibility, Throughput and Scalability
[6].Consideration of e-government services and its
II. OVERVIEW service composition is discussed with semantic
features. It encompasses information and
Web service integration is an important task of any communications technologies (ICT) with customer-
automation of business process. Web Service centric approach. It is a Semantic Web (SW) enabled
Discovery is the process of finding a suitable web Multi-Agent System (MAS), Autonomic Computing
service for a given task. The life cycle for semantic especially self-healing propriety, Artificial Intelligent
web services composition includes technologies used Planning (AIP), ontoGov (Ontology-enabled e-Gov
for composition approaches, modeling and service Service Configuration), WebDG, eGOIA (Electronic
management [32]. Web Service Composition is the Government, Innovation and Access) eMayer [7].
process of integrating related web services, is to
provide set of composite services. Web service Dynamic Web Services Composition uses QoS
searching, selection and composition can be done in parameters with the utilization of genetic algorithm is
two ways: a) syntactic b) semantic [31] described in [9] and gives optimized results. [11]
Proposed an approach to compose the web service
The various approaches for dynamic web service based on the trustworthiness of it. From the basic
composition have been discussed. To meet the users observation a graph is formed which denotes the web
requirements regarding on-demand delivery of service participated in the service composition. The
customized services, dynamic web service basic notions used for representing the graph is such
composition approaches have emerged. In a dynamic as Petri nets, oWF-nets, Labeled Transition Systems
environment, realizing dynamic web service and Opacity of a Labeled Transition System [12].
composition is not so easy. The evaluation shows that Criteria based service selection methods were
transactional support is still missing. The verification introduced and approach considers various parameters
of the compositional correctness is also missing Self- such as Quality of service, User Preference and
Healing Web Service Compositions [43]. Scalability [14].
This literature survey about web service composition, Semantic web service discovery has so many
discovery and selection shows evaluation in the challenges in-terms of technologies to be used such as
service oriented architecture domain. The following OWL-S, WSMO,WSML,WSMX,SAWSDL and the
Table 1 lists the methodologies, outcome, merits and tasks needs to be carried out by the discovery process
demerits of those approaches. The primary task of any such as publishing, mediation, storage, request,
web service composition can be started with service matchmaking, negotiation and selection [17][27][31]
discovery. The semantic based discovery model is [35].
explained in [33].
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The privacy data are distributed across the web for explained and the methodologies can be used in post
example medical data. These data are to be shared by composition[38] [39].Optimization and Ranking in
means of web services and its composition. This type web service composition using Performance Index
of composition is disused in [15]. The level of privacy (PI) [42]. Huge number of services in the repository
is determined by the rules defined in the composition increases the processing time for selection, discovery
architecture. Clustering Web services is very much and composition. The performance of the composition
important to facilitate service discovery. It can be framework can be reduced by means of parallel
done in many ways, one of them is based on the processing [44].
parameters used in the web service invocation
[16].QOS-based web service composition based on A number of web services have been carried out on
Genetic Algorithm (GA) is introduced in [18][21]. cloud computing, including performance analysis,
This GA based approach is considering QoS market-oriented graph Semantic Web Services,
parameters. Business Process Execution Language management tool, workload balance, dynamic
(BPEL) based composition uses behavioral approach selection, etc. semantic I/O information of the
by verifying the concurrent properties [19]. services. presenting the nonfunctional characteristics
of the software systems and services.
Web service composition process can employ either
manual or semi-automatic or automatic QoS of cloud services can be measured from either
methodologies. Automatic web service composition is the client side (e.g., response time, throughput, etc.) or
used when dynamic composition is required [22]. at the server side (e.g., price, availability, etc.).
Firefly approach is the which provides optimal
solutions for dynamic service composition[23] and A. QOS Perspective
another web service composition framework provides
the solution for the composition problems on the fly Quality-of-service can be measured either at the
that is dynamically called User-Centric WS-Mediator server side or at the client side. Client-side QoS
framework for on-the-fly Web Service Composition properties provide more accurate measurements of the
[24] [26]. user usage experience. The commonly used client-
side QoS properties include response time,
An Optimization Method of Workflow-based Web throughput, failure probability, etc. This paper mainly
Service Composition Model is a computational focuses on ranking prediction of client-side QoS
model, calculates QoS and then formulates the properties, which likely have different values for
composition [25].The researchers, software different users (or user applications) of the same cloud
developers, advanced practitioners, documentation service.
writers, and users involved in Web services domain
for QOS predictions exploring development Definition and Execution of Composite Web Services
opportunities especially in web databases. The SELF-SERV Project [40] The SELF-SERV
project aims at providing tool support and middleware
Log-based mining techniques are used to identify the infrastructure for the definition and execution of
patterns of the web service access and composition. composite Web services. SELF_SERV system: key
Its a reengineering approach for service composition aspects, Declarative service composition the number
and another easy web service discovery approach is a of services to be composed may be large and
query-by-example approach [28] [29]. Well defined continually evolving highly distributed nature of
business process can employ the goal-based approach services. In SELF-SERV, the process model is
for Web service composition [34]. A linear approach specified as a state chart, states and invocations to
for web service composition uses QoS parameters and Web services transitions events, conditions, and
provides transactional aware results [36] and context variable assignment operations.
aware solution is useful for domain specific problem
and yields better results [34]. SELF-SERV exploits the concept of service
community. Prototype system in which Web services
A theorem proving framework for the formal are declaratively composed and the resulting
verification of web services composition has composite services can be orchestrated either in a
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peer-to-peer or in a centralized way within a dynamic throughput
environment. SELF-SERV is an ongoing research connectivity of wireless networks,
project that aims at providing tool support and limited computing resources of mobile devices
middleware infrastructure for facilitating the risks of communication channel
composition of Web services in large, autonomous, disconnections
heterogeneous, and dynamic environments. Several
obstacles still hinder the seamless provisioning of The SELF-SERV architecture to support service
Web services in mobile environments. Examples of provisioning in mobile environments. The issues are,
such obstacles are:
Context-sensitive service selection and
Handling disconnections during composite
service execution
TABLE 1 Web service composition methodologies
S.No Approach/Methodology Outcome Features Limitations

1. Composition Reliability of the If the FRCPN
Fuzzy approach [4] is returned as Web service values of the
SLLFRV composition has a reliability range of
linked list correlation with transitions is
with the the number of web smaller, then the
reliability services and the reliability value of
value of range of reliability FRCPN is smaller.
FRCPN transition values.
2. Non-Deterministic planning Deterministic Fully automatic In a stochastic

methods: method and Graph based environment, output
1) Background generates all composition is not predictable.
2) Probabilistic planning feasible Outcome of the
3) Determination methods solution based execution of n web
4) Planning in the belief state on service service cannot
space graph. always be
5) Translation methods anticipated.
Web service composition methods:
1) Deterministic methods
2) Middle ground methods
3) Non-deterministic and
contingent planning methods
[5]
3. QoS Normalization [6] Based on QoS QoS score and user Web service
properties requirements. selection and
discovery system is
Optimized essential to provide
response time. clients with proper
results according to
their requirements.
It is impossible to
fulfill this task
without considering
the ranking relation
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between thousands
of available
candidates with
similar
functionalities
4. customer-centric approach, Multi- Dynamic way e-GovernmentWeb
Agent System (MAS) [7] to provide a services, enabling
personalized citizens to
service that dynamically
improves the compose services
satisfaction according to their
of the citizen goals andthrough a
andthus single point of
increase the access.
quality of Its faster, cheaper,
publicservices. more
personalized and
more efficient
delivery services
5. QoS Parameters and Genetic Optimal Dynamic web
Algorithm(GA) [9] composition. services
composition use of
QoS parameters
and GA.
6. Diversified Service Rank (DSR). Returns the Consumer
Web service reputation update matching list provides more
algorithm.Reputation module of accurate values of
discovery approach [11] services. reputation.
Returned list of
nominated web
service is the most
relevant to the
consumer request.
7. Symbolic Observation Graphs Abstract and Privacy, through Information leakage,
(SOGs)-verification of their check the the use of hiding the
individual abstractions [12]. opacity Symbolic encryption keys of
of Web Observation protocols and
services and Graphs. systemsis not
their enough to hide
composition, protocol workings
and therefore and secret
prove information
their
8 Criteria based service selection Determines More efficient The behavior of
methods [14]. the weights of QoS-based
criteria based service selection
on user leads to service
preference selection problems
and accounts in Multi-Criteria
for the Decision Making
confidence (MCDM).
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level of
decision
makers.
9 Privacy based Data as a Service Two factors
1) Privacy Level (DaaS) builds on exacerbate the
2) Privacy Rule service-oriented problem of privacy
3) Privacy Policy technologies toin DaaS.
Mechanism: enable fast access 1) DaaS services
Negotiation to data resources collect and store
Approaches:Privacy Preserving on the Web. a
DaaS composition [15]. large amount of
DaaS composition private information
may reveal about users.
privacy-sensitive 2) DaaS services are
information. able to share
thisinformation
The privacy model withother entities.
allows a service
todefine a privacy
policy and a set of
privacy
requirements.
10 Hybrid Web service Utilize tagging 92%ofWeb More than 53% of

tagrecommendation strategy, named data to services cached by registered services
WSTRec improve the Web service search in UDDI
Normalized Google performance engines are valid businessregistries
Distance(NGD)-to compute the of traditional and active. are
content-level similarity between 2 WSDL Web services invalid.
web services [16]. document- search engine
basedWeb Seekda!1 allows
service users to manually
clustering for associate tags
the purpose withWeb services.
ofmore
accurateWeb
service
discovery.
11. GA, plan
QoS approach.GA based algorithm optimizer with It overcome local
has 2 constraints: constraints optimums with
1) only one web service among less computation
candidate web services time.
should be chosen for a task GA is a K beam
2) the service composition search; it can find
must satisfy user constraints suitable
[18]. composition plan
much faster than
other random
search approaches.
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12. Extended control flowgraph Verifies XCFG can model

(XCFG). WS-BPEL Two main concurrent not only the
tasks: behavior in workflow ofBPEL
1) XCFG construction BPEL. but also the
2) property verification. synchronization
XCFGV4BPEL: a tool for verifying control
concurrent properties dependencies
1) Automata Based Techniques amongconcurrent
2) Process Algebra Based activities.
Techniques XCFG
3) Petri Net Based Techniques Advantages:
[19] 1) XCFG
supports
concurrent
control
flow compared
with traditional
CFG
2) XCFG can
model
link which
indicates the
synchronization
dependency
between
concurrent
activities
3) field in XCFG
is introduced to
recordthe
information of
related elements
for the purpose of
analysis and
verification.
13. Hybrid firefly method for selecting Firefly- Biological systems
the optimal solution in inspired have led to the
semanticWeb service composition method for design of efficient
[23]. selecting the techniques that can
optimal or a be used to solve
near optimal optimization
solution in problems.
semantic Web
service
composition.
14. A User-Centric WS-Mediator User centric Comprehensive Existing work has
framework foron-the-fly Web WS-mediator framework for a limitation on their
Service Composition Next which allows user centric WS- agility to create a
Generation Network(NGN)Next the end-user to mediator which is composed service
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Generation mash up the capable of on the fly according
Service(NGS)composition engine service in his dynamic service to the
which generates an executable way on the composition. desire/need of an
autonomous entity. Next- fly. end-user at a given
Generation Service Overlay time/place.
Networks (NGSON) [24].
15 Computational model of service The Optimization Existing workflow-
quality to calculate the service combinatorial program enhances based web service
parameters of specific quality optimization the web services composition
topological sorting algorithm [25]. method for quality of service, programs lack the
web services optimizes service flexibility to choose
based on scheduling high-quality
workflow function, and services.
model. shorts the response The scheduling
Scheduling time of the performance
algorithm for application degenerates as the
service services portfolio, size increases.
composition in the case of
have been large-scale
optimized. applications.
16 1. Local patterns discovery that Mining CS mining Previous approaches
covers partial results through a approach supports may fail to ensure
dynamic programming discovers business process CS reliable
algorithm. more rediscovery based executions in some
2. Composite service (CS) mining Complex on a log analysis. cases, even if they
algorithm. features A set of mining formally validate the
3. Approach Summarization: with a better techniques to CS model.
4. Collecting execution history specification discover CS
5. Analyzing the execution history of the fork transactional flow
6. Improving the composition operator and in order to improve
model the join CS recovery
7. Composite service log: operator. mechanisms.
8. Collecting Web service logs Deals better with
9. Composite Service log structure concurrency
10. Sufficient and minimal number through the
of CS instances introduction of the
11. SDT: Statistics Dependency concurrent
Table [28]. window
17 Novel search method for Web Representing UDDI registries UDDI registries-
services called WSQBE. Web services with search difficult to use and
providers may manually assign a and queries facilities often require service
category to their services from a as a collection consumers to spend
number of predefined options [29]. of vector too much time
subspaces. manually browsing
and selecting service
descriptions.
18 Grid technology provides an Semantic A new and generic Manual, discovery,
information infrastructure. based semantic Web invocation and
Semantic Web Services Integration discovery and services composition of Web
Life Cycle: composition integration and services. Significant
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Business Process of SWSs composition hamper the
Modelling. lifecycle to automatic process of
Semantics Enrichment of facilitate the enterprise
Workflow. semantic based application
Runtime Phase. integration and integration.
Development. composition of
Service Management [32]. Grid services.
19 Ontology based model [33] Semantic Method has poor

model for web Similarity precision and recall
service matching of web for service
discovery and services is discovery.
description. implemented
through
summarization of
semantic similarity
value.
20 Engineering approach: Capacities The first goal

1) Reflecting the dynamic nature empower Web identifies the types
of environment. service with of requirements
2) Understanding the types of additional The second goal
requirements. skills, which details the
3) Linking some of these make them Capacities
requirements to capacity select the The third goal
development [34]. appropriate reviews the
actions to business logic
carry out in
response to
specific
environment
requirements.
21. Mathematical programming model: QoS aggregate CPLEX is very
0-1 linear program is solved measure performing
using a standard solver (CPLEX) and satisfying for solving such
QoS criteria represent the non transactional very big size
functional properties of web properties. problems
services [36]. QoS is measured
by a weighted
sum.
22 Web service composition using SHOP2 and Scenario: mail Often static and
SHOP2 system BPEL4WS for replication system- inflexible.
architecture:BPEL4WS [37]. web service 2 sub processes Not suited to
composition 1) Retrieve operate in a
to facilitate mail pervasive
context 2) Send mail computing
awareness. environment.
The network
bandwidth
and the type of
computing device
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affect the mail
retrieval and
sending.
23 Rigorous framework for the Approach: Web Services Interesting

composition of Web Services proofs-as- compositions properties such as
within a higher order logictheorem processes described using liveness, safety, and
prover [39]. paradigm that thep-calculus by deadlock-freedom
enables performing CLL have
inference rules proofs. not been
of Classical investigated
Linear Logic
(CLL) to be
translated into
p-calculus
processes.
24 Optimization is carried out by ACO For a scalable Both Optimization Composite web
(Ant Colony Optimization) application, and Ranking on service without any
algorithm.Ranking is done using servicing this composite optimization
performance index which is increasing Web Service or Ranking- no
calculated dynamically from the number of which delivers guarantee
non-functional QoS parameters. requests is high performance. that the best
GA approach-finding the optimal critical for its Reusability performing web
composition [42]. performance. Robustness service is selected.
Fault tolerance
Optimization and
ranking that
ultimately leads to
the execution of
the best service.
25 Graph based approach. DAG to The A huge amount of Approach-issues,
represent web service composition composition computation is Find all possible
[44]. algorithm performed during solutions
is designed to preprocessing. Maximize pre
effectively Supports processing
exploit the multiprocessor Parallel
possibilities of platforms. processing
multiprocessor Immediate
platforms. The response to queries
frameworks
architecture is
adjusted to
parallel
processing
over a single
data structure.
B. Evaluation of composition approaches very much important for the measurement of

the performance of it [41]. Business-to-
An Evaluation of dynamic Web Service Business Integration (B2Bi)-technology web
Composition Approaches described and are service composition languages: WS-BPEL
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with WSDL, OWL-S with Golog /Planning. Service discovery methods

Framework categories: Service composition methods
Transparent invocation methods
Monolithic, Transparent publishing of services
Staged, outlined
Template-based service composition
and execution. Triana is a framework to integrate graphical
creation of Web services workflows within the
The following dynamic service composition open source. In particular, Triana handles
approaches uses the effective performance discovery, invocation, composition, and
evaluation methodologies publishing of Web services through the
WServe API. The GAT/GAP are middle ware
eFlow independent APIs that allows transparent
METEOR-S access to various underlying middle ware
WebTransact architectures. By facilitating the transparent
DynamiCoS construction of Web services workflows, users
SeGSeC can create new composite services which offer
more functionality thanatomic services; Share
The trustworthiness of the web services is very and replicate workflows with other users.
much important in defining the QoS and
obtaining trustworthiness of SOAs can also be III. CONCLUSION
achieved as follows [43]
This review has an objective to give an
self-healing web service overview about the recent trends in the
compositions development of various web service
service and process description, composition approaches. Initially we identified
monitoring and recovery strategies. the existing approaches used for the
composition. These approaches are classified
Roadmap for research finalizedto obtaining according to the processing of the service
self-healing service compositions. The three descriptions, which can be either syntactic or
recovery strategies are easier to understand semantic based service process. The review
when used to recover from functional errors. also comprises the methodologies used for
In the field of dynamic composition of web composition and the parameters used for
services, WSCG(Web Service Composition selection and matching processes. Every
Graph) proposes a framework that provides composition approaches have its own merits
visual design, validation and development of and demerits. Most of the syntactic approaches
compositions using graph theories. Triana as a have used QoS parameters for composition
Graphical Web Services Composition Toolkit and semantic approaches are domain specific
[45]. Extend the functionality of the Triana and the implementation needs basic
problem-solving environment into the Web knowledge about the domain, semantic
services world. Triana uses a peer to peer description, ontologies and composition
subset of the GridLab GAT Interface. Web engine tasks.
services composition system needs the
following mechanisms:
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International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development, Volume 1(4), ISSN: 2456-6470

ABSTRACT increasing over the year. This article aims to simplify

Web service is a component can be remotely

S.No Approach/Methodology Outcome Features Limitations

2. Non-Deterministic planning Deterministic Fully automatic In a stochastic

10 Hybrid Web service Utilize tagging 92%ofWeb More than 53% of

12. Extended control flowgraph Verifies XCFG can model

19 Ontology based model [33] Semantic Method has poor

20 Engineering approach: Capacities The first goal

23 Rigorous framework for the Approach: Web Services Interesting

B. Evaluation of composition approaches very much important for the measurement of

with WSDL, OWL-S with Golog /Planning. Service discovery methods

REFRENCES: [9]. Kirit Modi, Sanjay Garg, Dynamic Web

TELEINFORMATICS, VOL 1, NO 5, [39]. PetrosPapapanagiotou, Jacques D.

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