CHAPTER I: THE PROBLEM AND BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

INTRODUCTION
One of the most used necessities in these modern days is road networks. The construction of

roads is one of any nations biggest structural achievement. Roads do not simply connect cities,

towns and municipalities but they also increase trading potentials. Nowadays, new and improved

road system reduces the rather uncomfortable travel experienced during the old days when roads

are made from gravel and soil.

During the feudal times, the main purpose of roads was primarily for the movement of the

armies for their conquest, and secondarily, for food transport. In our modern society, the roads

are still designed for transport, but are demanded to provide the most comfortable and

economical travel which can possibly be enjoyed for a long period of time. Nowadays, road

systems are expected to transport people with great comfort and goods with ease at their most

efficient time. It is taken into great consideration for such demands to include the motorists

safety, the amount of time consumed in travel, and the aesthetics form based on the drivers

viewpoint.

The construction, and moreover, the maintenance that is needed to make the roads serve their

purpose is a big task. The Department of Public Work and Highways (DPWH) is a department

that functions as the Philippine Governments engineering and construction arm, is vested with

such enormous task. The department is responsible for the overall planning and design,

construction, and maintenance of infrastructure which mainly focused on national highways,

flood control, water resource development and other public works, while keeping track of every

aspect of road safety.

 Batangas Province, considerably a place of travel with flourishing tourism,

manufacturing and trading industries, exemplifies a great demand for functional road networks.

Indeed, various DPWH road projects had materialized and had been continuously done in the

province to support its development. The researchers, thus, deemed it necessary to consolidate

basic data on each road in the province. This study will make a database of road networks in

Batangas Province, specifically, within districts 2, 3, and 5. The re-created database will be

comprised of the following: location, road classification, type of pavement used and the

condition of each road. Incorporating data with what the local government has, the results of the

study will be aimed towards the improvement in tracking, monitoring, reporting and organizing

element in data management and highway statistics reporting.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Generally, a road is referred to as a route or way between many places used for

transferring of goods and materials. A network of interdependence is the system that basically

serves the basic purpose of travel with each segment moving traffic towards destinations. The

condition of the road, whether good or not, can affect the travelers and traders as well. Roads are

designed of various types and utilized different materials usually for serving its appropriate

purpose. Continuous monitoring, maintenance and repair of existing roads is required.

According to DPWH Atlas (2011), the first road classification system in the country was

established through Republic Act No. 917, known as the Philippine Highway Act, enacted in

1953 and Executive Order 113, series of 1955 which classified roads into national roads (national

primary and national secondary), national aid roads (roads of sufficient importance for

eventual reclassification at a later stage) and provincial, municipal and city roads.
 Classification of roads is an important aspect of highway as it affects planning and design

very comprehensively (Foster, 2001). The system has the ability to bring more efficiency and

objectiveness to the transportation planning process, which includes closer ties to land use

planning. Mackett (1994) relates the importance of transportation modeling to the planning-

policy relationship and the importance of the land use-transportation relationship to the planning

process.

The province of Batangas is characterized by many types of roads like municipal road,

provincial road, barangay road and even private road. Materials such as concrete, asphalt and

gravel are utilized as road pavements in Batangas. The need to analyze the present condition of

roadways in Batangas Province whether these roads are still functional or needs repair proved to

be necessary. The office of DPWH has the data of the road system of the province of Batangas

that can be of help towards understanding more about the research study.

To have a clearer and better perspective of the research, the conceptual paradigm is

presented as shown:

Input Process Output

Classifying the
types of roads in
The present and Presentating the re-
districts 2, 3, and
existing database created database
5 of Batangas
of the functional of the roads in
Province.
classification of districts 2, 3, and 5
Determining the
roads in districts 2, of Batangas
types of road
3, and 5 of Province
pavement
Batangas Province
Determining the
from the office of
road condition
DPWH

DATABASE OF FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF ROADS

IN BATANGAS PROVINCE AS OF 2016
Figure 1. Conceptual Paradigm of the Study

Based from the conceptual framework of the study, the input is the existing database from

the Department of Public Work and Highways (DPWH) which embodied the functional

classification of roads in the province. With the existing data, the process is set to focused on

characterizing the roads in three aspects, that is, the classification of roads, the type of road

pavement, and the road condition. Various forms of analysis are provided in terms: data from the

DPWH and some local officials; visual assessment of the road condition; and classification based

on DPWHs prescribed standards. The said analysis is to be of significant use in an output of

recreating the database of functional classification of roads in the districts 2, 3, and 5 of Batangas

Province.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Specifically, the study seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What are the existing national, provincial and municipal roads in districts 2, 3, and 5 in

Batangas province?
2. How are these existing roads characterized in terms of
a. classification
b. type of pavement used
c. condition
3. Is there a significant relationship between the existing DPWH database and the re-created

database of functional classification of national, provincial and municipal roads in

districts 2, 3, and 5 of the Batangas province?

HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY

 There are existing national, provincial and municipal roads in districts 2, 3, and 5 which

may be classified as to the kind of service they are intended to provide to commuters and

travelers. The existing road pavements may also be visually assessed as concrete, asphalt and

gravel pavements. Furthermore, their conditions can be determined if it is in a good, fair and

poor as compared to DPWH standards. Identifying and classifying the existing national,

provincial and municipal roads in districts 2, 3, and 5 can provide travelers with possible choices

towards consuming lesser amount of travel time and gaining more convenience in selecting

which road is advantageous in terms of its condition given the route of the destination. Likewise,

the re-created database can be possibly integrated with the existing DPWH database for an

enhanced data management and highway statistics reporting which in turn, leads to a more

efficient transportation facility.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY

This research study is mainly concerned mainly with the functional classification of the

national, provincial and municipal roads in Batangas province, specifically District 2, 3 and

District 5. Furthermore, it is also focused not only in classification of national, provincial and

municipal roads but also its prevalent conditions. This study involves database gathering from

DPWH, municipality or barangay officials, visual road condition assessment, road function and

classification based on DPWH standard. However, the following aspects are not included in this

study, that is, the interview with commuters and community, manual traffic volume counting, and

assessment on the materials used for the road construction. Thus, it is assumed that the roads best

serve their functions as to their classification, road pavements and good conditions.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

 The functional classification of a road refers to the class or group of roads to which the

road belongs. It is the process by which streets and highways are grouped into classes, or

systems, according to the character of traffic service that they are intended to provide. It defines

the nature of travelling within a network in a logical and efficient manner by defining the part

that any particular road or street should play in servicing the flow of trips through the entire road

network. (MDTA, 2010). It is but of significance to provide an updated and accurate functional

classification of roads so as to increase the efficiency of an entire road network that is of best

service to every commuter or traveler.

This study dealing with the recreation of a functional classification database of roads in

Batangas province specifically in districts 2, 3, and 5 is an important aspect of achieving road

traffic safety as an element of sustainable and integrated transport systems. Data gathered from

the study will lead to more uniform and more accurate classification of roadways across the three

districts. Likewise, an easier way of tracking, monitoring, reporting and organizing element in

data management and highway statistics reporting will also be generated.

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Conceptual Literature

Roads. A road is a thoroughfare, route, or way on land between two places that has been paved

or otherwise improved to allow travel by foot or some form of conveyance, including a motor

vehicle, cart, bicycle, or horse. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road)

As of 2011, the countrys road system comprised about 215,000 km, of which about 15%

were classified as national roads, thereby falling under the jurisdiction of the Department of

Public Works and Highways (DPWH). The remaining 85% of the network is defined as local

roads and falls under the jurisdiction of a variety of local government units. As of November

2011, 79% of national roads and only 18% of local roads were paved with either asphalt or

concrete. The percentage of national roads that are paved has risen only slowly from 71% in

2001 and remains well below the governments original target of 95% by 2010. Of the 31,400

km of national roads in the system, only about 45% (14,200 km) were assessed as being in good

or fair condition in November 2011. This figure is lower than the percentages in 1982 (about

52%) and 2001 (about 47%). For local roads, the 2009 figure was much lower, at about 20%

(about 35,300 km of 176,300 km). Annual investment in the road system has remained at about

0.6% of gross domestic product (GDP), which is much lower than the comparable figure for

most other countries in Southeast Asia. As a result, efforts to upgrade or expand the network

have been limited. (https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/.../files/philippines-transport-

assessment.pdf)

Pavement. A durable surfacing of a road, airstrip, or similar area. The primary function of a

pavement is to transmit loads to the sub-base and underlying soil. Modern flexible pavements

contain sand and gravel or crushed stone compacted with a binder of bituminous material, such

as asphalt, tar, or asphaltic oil. Such a pavement has enough plasticity to absorb shock. Rigid
pavements are made of concrete, composed of coarse and fine aggregate and Portland cement,

and usually reinforced with steel rod or mesh.

(https://www.britannica.com/technology/pavement-civil-engineering)

There are two types of pavements based on design considerations i.e. flexible pavement

and rigid pavement. Difference between flexible and rigid pavements is based on the manner in

which the loads are distributed to the subgrade.

Flexible pavement can be defined as the one consisting of a mixture of asphaltic or bituminous

material and aggregates placed on a bed of compacted granular material of appropriate quality in

layers over the subgrade. Water bound macadam roads and stabilized soil roads with or without

asphaltic toppings are examples of flexible pavements.

A rigid pavement is constructed from cement concrete or reinforced concrete slabs.

Grouted concrete roads are in the category of semi-rigid pavements.

(http://theconstructor.org/transportation/types-of-pavement-flexible-and-rigid-pavement/9570/)

Asphalt. The story of asphalt begins thousands of years before the founding of the United States.

Asphalt occurs naturally in both asphalt lakes and in rock asphalt (a mixture of sand, limestone

and asphalt). The ancient Mesopotamians used it to waterproof temple baths and water tanks.

The Phoenicians caulked the seams of their merchant ships with asphalt. In the days of the

Pharaohs, Egyptians used the material as mortar for rocks laid along the banks of the Nile to

prevent erosion, and the infant Moses' basket was waterproofed with asphalt.

(http://www.beyondroads.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=page&filename=history.html).

It is a mixture of aggregates, binder and filler, used for constructing and maintaining all

kind of roads, parking areas but also play- and sport areas. Aggregates used for asphalt mixtures
could be crushed rock, sand, gravel or slags. In order to bind the aggregates into a cohesive

mixture a binder is used. Most commonly, bitumen is used as a binder. An average asphalt

pavement consists of the road structure above the formation level which includes unbound and

bituminous-bound materials. This gives the pavement the ability to distribute the loads of the

traffic before it arrives at the formation level. Asphalt is sometimes referred to as a flexible

pavement. This is due to its ability to largely resist the stress imposed by slight settlements of the

subgrade without cracking. (http://www.eapa.org/asphalt.php?c=78)

Concrete. On a human timescale, small usages of concrete go back for thousands of years.

Concrete-like materials were used since 6500 BC by the Nabataea traders or Bedouins who

occupied and controlled a series of oases and developed a small empire in the regions of southern

Syria and northern Jordan. They discovered the advantages of hydraulic lime, with some self-

cementing properties, by 700 BC. They built kilns to supply mortar for the construction of

rubble-wall houses, concrete floors, and underground waterproof cisterns. The cisterns were kept

secret and were one of the reasons the Nabataea were able to thrive in the desert. Some of these

structures survive to this day. (http://www.syoob-factory.com/?q=content/history-concrete)

The Romans used concrete heavily over more than seven hundred years (from 300 BC to

476 AD). Roman concrete was made from slaked lime a volcanic ash called pozzuolan, lime was

used as a cementitious material. Animal fat, milk, and blood were used as admixtures. It was

used in many Roman structures such as the famous Roman concrete building The Pantheon.

After the fall of the Roman Empire the art of concrete was lost for about 1000 years.

(http://www.ecpaving.com/the-history-of-concrete/)

In its simplest form, concrete is a mixture of paste and aggregates, or rocks. The paste,

composed of portland cement and water, coats the surface of the fine (small) and coarse (larger)
aggregates. Through a chemical reaction called hydration, the paste hardens and gains strength to

form the rock-like mass known as concrete. Within this process lies the key to a remarkable trait

of concrete: it's plastic and malleable when newly mixed, strong and durable when hardened.

These qualities explain why one material, concrete, can build skyscrapers, bridges, sidewalks and

superhighways, houses and dams. (http://www.cement.org/cement-concrete-basics)

Related Literature

Most travel occurs through a network of interdependent roadways, with each roadway

segment moving traffic through the system towards destinations. The concept of functional

classification defines the role that a particular roadway segment plays in serving this flow of

traffic through the network. Roadways are assigned to one of several possible functional

classifications within a hierarchy according to the character of travel service each roadway

provides. Planners and engineers use this hierarchy of roadways to properly channel

transportation movements through a highway network efficiently and cost effectively. (U.S.

Department of Transportation, 2013).

National roads. National roads are classified in relation to its functionality to the national road

network. National roads are now classified into primary arterial and secondary arterial and

further categorized into: North-South Backbone, East-West Lateral, Other Roads of Strategic

Importance and National Secondary Roads. Functional classification of roads concentrates on

the purpose of the road in a strategic and interregional sense. (DPWH Atlas, 2011)

North-South Backbone - the main trunk line from northernmost Luzon down to Southern

Mindanao interconnecting major islands

 East-West Laterals roads traversing backbone and across the islands
Other Roads of Strategic Importance direct access to important centers and areas vital

for regional development and emergencies

National Secondary Roads other roads which complement national arterial roads to

provide access to other main population and production centers

On April 14, 2014, Road Classification and Route Numbering System was implemented and

incorporated in the Road and Bridge Information Application (RBIA). The new system classified

roads into:

National Primary
-directly connects major cities (at least around 100,000 people). Cities within

metropolitan areas are not covered by the criteria

National Secondary
-directly connects cities to national primary roads, except in metropolitan areas
-directly connects major ports and ferry terminals to national primary roads
-directly connects major airports to national primary roads
-directly connects tourist service centers to national primary roads or other

national secondary roads

-directly connects cities (not included in the category of major cities)
-directly connects provincial capitals within the same region
-directly connects major national government infrastructure to national primary

roads or other national secondary roads

National Tertiary
-other existing roads under DPWH which perform a local function
Provincial Roads
-connect cities and municipalities without traversing National Roads
-connect to National Roads to barangays through rural areas
-connect to major provincial government infrastructure
Municipal and City Roads

-roads within Poblacion

-roads that connect to Provincial and National Roads

 -roads that provide inter-barangay connections to major municipal and city

infrastructure without traversing provincial roads

Barangay Roads
-other Public Roads (officially turned over) within the barangay and not covered

in the above definitions

These modifications are used in organizing the classifications of each road within

districts two, three and five.

Visual Road Condition Assessment. Visual distress is an important input in the assessment of

the condition of a pavement structure. Distress is described by recording its origin

characteristics, the so called attributes of distress, namely the type, degree and extent of

occurrence.
A visual condition index for each assessment length through the combination of the rating

for degree and extent for each distress type.

Good Some minor signs of distress
Fair Moderate stress, indicating the need for a routine maintenance or a re-gravelling.
Poor conditions are due for rehabilitation
Bad This conditions are recommended for total reconstruction.

Synthesis

PROPOSED ROAD RE-CLASSIFICATION - Planning Service of DPWH and Project

Development Services of DILG. The first comprehensive reference to a road classification

system in the Philippines is found in Republic Act No. 917, known as the Philippine Highway

Act, enacted in 1953 and Executive Order (EO) No. 113, Series of 1955, which became effective

on January 1, 1955, Establishing The Classification of Roads. EO No. 113 classified the roads

into national primary and national secondary classes as well as delineating the so-called

national aid provincial and city roads of sufficient importance for eventual reclassification at a
later stage. EO No. 113 also laid down criteria for classification of National Roads and for re-

classification from local roads to National Roads.The re-classification places emphasis on the

functional aspect of a road. The essence of functional classification is that it concentrates on the

purpose of the road in a strategic and interregional sense rather than its use in terms of traffic

related to geometric features.

GUIDELINES ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF PROJECTS UNDER THE SPECIAL

LOCAL ROAD FUND (SLRF) MVUC LAW. Republic Act 8794 or the Motor Vehicle

Users Charge Law enacted on June 27, 2000 declares that it is the policy of the state to

provide for and ensure the adequate maintenance of national and provincial roads through

sufficient funding for the purpose. In preparing their maintenance Annual Works Program for

funding under the SLRF of MVUC Law Provinces and Cities shall be guided by these

guidelines. One is the works planning, updating the Local Roads Inventory and Road Map

LGUs shall conduct an annual inventory of the existing Local Road and their conditions to

update the statistical record of the provincial/city road assets in a database.

 CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHOD AND PROCEDURES

This chapter presents the methods and procedures applied in this study. Specifically, this

chapter covers the research methods, sources of data, data collection and data analysis.

RESEARCH METHOD

The descriptive of research is used in the study to gather significant information about

present conditions and the nature of a situation as it exist in the time of the study. Relevant data

is also collected to accomplish the objectives and the purpose of utilizing it to recreate an

updated baseline information based on the descriptive procedure used. The researchers employ

various procedures which includes the actual inspection of the selected roadway system and

means: and getting data from concerned government agencies and units. Likewise, some

qualitative techniques of research are adopted such as contemplations, photos and compilation

that will be taken into consideration to highly support the observations and findings of the

research study. Moreover, the researchers aim to employ descriptive analysis, in particular, to

examine the larger data sets from reliable sources so as to uncover hidden patters or trends, if

there are any; and provide possible forecast that will serve as guide in formulating various

recommendations that will deemed helpful to the agencies concerned.

SOURCES OF DATA
 The researchers are to gather necessary data by requesting the desired information from

the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) of district 2, 3 and 5. The secured data

includes the roadway plan and location of existing primary and secondary roads in the selected

districts. The previous assessment on the road situation and pavement condition will also be

requested from the DPWH. Moreover, accurate data are also expected from various local and

barangays officials upon their visit to selected barangay roads in districts 2,3 and 5. This data are

gathered from actual interview and inspection of the roadways. The existing problems,

recommendations or resolutions (if any) about the roads in the respective barangays are also to

be requested or secured.

DATA COLLECTION (DATA GATHERNG PROCEDURE)

The researchers perform the data gathering procedure after the preparation of the

preliminary requirements such as necessary documents, permits and request letters. The

researchers sent letters seeking permission from the respective institutions and offices on the

conduct of the study. Upon approval on the conduct of the study, the other procedures in securing

the needed information is conducted based on the most convenient and productive time for

everyone. Necessary documents, permits and request letters are submitted for approval.

Interview with the personnel of the Department of Public Works and Highway (CEO and the

barangay officials, if necessary) are conducted. Baseline data information from DPWH records

are also requested and secured. Road inspection is performed so as to present the needed

information for documentation. Photos are taken to facilitate easier classification, condition and

pavement analysis of the roadways. Data from the internet through the Government website such
as the Department of Public Works and Highways where data are also gathered,

www.dpwh.gov.ph.

With all the baseline data, documentations and other actual information at hand, various

relevant information is consolidated, compared and analyzed. Previous records on the condition

of the roadways are to be compared with the present result of the inspection. Consolidated data

(previous or present) are analyzed in order to find various patterns or trends, if any, so as to

complement the existing records. Such analysis of observations and information aims to recreate

a baseline data for DPWH, as well as to forecast relevant situations based on the findings.

Recommendations are formulated based on the patterns and created forecast.

DATA ANALYSIS

The researchers aim to use the descriptive analysis concept in carrying out its descriptive

methods of research. In this study, with the DPWH baseline roadway data of Districts 2, 3 and 5

in Batangas; as well as the actual data gathered from local barangay officials, the classification,

condition and pavement record of the existing roadways are analyzed for possible patterns and

trends. With the use of actual inspection and accurate documentation, the same factors-

classification, condition and pavement analysis of the existing records are to verified and later

reconciled with the existing records. The analysis of both data gathered is based on the

prescribed guidelines and standards set forth by the DPWH, so as to provide a precise and sound

judgment regarding on the concerns of the study. Through the analysis of the reconciled data, the

classification of roads, their condition and pavement analysis is summarized for a possible

recreated and updated baseline data of the roadways in the said district.

STATISTICAL TREATMENT
 With the aim of re-creating a baseline data of roadways in the selected districts of

Batangas Province and the feasibility of looking into the possible patterns and forecast about the

present classification, road and pavement situations, the following statistical tools will be used:

Frequency. is used to indicate the number of roads as to particular categories stated in this study.

In addition, percentage technique. This statistical tool will enable to quantify the percentage of

roadways as to their classification, road condition and pavement condition. Finally, graphic

presentation will be used to provide a clearer picture of the data being analyzed.