Effects of Enthalpy

and Entropy on
Spontaneous Reaction
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Entropys effect on spontaneous reaction
Entropy is the measure of disorganization of a given system.
Nature always favor a more disorganized system, meaning the less
organized a system is, the more likely that reaction will stay in that state.
The other way around is also true: The more organized a system is, the less
likely the system will remain in that state and will require energy to do so.
So when a reaction occurs spontaneously, the reaction entropy increases.
Reaction occurs non-spontaneously, entropy decreases.
How do you calculate total entropy?

For an isolated system, the total entropy is the entropy of the system.
For an open/closed system however, the total entropy is calculated as
follows:
STotal = Ssystem + Ssurrounding 0
The second law of thermodynamics state that for any spontaneous reaction,
the total entropy must increase as a result of the reaction.
Enthalpy effect on spontaneous reaction
Enthalpy is the measure of heat content in a given system.
Nature always favor exothermic reaction, a reaction in which heat released
from the system, meaning that which ever reaction is exothermic, it will
occur spontaneously
In endothermic reaction, a reaction in which heat is required for the reaction
to start, occurs non-spontaneously.
How do you calculate total enthalpy?
Enthalpy change is the heat content gained or lost to the environment or the
system considered
Equation given to describe to heat transfer between the system and the
environment:

Q system= mc t
- Q surrounding= Q system
This is because the energy gained from either of them equals the decrease
of another one.
Gibbs Free Energy effect on Reaction
Spontaneity

The Gibbss Free Energy can be used to find the spontaneity of the reaction
without calculating the total entropy change of the universe. The equation is as
follows:
If Gibbss free energy is negative the reaction is
G = H - TS spontaneous
If it is positive the reaction is nonspontaneous
Where H is the enthalpy

S is the entropy

T is the temperature in Kelvin

Exam p l e (ase)
Spontaneous

4C3H5(ONO2)3(l)12CO2+10H2O+6N2+O2(g)+
Heat
The explosion of Nitroglycerin is spontaneous and exothermic. Nitroglycerin is
liquid at room temp.

Number of moles increase: Less moles are divided to form more moles, increasing
the entropy.
Change from liquid to gases: The molecules are more separated apart from one
another, increasing the disorganization of the system and so the entropy.
Exothermic process : By releasing energy, the reaction has the tendency to move to
product. Thus, SPONTANEOUS.
Non-spontaneous
N2 (g)+ O2(g) + Heat 2NO (g)
The formation of nitrogen monoxide from a mixture reaction of nitrogen
and oxygen is non-spontaneous reaction at normal temperatures and
pressures.

Endothermic process as reaction would favor the reactant side, since

there is not enough Heat to be absorbed by the reactant to produce
product. This means that the reactant will remain a reactant not the
product turn back into reactant.
Entropy doesnt change as none of the law of disorder, principle is
applied.
 In case of stress
6 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(l) + light energy
C6H12O6 + 6 O2
Enthalpy increase because the reaction absorbs heat energy.
Entropy decrease because a larger molecule is formed; product is
more organized.
Shift from left to right (Non-spontaneous)
If no energy, the reaction Shift from right to left (Spontaneous)

Spontaneity of reactions depend on conditions of environment: (Le

Chateliers principle)
If CO2 is added, the reaction shift from left to right.
If system is compressed(Decrease volume), reaction shifts from left to
right.
However, any catalyst involved in a reaction will not change the
amount of either sides; it only increases the rate.
http://www.ck12.org/chemistry/Spontaneous-and-Nonspontaneous-Reactions/less
on/Spontaneous-and-Nonspontaneous-Reactions-CHEM/