Franz Kurowski

Franz Kurowski (1923 2011) was a German au- a periodical of Deutsches Afrika-Korps e.V, the German
thor of ction and non-ction who specialised in World Afrika Korps veterans association. From 1989 to 1996,
War II topics. He is best known for producing apolo- Kurowski was editor-in-chief of the far-right publica-
gist, revisionist and semi-ctional works on the history tion Nation Europa, then named Deutsche Monatshefte.[2]
of the war, including the popular English-language series Kurowski died in 2011.[4]
Panzer Aces.
Kurowskis rst publications appeared in the Nazi era;
from 1958 until his death he worked as a freelance writer. 2 Work for Der Landser
He wrote 400 books for children and adults, under his
own name and various pseudonyms. Kurowski wrote, Main article: Der Landser
among other things, for the weekly pulp war stories se-
ries Der Landser.
Kurowski wrote for the weekly pulp series Der Landser
Kurowski produced numerous accounts featuring the (a colloquial term for a German army soldier, used dur-
Wehrmacht and the Waen-SS, providing laudatory and ing World War II).[5] Since its founding, the magazine
non-peer reviewed wartime chronicles of military units was criticized for glorifying war and delivering a dis-
and highly decorated personnel. Historians dismiss his torted image of the Wehrmacht and Nazi Germany dur-
works, pointing out that Kurowski mixes fact and c- ing World War II. The details of his novels and semi-
tion and advances the discredited concept of Nur-Soldat ctional accounts was accurate regarding minor technical
(merely soldier). Rather than providing an authentic details, but their content was often inauthentic and with-
representation of the war experience, his works empha- held important contextual information from the reader.
size heroics and convey a distorted image of the German Antisemitism, German war crimes, the repressive na-
armed forces in World War II. ture of the German government, and the causes of the
Kurowskis books have strong revisionist tendencies; he war were not mentioned.[6] German news magazine Der
held onto Nazi propaganda's military and civilian statis- Spiegel once described Der Landser as the expert journal
tics and presented history devoid of any crimes by the for the whitewashing of the Wehrmacht.[7]
Wehrmacht or the Waen-SS. A number of his books
have been published by far-right publishing houses such
as the Trmer Verlag, the Arndt Verlag, and the Pour le 3 Portrayal of the Wehrmacht and
Mrite Verlag, leading to his writings being described as
journalism of gray and brown zone.[1] the Waen-SS
Historians Ronald Smelser and Edward J. Davies, in their
1 Education and career 2008 work The Myth of the Eastern Front, characterise
Kurowski as one of the principal Wehrmacht and Waen-
SS gurus, or authors popular among the readers who
Born in 1923, Kurowski grew up in Dortmund and, after romanticize the German war eort on the Eastern Front,
primary school, learned turning. From 1942, he served as and in particular the Waen-SS, alongside authors such
a soldier in World War II in southeast Europe and North as Richard Landwehr, an ardent admirer of the Waen-
Africa, where he completed his training as a radio oper- SS, and the far-right writer and publisher Patrick Agte.[8]
ator, a parachutist, and interpreter of Modern Greek. In The book describes the gurus as authors who have picked
1942, he was awarded the Storyteller Prize for his work in up and disseminated the myths of the Wehrmacht in a
the Wacht im Sdosten (Southeast Watch).[2] These were wide variety of popular publications that romanticize the
propaganda publications (100 or so pamphlets) issued by German struggle in Russia.[9]
the Propagandakompanie, the propaganda wing of the
Wehrmacht and the Waen-SS.[3]
After 1945, he returned to civilian occupation and 3.1 Aces series
worked as a foreman and supervisor in a machinery fac-
tory. In 1958, he started working as a freelance writer; Further information: Panzer Aces and Infantry Aces
from 1968 to 1978, he was the editor of Die Oase (Oasis),

1
2 3 PORTRAYAL OF THE WEHRMACHT AND THE WAFFEN-SS

Kurowskis works were published in Germany since

1958, but remained inaccessible to English-speaking au-
diences. J.J. Fedorowicz Publishing, whom Smelser and
Davies describe as a leading publisher of war-romancing
literature, released Kurowskis two popular works, Panzer
Aces and Infantry Aces, in the U.S. in 1992 and 1994.[10]
In their analysis of the series, which also included Panzer
Aces II and Panzer Aces III, Smelser and Davies write:[11]

Kurowski gives the readers an almost

heroic version of the German soldier, guilt-
less of any war crimes, actually incapable of
such behavior. (...) Sacrice and humility are
his hallmarks. Their actions win them medals,
badges and promotions, yet they remain indif-
ferent to these awards. The cover art evokes
heroism, determination and might of the Ger-
man soldier and his weapons.
The Panzer Aces series focuses on the combat careers
of successful German tank commanders and popular
Waen-SS personalities such as Kurt Panzermeyer
Meyer, Jochen Peiper, Paul Hausser, and Rudolf von
Ribbentrop, the son of Reich Foreign Minister, Joachim
von Ribbentrop, among others, who Kurowski terms
"aces".[12] The series features a famous panzer ace
Michael Wittmann, who enjoyed cult status in the popular
perceptions of the Waen-SS, along with the actions of
another ace, Franz Bke, in the Cherkassy Pocket.[13]
In Kurowskis retelling, after ghting unit after unit of
the Red Army, Bke is able to establish a corridor to the
trapped German forces, while wiping out the attack-
ing Soviets. In another of Kurowskis accounts, while
attempting to relieve the 6th Army encircled in Stal-
ingrad, Bke destroys thirty-two enemy tanks in a sin-
gle engagement.[13] The narratives in Panzer Aces do not
include bibliographies or cite sources; the account of
Ribbentrop is presented in the rst person.[14]
3.2 Highly decorated soldiers
Part of the Der Landser series, Kurowskis Landser-pulp book
Hunt for Gray Wolves, features pictures of sinking ships and
U-boat militaria.[16]
The le aboves purpose is being discussed and/or is being con-
sidered for deletion. See les for discussion to help reach a con-
sensus on what to do.
wrote a hagiography of Wolfgang Lth, the most suc-
cessful U-boat commandant of the Second World War
(according to the subtitle), and many more.[17]
In addition to works on individual military men,
Kurowski wrote compilations such as Ritter der sieben
Meere: Ritterkreuztrger der U-Boot-Wae (Knights of the
Seven Seas: Knights Cross Winners of the U-boat Arm),
published in 1975.[18] The book was published in the
U.S. as Knights Cross Holders of the U-Boat Service by
Schier Publishing.[19] U.S. based editions also included
Luftwae Aces published by J.J. Fedorowicz and Panz-
ergrenadier Aces: German Mechanized Infantrymen in
World War II, Jump Into hell: German Paratroopers in
World War II, and The Brandenburger Commandos: Ger-
manys Elite Warrior Spies in World War II, published by
Stackpole Books in the 2010s.[14]

Kurowski produced numerous books featuring highly

decorated personnel of the Wehrmacht and Waen-SS, 3.3 U-boat war
including Luftwae pilots and U-boat commanders of
Nazi Germanys navy (the Kriegsmarine). His works in- Kurowski, under his own name and as Karl Alman, wrote
clude books about ghter aces Hans-Joachim Marseille numerous accounts of Nazi Germanys U-boat warfare,
(under the title German Fighter Ace Hans-Joachim Mar- starting with the 1965 book Angri, ran, versenken;
seille: The Life Story of the Star of Africa),[14] Otto Kittel,
Die U-Bootschlacht im Atlantik (Attack, At 'em, Sink:
Heinrich Br, and Joachim Mncheberg, along with the The U-boat Battle of the Atlantic).[20] He followed up
panzer ace Kurt Knispel. Many of these were reprinted
with the 1967 Graue Wlfe in blauer See. Der Ein-
in the 19902000s by the German publisher Flechsig satz der deutschen U-Boote im Mittelmeer (Gray Wolves
Verlag.[15] in Blue Sea: Deployment of the German U-boats in the
Kurowski wrote extensively about successful U-boat Mediterranean); according to the preface to this semi-
commanders, U-boat aces in his terminology, includ- ctional account, [20]
the book described the war as it ac-
ing Helmut Witte, Johann Mohr, and Heinrich Lehmann- tually happened.
Willenbrock.[15] Under the pen name Karl Alman, he The German scholar Hans Wagener classies Kurowskis
4.2 Bombing of Dresden 3

1981 book Gnther Prien, der Wolf und sein Admiral Rechtsextremismus in Deutschland (Right-wing Extremism
(Gnther Prien, the Wolf and his Admiral), published by in Germany) by Wolfgang Benz, the historian and jour-
extreme right-wing publisher Druel Verlag, as an al- nalist Hans Sarkowicz described the book project as an
most perfect example of a skillful distillation of the Nazi example of the nationalist battle painting in the jour-
understanding of the Second World War.[21] The Cana- nalism of gray and brown zone.[23]
dian historian Michael Hadley comments on Kurowskis According to Insa Eschebach, director of the
goals for the narrative:[20] Ravensbrck National Memorial, Kurowskis 1992
book Stalingrad. Die Schlacht, die Hitlers Mythos zerstrt
Here he wished to commemorate the mer- (Stalingrad: The battle that Destroyed Hitlers Myth)
itorious soldier and human being Gnther serves primarily to rehabilitate the decent, powerful
Prien [who is] forgotten neither by the old sub- German soldiers. The term war criminals appears
mariners nor and this would have startled only in quotation marks; the brilliant successes of the
most observers in Germany today [in 1995] Wehrmacht is the key theme, along with the victim-
"by the young submariners of the Federal Ger- hood and downfall of German soldiers. Kurowski
man Navy. considers Stalingrad as the Golgotha of the 6th Army,
without mentioning that this religious metaphor comes
In a work that examines the role of Landser-pulp from the 1953 book Stalingrad bis zur letzten Patrone
(soldier-pulp) literature in the East German neo-Nazi (Stalingrad: To the Last Round), written by Heinz
movement, Dirk Wilking, head of the Mobile Advisory Schrter, a former member of a propaganda company:
Team for the pro-democracy Brandenburg Institute for When it comes to Stalingrad as Golgotha of the 6th
Community Consultation, uses Kurowskis 1982 volume army, it begs the question: 'Why was a German army
Jagd auf graue Wlfe, 1943 (Hunt for Gray Wolves, even there'"?[24]
1943) to describe the ideological content of Landser-
pulp: war is described as consisting of random coinci-
dences and as a fateful interplay; no questions of guilt or 4.2 Bombing of Dresden
consequences are raised. The concepts of war are de-
scribed in the terms of Nazi wartime propaganda, such Kurowski wrote several books that discuss the February
as 'drama', 'tragedy' and 'fate' (direct quotes from Gray1945 Allied air raids on Dresden. His book Das Mas-
Wolves). This not only has a war-trivialising eect, but saker von Dresden und der anglo-amerikanische Bomben-
also shows war as a desirable state. The divine princi-terror 1944/45 (The Massacre of Dresden and the Anglo-
ple of war as a duty and a natural event is a hallmarkAmerican Terror Bombing in 1944/45) was published by
of such works, Wilking concludes.[16] the extreme right-wing publisher Druel Verlag in 1996.
In 1957, military historian Jrgen Rohwer began a criti- His other books on the subject, Bomben ber Dresden
cal examination of the data published on the sunken ton- (Bombs Over Dresden) and Dresden, followed in 2001 and
nage claimed by Nazi U-boat commanders. Afterwards, 2003.[25]
Kurowski was among the authors who held on to the de- In the context of the World War II bombing campaigns,
tails of the Nazi propaganda regardless of Rohwers re- Kurowskis interpretation of the air war and the Dresden
search results.[22] raid hued closely to the account oered by Hans Rumpf,
the German re protection inspector during World War II
and postwar author. Both Rumpf and Kurowski used the
4 Historical revisionism term terror-bombing exclusively to describe Allied air
attacks, and presented the Luftwae raids against purely
4.1 World War II series and Battle of Stal- civilian targets as retaliation attacks. In his writings,
Kurowski emphasised that the Allied propaganda hugely
ingrad
exaggerated the eects of these raids.[25]
Kurowski played a key role in the revisionist series So The Dutch historian Bastiaan Robert von Benda-
war der Zweite Weltkrieg (And thus was the Second World Beckmann includes Kurowski in his discussion of the
War), a seven-volume history of World War II. The German historiography of the Allied bombing campaign.
project was launched in 1989 by the Verlagsgesellschaft Discussing the 1977 Der Luftkrieg ber Deutschland (The
Berg, one of the largest right-wing publishing groups. Air War Over Germany) and The Massacre of Dresden, he
The series was edited by right-wing publisher and jour- classies Kurowski as belonging to the group of German
nalist Gert Sudholt, who, at that time, was the chairman authors who were inspired by British Holocaust denier
of Society for Free Journalism, the largest constitution- David Irving. Similar to Irving, these authors were grow-
ally protected right-wing association in West Germany. ing more radical and determined in their beliefs"; they
For the series, Kurowski was listed as editorial sta. The condemned the Allies as brutal mass murderers.[26] In
series was reissued by Flechsig Verlag in the 2000s under his works on Dresden and the air war, Kurowski chal-
Kurowskis name.[15] In the foreword to the 1994 book lenges the narrative of German guilt, writing: Ger-
4 5 AUTHENTICITY AND ACCURACY
Kurowskis revisionist works on the bombing of Dresden, includ-
ing Bombs over Dresden, were inuenced by the British Holo-
caust denier David Irving.[26]
man historians were subjected to a position to silence
them and to write on the everlasting German guilt for
everything.[27] Kurowski was among the German au-
thors who cited British major general J. F. C. Fuller's the-
ory that the air raid on Dresden was a planned programme
of genocide. Fuller, retired since 1933, was a supporter
of Oswald Mosley, founder of the British Union of Fas-
cists.[28]
Kurowskis books use long-refuted numbers and state-
ments, some of which date back to declarations from
the Reich Propaganda Ministry. Bombs over Dresden in-
cluded sixteen pages of supposed eyewitness reports (long
since identied as invented) of low-ying aircraft hunting
civilians, as German authors Lars-Broder Keil and Sven
Felix Kellerho point out in their book Deutsche Legen-
den (German Legends). Keil and Kellerho also criticise
his use of a statistic of 60,000 victims that was allegedly
provided by the Federal Statistical Oce of Germany.
Such ocial calculations, as described by Kurowski, did
not exist.[29]
Kurowski started with a higher claimed number of ca-
sualties. In a 2005 article in the German periodical Die
Welt, Kellerho referred to Kurowskis claims of 275,000
dead, allegedly from the Red Cross. Kellerho included
Kurowski in the list of authors who provided highly ex-
aggerated numbers, such as British major general J. F. C.
Fuller, who claimed the gure of half a million dead, and
the German right-wing extremist and Holocaust denier
Manfred Roeder, who gave the number of 480,000 dead.
Kurowskis Bombs over Dresden reproduced the numbers
of 200,000 dead, rst released by the Propaganda Min-
istry on February 25, 1945; the undiclosed ocial Ger-
man estimate at the time was 20,204 dead. This latter
number became public in 1977, and the widespread ex-
aggerations have long been refuted.[30]
5 Authenticity and accuracy
Kurowskis narratives in Der Landser series appeared under his
own name and under numerous pseudonyms. His ctional as-
sertions sometimes found their way into popular literature on the
war.[5]
The le aboves purpose is being discussed and/or is being con-
sidered for deletion. See les for discussion to help reach a con-
sensus on what to do.
Kurowskis works strive to provide an experience of the
war as it happened, but his writing style often leads
to embellishments and half-truths. Kurowski frequently
mixes fact and ction in his accounts, providing a dis-
torted image of the German military and advancing the
post-war concept of Nur-Soldat (merely soldier).[31][11]
In his 1995 book Count Not the Dead: The Popular Image
of the German Submarine, Canadian historian Michael
Hadley panned Kurowskis works as hackwork and
pulp-trade yarn.[32] He described Kurowski as a pulp-
novelist and a hack-writer.[33]
Hadley writes that Kurowski heavily relies on already
published materials, such as in his work Knights of the
Seven Seas. Subtitled Chronicle of Sacrice, the book re-
cycles U-boat mythology, such as the 27,082 dead who
bravely faced the opponent (an allusion to the senseless
sacrice of the men of the U-boat arm by the German
high command). Hadley notes that much of the data
is correct: names, places, ships sunk and medals won,
but the accounts are a mix of facts and fancy that hue
closely to Nazi-era hagiographic accounts about German

U-boat commanders.[18]
In their discussion on the romanticisation of the Wehrma-
cht and the Waen-SS, Smelser and Davies point out
the gurus (including Kurowskis) extensive knowledge
of militaria, as these authors insist on authenticity in
their writings [and] combine a painfully accurate knowl-
edge of the details (...), ranging from vehicles to uni-
forms to medals, with a romantic heroicisation of the
German army ghting to save Europe from a rapacious
Communism.[12]
Smelser and Davies describe Kurowskis version of the
war on the Eastern Front as well-nigh chivalrous,
with German troops showing concerns for the Russian
wounded, despite the many atrocities of the Soviets
against the Germans.[12] In one of Kurowskis accounts,
Michael Wittmann takes out eighteen tanks in a single
engagement, for which Sepp Dietrich, Wittmanns com-
manding ocer, presents him with an Iron Cross and in-
quires whether Wittmann has a request. Without hesita-
tion, Wittmann requests assistance for a wounded Rus-
sian soldier that he spotted. Many similar acts of hu-
manity are present in the books, amounting to an image
of the German ghting men without aws or character
defects. Smelser and Davies conclude that Kurowskis
accounts are laudatory texts that cast the German soldier
in an extraordinarily favorable light.[34]
According to Hadley, Kurowski focuses on hero-
making at the expense of historical truth.[31] In addi-
tion to facts, his writing contained ctional stories. The
historian Roman Tppel notes that it is regrettable that
Kurowski was sometimes perceived as a culturally wor-
thy historian in foreign [non-German language] histori-
cal studies. Thus, ctional assertions of Kurowski found
their way into the literature on World War II.[5]
In an article commemorating the 60th anniversary of
the Dresden bombing, the German newspaper Berliner
Zeitung summed up Kurowskis career as an author of
cookie-cutter books about Final Battles for the Reich,
Eagle Calls from Fhrer Headquarters and Assault
Guns in Action.[35] The paper interviewed two Dresden
booksellers who refused to carry Kurowskis 1996 Mas-
sacre of Dresden, quoting one of them: Its right-wing
nonsense. The book mentions 200,000 dead but does not
provide a source. Theres no bibliography at all.[35]
6 Selected pen names
Kurowski published many of his books under
pseudonyms, depending on the topic. By his own
admission, he used his given name, Kurowski, for more
serious work, and typically reserved his pseudonyms
for works of ction.[20] His pen names included:
Karl Alman[2]
Panzer vor: Die dramatische Geschichte der
5
deutschen Panzerwae und ihre tapferen Sol-
daten (Panzer: The Dramatic Story of the Ger-
man Armored Forces and their Brave Soldiers)
Flechsig, 2006 (unaltered reprint of the 1966
edition).
Wolfgang Lth. Der erfolgreiche U-Boot-
Kommandant des Zweiten Weltkriegs
(Wolfgang Lth: The Most Successful
Submarine Commander of World War II)
Heinrich H. Bernig[2]
Schlacht der Giganten. Opfergang der Panz-
ermnn (Battle of the Giants: Sacrice of
Panzer-man) Pour le Mrite Verlag. Publishes
revisionist, xenophobic and pseudoscientic
works, including materials from the Nazi era.
Reissued in 2006 by Landwehr.
SS-Kavallerie im Osten. Vom 1. SS-Totenkopf-
Reiterregiment zur SS-Reiterbrigade Fegelein
(SS Cavalry in the East: SS Death Head Reg-
iment of Equestrian Brigade Fegelein). Far-
right publisher Arndt Verlag.
Karl Kollatz[36]
Narratives for Der Landser series.
Hanns-Heinz Gatow[37]
Rdiger Greif[2]
Die Jugendbuchreihe Die Funk-Fchse (1981
1984). Young adult series.
Franz K. Kaufmann[2]
Malta muss fallen : Eine histor. Erzhlung
(Malta Must Fall: A Historical Narrative).
Engelbert-Verlag, 1960.
Aufstand in Hellas (Uprising in Hellas). En-
gelbert, 1960.
Volkmar Khn[2]
Mit Rommel in der Wste. Kampf und Unter-
gang des Deutschen Afrika-Korps 19411943
(With Rommel in the Desert: Struggle and
Downfall of the German Africa Corps 1941
1943). Flechsig.
Torpedoboote und Zerstrer im Einsatz 1939
1945. Kampf und Untergang einer Wae (Tor-
pedo Boats and Destroyers in Action 1939
1945: Struggle and Downfall). Motorbuch-
Verlag (1974)
Deutsche Fallschirmjger im Zweiten
Weltkrieg. Grne Teufel im Sprungeinsatz
und Erdkampf 19391945 (German Para-
troopers in World War II: Green Hell in
Parachute Drop and Ground Fighting) .
Flechsig, 2006.
6 8
Tiger: die Geschichte einer legendren Wae
19421945 (Tiger: The Story of a Legendary
Weapon) Motorbuch Verlag, 1976. Trans-
portation and militaria publisher.
Johanna Schulz[2]
Vier fahren nach Griechenland (Four Go to
Greece).
Fahrt ins Verderben: Einsatz d. Ein-Mann-
Torpedos (Ride to Destruction: Use of One-
man Torpedoes). Zimmermann (1960).
Hrowe H. Saunders[38]
Joachim von Schaulen [39]
Heinrich Schulze-Dirschau [2]
Oder-Neisse: muss Deutschland verzichten?
(Oder-Neisse: Will Germany be Without It?).
Verlagsgesellschaft Berg, with Trmer Verlag,
1991. Far-right publisher.
Der deutsche Osten: vom Ordensland Preussen
zum Kernstaat des deutschen Reiches (The Ger-
man East: Order Region as Core State of the
German Empire). Trmer-Verlag, 1989. Far-
right publisher.
7 See also
Myth of the clean Wehrmacht
Waen-SS in popular culture
Militaria literature
Hack writer
8 References
8.1 Citations
[1] Hans Sarkowicz: Publizistik der Grau- und Braunzone. In:
Wolfgang Benz Hrsg.: Rechtsextremismus in Deutsch-
land, Fischer Verlag Frankfurt am Main 1994, p. 78.
[2] Autorenlexikon 2002.
[3] bundesarchiv 2016.
[4] Franz Kurowski, Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek
[5] Notheisen 2017.
[6] Torben Fischer, Matthias N. Lorenz (2007): Lexikon der
Vergangenheitsbewltigung in Deutschland: Debatten- [37] Franz Kurowski, Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek
und Diskursgeschichte des Nationalsozialismus nach 1945.
Transcript Verlag, ISBN 978-3-89942-773-8, p. 116
(online copy, p. 116, at Google Books) (German)
REFERENCES
[7] Kampferprobte Verbnde. In DER SPIEGEL 32/1998 3
August 1998, p. 28
[8] Smelser & Davies 2008, pp. 170173.
[9] Smelser & Davies 2008, p. 5.
[10] Smelser & Davies 2008, p. 206.
[11] Smelser & Davies 2008, pp. 173176.
[12] Smelser & Davies 2008, pp. 173178.
[13] Smelser & Davies 2008, p. 178.
[14] WorldcatStackpole 2016.
[15] WorldcatFlechsig 2016.
[16] Wilking 2004, p. 79.
[17] Hadley 1995, pp. 169170.
[18] Hadley 1995, p. 137.
[19] WorldcatSchier 2016.
[20] Hadley 1995, p. 129.
[21] Wagener 1997, p. 664.
[22] Bodo Herzog: Ritterkreuz und U-Boot-Wae. p. 260 with
reference to Kurowskis Die Trger des Ritterkreuzes des
Eisernen Kreuzes der U-Bootwae 19391945. Podzun-
Pallas, Friedberg/Hessen 1987, ISBN 3-7909-0321-3.
[23] Hans Sarkowicz: Publizistik der Grau- und Braunzone. In:
Wolfgang Benz Hrsg.: Rechtsextremismus in Deutsch-
land, Fischer Verlag Frankfurt am Main 1994, S. 78.
[24] Insa Eschebach: Mythos. Opfer. Symbol. Eine Nach-
lese zur Jubileumsliteratur 50 Jahre Stalingrad. In:
WerkstattGeschichte. 7, Hamburg 1994, pp. 8791.
[25] Benda-Beckmann 2010, pp. 5960.
[26] Benda-Beckmann 2010, p. 173.
[27] Benda-Beckmann 2010, p. 206.
[28] Benda-Beckmann 2010, p. 91.
[29] Lars-Broder Keil, Sven Felix Kellerho (2002): Deutsche
Legenden: vom Dolchstoss und anderen Mythen der
Geschichte. Ch. Links Verlag, Berlin, ISBN 978-3-
86153-257-6, p. 146.
[30] Die Welt 2005.
[31] Hadley 1995, pp. 137, 170.
[32] Hadley 1995, pp. 129, 137.
[33] Hadley 1995, pp. 129,137.
[34] Smelser & Davies 2008, pp. 173178, 251.
[35] Berliner Zeitung 2005.
[36] Edwards 2015, p. 510.
[38] Franz Kurowski, Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek
[39] Franz Kurowski, Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek
 7

8.2 Bibliography Kellerho, Sven Felix (2005). Attach a Zero: How

Benda-Beckmann, Bas von (2010). A German
catastrophe?: German historians and the allied
bombings, 19452010. Amsterdam: Amsterdam
University Press. ISBN 978-90-5629-653-7.
Boll, Bernd; Safrian, Hans (2004). On the Way
to Stalingrad. In Hannes Heer and Klaus Nau-
mann. War Of Extermination: The German Military
In World War II. New York: Berghahn Books. pp.
237271. ISBN 1-57181-232-6.
Bundesarchiv (2016). Amtliche Druckschriften
der Verbnde und Einheiten der Propagandatrup-
pen [Ocial documents of the organizations and
units of the propaganda troops]. Bundesarchiv (in
German). Retrieved 12 March 2016.
Edwards, Robert J. (2015). Tip of the Spear: Ger-
man Armored Reconnaissance in World War II.
Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8117-1571-3.
Many People Died in 1945 in the Firestorm of Dres-
den?". Die Welt (in German). Retrieved 14 March
2016.
Wilking, Dirk (2004). ""Der Landser Wie ein
Mann ein Mann wird [Der Landser: As a Man
a Man is]". In Wolfram Hlsemann and Michael
Kohlstruck. Mobiles Beratungsteam Einblicke.
Brandenburgische Universittsdruckerei. ISBN 3-
00-015288-1.
Books by Kurowski published by Stackpole
Books. Worldcat. 2016. Retrieved 14 March
2016.
Books by Kurowski published by Schier Publish-
ing. Worldcat. 2016. Retrieved 14 March 2016.
Books by Kurowski published by Flechsig Verlag.
Worldcat. 2016. Retrieved 14 March 2016.

Hadley, Michael L. (1995). Count Not the Dead:

9 External links
The Popular Image of the German Submarine. Mon-
treal: McGill-Queens University Press. ISBN 978- Excerpt from the documentary The Unknown Sol-
0-7735-1282-5. dier: interview with Franz Kurowski by the Dutch
historian Beatrice de Graaf
Kohrt, Wolfgang (2005). Dresden remembers the
Literature by and about Franz Kurowski in the
victims of the air attack of 13 February 1945.
German National Library catalogue
Berliner Zeitung (in German). Retrieved 12 March
2016. Bastiaan Robert von Benda-Beckmann (2010): A
German catastrophe? German historians and the Al-
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born. Retrieved 12 March 2016. tional repository of the University of Amsterdam
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8 10 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

10 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

10.1 Text
Franz Kurowski Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kurowski?oldid=780445884 Contributors: Bgwhite, Welsh, KNHaw,
George Ho, Mr Stephen, Marek69, Salavat, Kudpung, MisterBee1966, Yobot, AnomieBOT, Kierzek, Calistemon, Dcirovic, Peacemaker67,
DA - DP, Irondome, Finnusertop, Marchjuly, K.e.coman, Twongered Typist, Cewbot, GeneralizationsAreBad, Bender the Bot and
Anonymous: 2

10.2 Images
File:David_irving.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/David_irving.jpg License: Public domain Con-
tributors: The David Irving website Original artist: unlisted
File:Der_Landser_U-boat_war_by_Franz_Kurowski.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f2/Der_Landser_
U-boat_war_by_Franz_Kurowski.jpg License: Fair use Contributors: Original publication: Der Landser

Immediate source: http://www.kuettner-kuettner.at/de/der-landser/6233-der-landser-grossband-692-jagd-auf-graue-wolfe.html Origi-

nal artist: Unknown
File:Der_Landser_by_Franz_Kurowski.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d9/Der_Landser_by_Franz_
Kurowski.jpg License: Fair use Contributors:
Original publication: As cover art of the book in Der Lanser series
Immediate source: http://trivialitas.square7.ch/lan/lan.htm Original artist: ?
File:Franz_Kurowski.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/8c/Franz_Kurowski.jpg License: Fair use Contributors:
Original publication: Published on the Verlag Bublies web site; date unknown

Immediate source: http://www.bublies-verlag.de/contents/de/d186.html Original artist: Unknown

10.3 Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0