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University of Miami

Scholarly Repository
Open Access Dissertations Electronic Theses and Dissertations

2016-04-25

A Pedagogical Analysis of Selected Early Piano


Works by Alexander Scriabin
Larisa Soboleva
University of Miami, l.soboleva@umiami.edu

Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations

Recommended Citation
Soboleva, Larisa, "A Pedagogical Analysis of Selected Early Piano Works by Alexander Scriabin" (2016). Open Access Dissertations.
1629.
http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/1629

This Open access is brought to you for free and open access by the Electronic Theses and Dissertations at Scholarly Repository. It has been accepted for
inclusion in Open Access Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Repository. For more information, please contact
repository.library@miami.edu.



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