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31 2014 .
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1
1. , ,
G = 6,67428 10-11 3 -1 -2
c = 299 792 458 /
-
= 5,6704 108 -2 K-4
= 8,31 / ()
1 () = 8,64 104
1 () = 365,2425 = 3,1557 107
2
.
: ( H),
.
: , .
: A, a.
sin a=sin sin cos cos cos H (1..1)
cos Acos a=cos sin sin cos cos H (1..1)
sin Acos a=cos sin H (1..1)
sin =sin sin acos cos acos H (1..2)
cos Hcos =cos sin asin cos acos A (1..2)
sin Hcos =cos asin A (1..2)
H = TS (1..3)
TS , , H (
).
n
=Icos 360 o (1..4)
N
3
I = 23,45 ,
N = 365 ,
n , (= 10 +
).
a =90o (1..5)
( )
T =2 arccos tg tg /15o (1..6)
sin
A=180 o A =arccos (1..7)
cos
4
2.
M = m +5 5 log10 ( D / 1 ) =
= 4,82 2,5 log10 ( F / F ) (2..1)
m () ,
D ,
F ,
F : 3,469 1028 .
m = M 5 + 5 log10 ( D / 1 ) =
= 5 log10 ( D / 1 ) 2,5 log10 ( F / F ) 0,17 (2..1)
F = F 2,5124,83-M =
= F ( D / 1 )2 2,512-0,17-m (2..1)
( , )
M = m +5 5 log10 ( D / 1 ) =
= 4,75 2,5 log10 ( L / L ) (2..2)
m () ,
L ,
L : 3,842 1026 .
m = M 5 + 5 log10 ( D / 1 ) =
= 5 log10 ( D / 1 ) 2,5 log10 ( L / L ) 0,25 (2..2)
L = L 2,5124,75-M =
= L ( D / 1 )2 2,512-0,25-m (2..2)
M M = m m = BC (2.A.3a)
5
( ,
; BC = -0,07).
F = F ( L / L ) 2,512BC + 0,07 =
= 96,29 ( L / 1 ) 2,512BC + 0,07 (2.A.3)
. , , ,
,
2 4
L=L
( )( )
R
R
T
(2..1)
L ,
R ,
,
= 5778 .
2..0
m = M / l = L / L
>20 l = 1800 m
2 20 l = m 3,5
0,43 2 l = m4
<0,43 l = 0.23 m 2,3
2..0
l m
>36000 m = 5,610-4 l
11 36000 m = l 0,29
0,034 16 m = l 0,25
<0,034 m = 4,3 l 0,43
6
2..1. ,
[, . 116]
- -
- , - - - -
- -
-
-
-
Ia Ib II III III IV V VI VII
O5 38000 -7,0 -6,3
O7 37000 -7,0 -5,9
O9 31900 -7,0 -6,1 -6,0 -5,9 -5,7 -5,1
G0 5920 -7,0 -4,5 -2,0 +4,0 +3,7 +2,9 +4,6 +5,7 +14,4
G2 5780 -7,0 -4,5 -2,0 +3,4 +3,9 +3,0 +4,8 +6,0 +14,5
G5 5610 -7,0 -4,5 -2,0 +1,8 +4,3 +3,0 +5,2 +6,3
G8 5490 -7,0 -4,5 -2,1 +1,8 +0,5 +4,7 +2,8 +5,6 +6,7
K0 5240 -7,0 -4,5 -2,1 +1,3 +0,1 +5,0 +2,4 +5,9 +7,0
K2 4780 -7,0 -4,5 -2,2 +0,8 -0,6 +6,3 +7,7
K3 4590 -7,0 -4,5 -2,3 +0,6 -0,8 +6,6 +8,3 +15,0
K5 4410 -7,0 -4,5 -2,4 +0,1 +7,3 +9,5
K7 4160
7
( 2..2)
:
M = 6,29610-7 x6 8,24210-5 x5 + 4,27710-3 x4 0,112 x3 + 1,557 x2 11,25 x + 34,94 (2..2)
x = T / 1000 K. 1 . .
.
2..3
,
,
-
A0 10000 0,12 0,43 0,45
F0 7060 0,35 0,44 0,21
F5 6320 0,40 0,45 0,15
G0 5780 0,45 0,47 0,08
G2 5545 0,50 0,43 0,07
G5 5160 0,55 0,39 0,06
K0 4685 0,62 0,34 0,04
K5 4240 0,67 0,31 0,02
M0 3720 0,76 0,23 0,01
M5 2935 0,82 0,18 0
2000 0,99 0,01 0
T = 10 . ( M / M ) 1 - n (2..1)
M ,
n ,
n = 4,75 (0,7 ... 2) ,
n = 3,75 ( M / ) + 2,125 (0,1 ... 0,7) .
L0 = 0,71 L ( M / ) n (2..2)
4 /3
L t=L0e t /T (2..3)
t .
:
8
L
L (t)= (2..4)
1+0,4(1t /4,6 . )
L ,
t ,
4,6 . .
( )
( 5,59 .
L (t)=L
t
1,41+0,26
1 . )
t
(2..4)
9
3.
-
( )
a a0 + b 2k (3..1)
(. .),
0, b ,
k : k = , 0, 1, 2, ....
a 0,4 + 0,3 2k (3..2)
3..1
k a
( ) ( )
0,4 0,39
0 0,7 0,72
1 1,0 1,00
2 1,6 1,52
3 2,8 2,77
4 5,2 5,20
5 10,0 9,54
6 19,6 19,2
7 38,8 39,44
.
,
,
[
r int =a (1)n int
]
3 m
3M
(3..3)
,
,
[
r ext=a (1+)+next
]
3 m
3M
(3..3)
a ,
,
m ,
,
nint, next , .
10
. 3..1
3..3-
. 3..2
nint, next
(
, )
r min =1 . .
L/ L
S 1 (T )
, r max =1 . .
L/ L
S 2 (T )
(3..4-)
L ,
S1, S2 ( ):
S 1 (T )=4,190108 T 22,139104 T +1,296
(3..4-)
S 2 (T )=6,190109 T 21,139105 T +0,2341
3..3-4 . 3..2 [Jones].
[Barnes]
5 9 2 1 /2 2 1/ 4
r min =[r min0 2,761910 (T T ) a. e.3,809510 (T T ) a. e.]( L/ L ) (1 )
5 9 2 1/ 2 2 1 / 4
r max=[r max013,78610 (T T ) a. e.1,428610 (T T ) a. e.]( L / L ) (1 )
(3..5-)
T ( 5700 ),
rmin0, rmax0 .
11
, ,
( )
r =1 . . L / L (3..6)
(
)
r = 1,16 . . ( M / ) n/2 (3..7)
M (),
n ,
n = 4,75 (0,7 ... 2) ,
n = 3,75 ( M / ) + 2,125 (0,1 ... 0,7) .
1 2
r =a (3..1)
1cos
,
( ).
. 3..1
rp = a ( 1 ) (3..1)
ra = a ( 1+ ) (3..1)
,
r a r p
= (3..1)
r a r p
12
r ar p
a= (3..1)
2
v= G M ( 2r 1a ) (3..2)
v=29,780 /
M
( )
2 1
1 . .=
r a
(3..2)
=19,961 /
M
( r a )1 .
2 1
v p=
G M 1+
a 1
(3..3)
va =
G M 1
a 1+
(3..3)
,
(3..2).
:
v = vp rp / r (3..3)
v r = v 2v 2 (3..3)
< ( ), > (
).
.
2
a3
( ) P
2
=
G(M +m)
(3..1)
,
,
M, m .
, (
)
13
P=1
(a /1 . .)3
M /M
(3..1)
(,
)
1/S =1 /P 11/ P 2 (3..2)
P1, P2 ( ).
:
E sin E
t=P (3..3)
2
,
:
1r /a +cos
E=arccos =arccos (3..3),
1+ cos
r ,
.
( )
p1 C
R
j
R M /M
(3..1)
R ,
M ,
j (
, ),
: = 1,11.
3..1
0,4 0,366
0,33 0,254
0,33 0,210
0,3308 0,225
0,394 ?
14
1/s = 1/p 1/P (3..2)
p , (3..1),
P .
s = , (
); s < 0, (
).
. , ,
, /3
( )
2,77 / 3e 0,6904 R / R
(3..1)
R .
[Seager]
k3
R
R1
1
log 10 =k 1+ log 10
3
M
M1
k 2
M
M1 ( ) (3..1)
R, M ,
R1, M1, k1, k2, k3 , .
3..1
3..1
M1 / . R1 / R k1 k2 k3
M/M1 > 4
5,80 2,52 -0,20949 0,0804 0,394
10,55 3,90 -0,209594 0,0799 0,413
5,52 4,43 -0,209396 0,0807 0,375
M/M1 < 4
4,34 2,23 -0,20945 0,0804 0,394
7,38 3,58
8,16 4,73
70 % + 30 % 6,41 2,84
32,5 % + 67,5 % 6,41 3,19
22,5 % + 52,5 % + 25 % 6,41 3,63
6,5 % + 48,5 % + 45 % 6,88 4,02
3 % + 22 % + 75 % 7,63 4,42
15
. 3..2
-
[Griemeier]
(M / M )1/ 3
[ ( )]
T
R=1,47 R 2 /3
1+0,05
T0
1+ ( M /M
3,16 ) (3..1)
R, M ,
; . (4..1-2),
0 = 764 (M / ) 0,28,
1,03
=1,15+0,05
( 0,59
M /M ) .
R R ( M / M )-1/8 (3..1)
( )
M /M R
g=9,81 / 2 2
=1,78 / 2 3
(3..3)
( R/ R ) 1 / R
v I = g R () (3..4)
v II = 2 g R () (3..4)
16
. 3..2
- (
)
( ,
1 . .),
1324
10 0,2(M 4,82 H )
D= (3.E.1)
A
M ,
4,82 ,
,
D .
m= H +5 log10 ( )( )
dH
1 . .
d
1 ..
2,5 log 10 p () (3..2)
dH ,
17
d ,
( - -),
p() .
. 3..1
3..2-3
. 3..2
.
,
( , = 0)
.
( )
( )
p ()= 1
1
cos + sin
(3..3)
18
2
p ( ) p () (3..3)
3
( )
Pn = P0 C n (3..1)
Pn n- ,
P0 C :
3..1
P0, C
0,444 2,03
0,462 1,59
0,513 1,73
0,488 2,24
a sat =42164
m+msat P sat
3
M
1 ( ) (3..2)
sat ,
m, msat .
( )
r H a1
3 m
3M
(3..3)
,
,
m ,
.
0,53 rH (
) 0,69 rH ( ).
( )
1/Ssat = 1/Psat 1/P (3..4)
P sat . 1/Ssat = 0,
; Ssat < 0, .
19
(
)
2 2
3 m+m sat
3
r = G( m+m sat )
p
2( )=42164
M
p
1 ( ) (3..4)
p .
(
, . . 3..1).
L1 L2 ( ,
: = msat /m << 1)
3
r 1,2r /3 (3..5)
r .
L3
r 3r 1 /12 (3..5)
. 3..1
(Mass 1 , Mass 2 )
r1, r2, r3 ( ):
x 513 x143 x 31 x 212 x11=0 (3..6)
5 4 3 2
x 23 x 2 3 x 2 x 22 x 21=0 (3..6)
x53 2 x 34 x33 1 x322 x 3=0 (3..6)
xi = ri / r i = 1, 2, 3.
L4 L5 ,
-. , ,
, < 1/24,96.
20
.
, , , (. . 3..1).
. 3..1
( )( ) (
3
M R
h=4,6 h
M R
a
1 . ) (3..1)
h3 ( h3 30 ),
,
, ,
R - .
()
3
d r=R B 2 B / (3..2)
dr , , ,
,
B, .
()
3
d r2,44 R B B / (3..2)
, ,
e = 0,88303 ( a / b 2,13, . 3.).
, 0
[Griemeier]
2 a M j Q
6
T= (0) (3..3)
3 G R3 M 2B k
j ,
Q ; Q 6,6 104
2 106,
21
k ; k = 0,5, k = 0,3;
Q/k 500 700 .
2 3
( ) ( ) ( )( ) j kQ ( 1
6
MB M R
p )
a 1
T =1,5 . (3..3)
1 . . M
p R 0
p0, p .
,
.
.
f = 1 b/a (3..1)
( ,
, : a1 = 2),
b ( ).
. 3..1
e= 1( b/a )2 (..2)
4 4
V = a 3 (1 f )= a 1 a 2 b (..3)
3 3
( )
3
R=a 1 f =3 a 1 a 2 b (3..3)
( a1 = 2 > b)
( )
2
1e 1+e
S =2 a 2 1+ ln (3..4)
2e 1e
2 2
S 2 (a +b ) (3..4)
22
r ()=a
1e 2
2 2
=
b
1e cos 1e 2 cos 2
(3..5)
( )
[ ( ) ]
2
5 a
g ()=g e 1+ f sin2 (3..6)
2 ge
ge ,
.
,
( )
2
2 =W = 32 e 1e 2 arcsin e 32 (1e 2) (3..8)
3
2 G e e
e1,8704 W 0,4943 (3..8)
,
1 1 /2
e5
( )(
p
1
1 / 3 ) (3..8)
.
e 0,81267 . W Wmax = 0,18712
. a1 2.
, . .
max:
max = 2 G W max=8,86106 (3..9)
( )
[Collins].
L
N>L 1148 ( L / 1 )-2,354 (3..1)
( ) E
( )
23
T>E 33 E 0,8 () 136 E 0,9 () 109 E 0,78 (3..2-)
(, ) :
C d h0 Y
4,07 1 (3..3)
i L v 20 sin
Cd ; Cd = 2;
h0 , e ;
h0 8000 (. 4..3);
Y ( ):
log10 Y 2.107 + 0.0624 i (3..3);
i (/3). 2000-
3000 /3, 8000 /3, 500-1500 /3;
v0 . 12-20 /,
30-70 /;
( );
45.
3..3 , .
v 3 B C d h 0
ln = (3..4)
v0 4 t L sin
B .
, ():
1/ 3
t
D t =1,161 g 0,22
( g sin ) L 0,78 v 0,44 (3..5)
d t =Dt /2 2 (3..5)
ht = Dt / 14,1 (3..5)
Dt , ,
dt , ,
ht ,
g .
.
Dt < 3,2
Df = 1,25 Dt (3..6)
t = 0,0896 Df (1 + hf / dt) (3..6)
24
hf = Df / 34,9 (3..6)
df = dt + hf - t (3..6)
Df ,
t ,
hf ,
df .
Dt > 3,2 ,
1,13
D f =Dt (3..7)
df = 0,4 Df0,3 (3..7)
[Izzo]
N ,
6
d min= N E a 5 /a (3..8)
(. ),
,
,
,
.
5 /2
d min =3,18 N ( ) 1
aE
1 . .
/
(3..8)
.1
a
, .. a5/2
2004 GG21 0,9997 2,2837 7,88
2004 JA27 0,7416 1,6658 2,66
2004 HF12 0,9908 2,1377 6,62
2004 VA 0,9572 1,9018 4,77
0,7981 1,4886 2,16
0,653 1,078 0,79
1 1,471 2,62
25
.
.1
. , ,
p = 1
., ., , p, , p,
H2 2 14,01 20,28 13,8 7,042 33 1293
He 4 - 4,22 2,19 5,1 5,19 227
() 12 3948 4300 3900 10100
CH4 16 90,6 111,55 90,1 11,7 190,5 4600
NH3 17 195,42 239,81 195,4 6,06 405,5 11300
H2O 18 273,15 373,15 273,16 0,6117 647 22100
Ne 20,2 24,56 27,07 24,56 43 44,4 2760
Mg 24,3 923 1363
N2 28 63,15 77,36 63,15 12,5 126,21 3390
Si 28 1687 2628
CO 28 68 81 67,9 15,35 132,7 3498
C2H6 30 90,34 184,5 91 0,001 305,3 4900
O2 32 54,36 90,2 54,36 0,152 154,59 5043
S 32 388,36 717,8 1314 20700
H2S 34,1 190,85 212,87 373,2 8937
HCl 36,5 158,8 187,9 158,96 13,9 324,5 8258
Ar 39,9 83,8 87,3 83,8 68,9 150,87 4898
CO2 44 - 195* 216,58 518,5 304,18 7380
N2O 44 182,29 184,67 182,34 87,85 309,55 7245
NO2 46 261,95 293,25 431 10132
O3 48 80,7 161,3 80,6 0,00114 261 5573
Fe 55,8 1811 3134
SiO2 60,1 1923 2503
SO2 64,1 200,75 263 197,69 1,67 430,8 7884
Cl2 70,9 171,6 239,11 416,9 7991
SO3 80,1 290 318
Fe2O3 159,7 1838** -
* .
** .
26
.1 ()
,
, / , /3
,
c3 /
v - v
H2 0,117 0,904 - 70,973
He 0,014 0,083 - - 124,96 -
() 100 715 - 2267
CH4 1,1 8,17 74,9 423 422,6 0,04
NH3 5,653 23,35 46,1 () 682
H2O 6,01 40,68 241,8 () 920 1000 -1,57
Ne 0,335 1,71 - 1207
Mg 8,48 128 - 1738 1584 1,36
N2 0,360 5,560 - 808,6
Si 50,21 359 - 2330 2570 -1,12
CO 0,78 6,01 110,5 788,6
C2H6 2,85 14,7 83,9 546,49
O2 0,444 6,82 - 1141
S 1,727 45 - 1960 1819 1,27
H2S 2,37 18,66 20,6 914,9
HCl 1,99 16,16 92,3 1191
Ar 1,18 6,43 - 1392,8
CO2 8,647 25,13 393,5 1562 1032 14,47
N2O 6,53 16,55 1222,8
NO2 7,34 19,81 -33 1443
O3 15,17 -143 1352
Fe 13,81 340 - 7860 6980 0,90
SiO2 911 2200
SO2 7,39 24,94 297 1458
Cl2 6,406 20,41 - 1562,5
27
4.
v II
6,0 (4..1)
v
vII ( 3..4),
<v> :
v = 3 T exo / (4..2),
T ,
.
5,0 , 4,0
. :
v 3
t = 2 exp
2g R
3g R
( )
v 2
(4..5)
t , ,
g ,
R .
. ., ,
T exo
min =450 (4..3)
gR
,
2/ 3 1 /3
T
min =11 / exo
M
( ) (
1500 K M
5,5 /3 ) (4..3)
[
L
]
UV
/ LUV
T exo 1500 K
(4..4)
r /1 . .
r ,
LUV, LUV :
LUV = kUV L, LUV = 0,07 L (4..5)
L ,
28
kUV , (
2..3).
4..1
,
N2 0,01 3 0,78
Ar 1,6 0,01
H2O 0,03 0,03
O2 0,16 1 0,21
CO2 710-5 0,009 0,004
:
Mag
p= (4..1)
4 R2
Ma ,
g ,
R .
6 2 4
M 10
p=1,25 a
M
M
( )( ) R
R
(4..1)
4..1
*
Ma / M
10-21
10-4
810-7
310-8
0,85 0,97
0,8 0,9
610-5
0,05-0,1
0,05-0,1
*
.
(, p < 0,2
) :
h / h0
p= p0e (4..2)
=0e h / h 0
(4..2)
29
p0 ,
T
h 0= (4..3) ,
g
0 = p 0 (4..3) ,
T
,
,
h .
, (, p
> 0,2 ) :
1
(
p= p0 1
h
h0 )
(4..4)
(
T =T 0 1
h
h0 ) (4..4)
( h
)
1
=0 1 (4..4)
h0
= 1+1/ ,
h0 (4..3) T = T0.
= 0,28, = 0,19.
: = 0,4; = 0,28; =
0,25.
(,
)
( ):
log10 ( p / 1 ) = A B / (T C) (4..5)
273 333
A = 10,2326; B = 1750,286; C = 38,1;
333 423
A = 10,0917; B = 1668,21; C = 45,1.
( , -100 0 ):
ln (p /1 ) = -5504,4088 / T 3,5704628 1,733745810-2 T +
+ 6,520420910-6 T2 + 6,1295027 ln T (4..5)
( , 130 300 ):
ln ( p / 1 . .) = 168,4011 24,03761 ln T 7062,404 / T
30
+ 3,368548 10-5 T2 (4..6)
( , 190 333 )
log10 (p / 1 ) = 9,67956 1002,711 / ( 25,215) (4..7)
( , 90 180 )
log10 ( / 1 . .) = 6,61184 389,93 / (T 7,15) (4..8)
()
1
(
T = T 1
0 +
ln p 0
H p ) (4..9)
T0 () 0,
( , /).
p= p0 e
H 1 1
T0 T ( ) (4..9)
H = + (4..10)
v
p p0
T =T 0 e
H (4..11)
H T
p= p0 ln (4..11)
v T0
v = v - v .
(4..9, 11)
, T0, p0.
( ,
)
2
E=
L
4 a 2
= E
L
L ( )( ) 1 . .
a
(4..1)
= 1366 /2 ,
L ,
.
31
L
E = 2
(1+2 /2)2 (4..1)
4a
,
.
()
( )
1 E
T e = 4 (1 A) =278 K4 (1A)
4 E
E
(4..2)
(
).
1 E
T e = 4 (1 A) =330 K4 (1A)
2 E
E
(4..2)
()
( ).
W
w = W / M
1/4 1 /4
T e=
( W
2
4r ) (
=
wg
4G )
1/4
(4..3)
32 K
w
(
g
w 9,81 / 2 )
r , g .
w 5 10-12 /.
[]
T 0=T e(b p0 ) (4..4)
0 ,
b = 1,612 -1 ( ),
(. 4..4).
[]:
T
T top = 4 e 0,84 T e (4..5)
2
32
, p
1/ 4
T 0=T e ( 1 3
+
2 4 ) (4..5)
: = p / g q , q :
,
() . q 6100 /2;
1,69;
1/ 4
(
3
T g=T e 1+ g
4 ) (4..5)
g .
-
, . ( Tg
T0) (4..4).
(
) [Valencia].
: 43 ( / M ) -0,45
: 3 / ( / M ) 1,19 (4..1-)
: 1800 ( / M ) 0,28
B=B0 R / a 13sin
3 2
(4..1)
B0 ,
R ,
a ,
.
(, .), ,
.
33
4..1
( , )
,
( 100-200
)
0,3
35
( ) 55
430
20
10-110 (. 23)
m:
0 m
B0 = (4..2)
4 R3
[Noyola]:
1,10 0,13
m=105 ( )
M
P
(4..3)
(
=( 2,00,5)105 /), , .
34
5.
. -
:
2GM
r g= (5..1)
c2
.
r g =1,481027 ( M /1 )=0,89 ( M / )=2,95 ( M /M ) (5..1)
(
) .
= t 1r g /r (5..2)
,
t , ,
r .
= t 13 r g /2 r (5..2)
:
r
r '= (5..3)
1r g /r
( r >> rg )
GM 1
g= 2 (5..4)
r 1r g / r
, l << r r >> rg
a l
2GM
r 3 (
1+
3 rg
4 r ) (5..5)
( )
4G M
= 2 (5..6)
c b
b .
( ).
35
= t 1r r g /2 (5..7)
2=r 2+( K /M c) 2 sin 2 ,
,
(
).
= 0 ( ),
5..2.
( ) R = rg.
(5..1-7).
1,131019 / 3
= (5..1)
(M /M ) 2
(
)
rmin orb = 3 rg (5..2)
, < Kmax
K = J M R2 < Kmax = 2 G M 2 / c (5..3)
J ( J = 0,059),
R ,
.
,
[ ( )]
2
rg 2K
rK= 1+ 1 (5..4)
2 K max
, rg.
17 3 67 3
t ev=8,410 ( M /1 ) =2,110 (M / M sol ) (5..5)
()
3,61032 9,01029
P= = (5..6)
(M /1 )2 (M /M sol )2
36
( )
r0 (
)
[( ) ]
3/ 2
3 rg r0
= 1 (5..7)
2 c rg
( ) .
r(t) = r0 a(t) (5.B.1)
r(t) (,
) t,
r0 ,
a(t) ; a(0) = 1.
,
dr/dt = H r (5.B.2)
H = (da/dt) / a .
H0 = 68 (/) / = 1 / (13,8 . ).
a(t) (
0, . . , )
:
p = w c2 (5.B.3)
p ,
,
,
w , , .
w = 1/3. ( . . ) w = 0.
w = -1.
:
2
3(w+1) 2
a (t)t , H (t)= w>1 (5..4)
3( w+1) t
H0t
a (t) e , H (t )=H 0=const w=1 (5..4)
37
2
3 (w+1 ) 2
a (t)(t st) , H ( t)= w<1 (5..4)
3(w+1)(t st)
w > -1/3 , w < -1/3
. w < -1
( ) ts.
, (10 -36
10-32 ) ,
(5..4) H 1036 1042 -1.
a (t)t 1/ 2 ,
a (t)t 2 /3 . ,
w , -1 (, ;
).
t a
t=
1 2
ln
0 a 3+ 0 (a 31)+1
(5..5)
H 0 3 0 1 0
0 = 0,72
( 0,28 , ).
( )
rH = c / H (5.B.6)
, .
. w = -1
, .
r0,
T=
1
ln
c
H 0 H 0 r0
=13,8 . ln
r0 (
13,8 . .
) (5.B.7)
w < -1 :
3( w+1)
r H = c t (5..8)
2
t , . (2013
.) w = -1,13 0,13, , ,
35,4 . .
1
1+z = = (5..9)
a (t )
38
, ,
, t ,
z = / .
v=c z (5..9-)
( z > 1), , . .
.
39
6.
( )
2 2
dM 4 G M
2 2 3 /2 (6..1)
dt ( v +v s )
M ,
( ),
v ,
vs :
v s=
T
(6..1)
f ,
( = 1),
t ,
n ,
,
u= v 2+v 2s .
.
,
3kT T R
M J= R44 M (6..3)
4 G m0 100 K 1 . .
k ,
T ,
R ,
40
G ,
m0 .
: ,
:
R J 120 . .
1
T 1 3
A 100 K n
(6..3)
,
, ( )
t J=
1/ 2
1 3
4 2 G
=
1 / 2 (6..4)
=35
(
1 / 3 ) =52 . A
(n
1 3 )
.
p = G 2 (6..1)
= h ,
,
h .
R ,
dF G M 2
= (6..2)
dl 2 R 3
,
=
2 GM
R3
(6..3)
T =1,76
( R/ R )3
M / M
(6..3)
R (
, ,
)
41
3 G M2
E p = (6..4)
5 R
r
[ ( )]
2
r
p (r )= pc 1 (6..5)
R
p :
3 GM2 1
pc= = gR (6..5)
8 R4 2
,
g .
R
r > R ,
GM R 2n
V (r ,)= [1+ C 2n (cos )( ) ] (6..1)
r n=1 r
Ck (x) :
1
C k ( x)= P ( x cos )d
2 k
(6..2)
(r < R) (6..1)
r R.
6..1
Ck (x) k
k Ck (x) Ck (1) Ck (0)
( ) ( )
2 1 3 2 1 1
( x 1 )
2 2 4 2
4 1 105 4 2 9 3
( x 15 x +3)
8 8 64 8
6 1 1155 6 945 4 105 2 25 5
( x x+ x 5)
16 16 8 2 256 16
r > R
V G M R 2n
v 2 =r = [1+ (2 n+1)C 2n (1)( ) ]=
r r n =1 r
42
GM 3 R 2 45 R 4 175 R 6
= [1+ ( ) + ( ) + ( ) +...] (6..3)
r 4 r 64 r 256 r
(r > R) .
R
r > R ,
GM 1 R 2n
V (r ,)= [1+ C 2n (cos )( ) ] (6..4)
r n=1 n+1 r
Ck (x) , .
r > R
V G M 2 n+1 R 2n
[1+
2
v =r = C 2n (1)( ) ]=
r r n =1 n+1 r
GM 3 R 2 15 R 4 175 R 6
= [1+ ( ) + ( ) + ( ) +...] (6..5)
r 8 r 64 r 1024 r
43
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44