Wave 2 Book Final

2008 Workshop
Series
Mobile WiMAX
Wave 2
WiMAX and the WiMAX Forum logo are trademarks of the WiMAX Forum
Agilent Technologies, Inc.
5301 Stevens Creek Blvd
Santa Clara CA 95052
April 2008
Dear Customer:
Thank you for attending our WiMAX Wave 2 Workshop.
As a Principal member of the WiMAX Forum, Agilent is fully-committed to supporting the development and
deployment of this exciting technology around the world. Were working with you today on solutions that
meet the challenges of MIMO and Wave 2 designs, and we look forward to working with you in future as
WiMAX evolves to 802.16m and expands to include 700Mhz profiles. Our educational tools and programs
such as this workshop and regular webcasts are focused on providing timely information to ensure your
802.16 development projects succeed by:
helping you understand the underlying RF transmission technology

overcoming PHY and MAC- related engineering and measurement complexity
navigating through the certification test requirements and processes
enabling you to make well-informed decisions about the most useful test and measurement tools
Agilent has been helping customers like you develop Fixed and Mobile WiMAX products since 2003 and
today offers a range of tools including:
EDA circuit and system simulation software to speed up component and system development
Vector signal analyzers and software that perform detailed OFDMA transmitter troubleshooting
High performance spectrum analyzers for wideband and out-of-band RF measurements
Vector signal creation software to develop compliant test signals for performing receiver tests
High performance signal generators that generate and transmit WiMAX waveforms for receiver testing
Flexible WiMAX base station emulators for subscriber station tests
Fast, one-box RF parametric test tools for Mobile WiMAX PHY layer Tx and Rx applications
Tools for network deployment such as Drive Test, Signaling Analyzers, and more!
This workbook contains the presentation materials shared today. For more information about our
WiMAX test and measurement solutions, please contact your Agilent Sales Representative, or go to
www.agilent.com/find/wimax
Thank you for your time & interest!
Sincerely,
Karen Hall
Emerging Communications Market Development Manager
Electronic Measurements Group
Agilent Technologies, Inc.
WiMAX and the WiMAX Forum logo are trademarks of the WiMAX Forum
Mobile WiMAX:
Wave 2 and Beyond
WiMAX, Mobile WiMAX and WiMAX Forum

are trademarks of the WiMAX Forum
Mobile WiMAX: Wave 2 and Beyond

Agilent Technologies 2008
Page 1 March 2008
Topics
Update on WiMAX market

Trials, deployments
Certification progress
Brief Summary of Wave 2
WiMAX Evolution
IEEE 802.16Rev2
Release 1.x
IEEE 802.16m
IEEE 802.16j
NOTES:
Most of this presentation will focus on the physical layer aspects of Mobile WiMAX
Presentation assumes audience is familiar with the basic concepts of Mobile WiMAX

Page 2 March 2008
WiMAX Market Update
More than 260 trials and deployments of WiMAX systems (fixed and mobile) in 110
countries (source: Informa Telecoms & Media)
Over 250 operators for broadband wireless access and WiMAX tracked by
WiMAXCounts service from Maravedis.
Deployments By Region Deployments By Technology
North America 11% 28%

26% Asia
11% Proprietary
Central/Latin America 48% Mobile WiMAX
Fixed WiMAX
14%
Middle East/Africa
24%
Percentage of Mobile WiMAX
38% Europe deployments doubled from 12%
in June 2007 report to 24%
Source: WiMAXCounts.com Nov. 2007 report, covering 196 operators
42 companies participated in 4th Mobile WiMAX Plugfest in Oct. 2007. 20 setups

successfully transmitted data using Matrix A/B, with some successful beamforming
interoperability tests (Wave 2 features).

Page 3 March 2008
Mobile WiMAX Certification Progress
6 WiMAX Forum Designated Certification Labs

Spain: AT4 Wireless
U.S.: AT4 Wireless
Korea: Telecommunications Technology Association (TTA)
China: China Academy of Telecommunication Research
Taiwan: Advance Data Technology Corp. (ADT), TTC-CCS
New labs planned to be added in India, Brazil, and Japan
WiMAX Forum announced AT4 Wireless in Spain was accepting Mobile
WiMAX devices for certification testing on Dec. 19, 2007
As of Feb. 12, 28 products in the 2.3 and 2.5 GHz bands had been
submitted for certification testing
First certified products expected in Q2 2008

Page 4 March 2008
Focus on Wave 2
WiMAX Forums Wave 1 system profiles focused on basic functionality of Mobile

WiMAX systems
Most current Mobile WiMAX product development focused on Wave 2
Wave 2 system profiles added more advanced capabilities, including:
Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC)
DL/UL AMC 2x3 zones
IO-MIMO Profile
Matrix A: Space Time Coding (STC)
Matrix B: 2x2 MIMO with vertical encoding
Uplink collaborative spatial multiplexing
IO-BF (beamforming) profile
DL-PUSC and AMC 2x3 with dedicated pilots
UL-PUSC without subchannel rotation
Uplink sounding

Page 5 March 2008
AMC Zones
AMC = Adaptive Modulation and Coding

Adjacent subcarriers are used; subcarriers are not spread in frequency as in PUSC
Allows optimization of modulation/coding based on channel conditions within frequency span
4 different allocation (slot) structures allowed in standard (see diagrams below)
Only AMC 2 bins x 3 symbols (2x3) required in Wave 2
1 subchannel includes the number of rows of bins in a slot (Example: For 1024 FFT, 96 bins
available. 2x3 has 48 subchannels, 3x2 has 32 subchannels)
Slot 1
1 subchannel
Pilot Slot 2
2 bins x 3 symbols (2x3) 1 bin x 6 symbols (1x6)
3 bins x 2 symbols
Default Type: 6 bins are
Bin = 9 adjacent (3x2)
Supported in N7615B Supported in wrapped, lowest to highest
subcarriers in one
Signal Studio and 89601A VSA bin in band first, then to Not supported
symbol.
89601A VSA lowest bin in next symbol.
Band = 4 rows of Supported in 89601A
bins
Used in Wave 2 VSA

Page 6 March 2008
WiMAX STC and MIMO Implementations
MISO
channel
Concept
One data stream sent twice, for
DL
improved robustness. Allows use
Matrix A
(2x1 STC) of more efficient modulation
2 TX 1 RX
formats for any given SNR.
MIMO
channel Two separate data streams sent
DL simultaneously on same channel.
Matrix B 2 RX Matrix decoder separates them in
(2x2 MIMO) 2 TX
the receiver. Doubles the data
throughput.
Two separate data streams sent

UL simultaneously on same channel,
Collaborative as above. But theyre from two
Spatial 2 RX separate transmitters in two
Multiplex 1 TX
separate mobile stations.
(2x2 MIMO)
1 TX
Note: IEEE 802.16 standard allows 1, 2 or 4 TX antennas. WiMAX
Forums Wave 2 system profiles only include 1 or 2 antennas.
Page 7 March 2008
Beamforming
Beamforming combined with STC/MIMO provides better performance than

STC/MIMO alone
Weights applied to transmit antennas to form beam
Weights generated with the help of uplink sounding. MS can send a sounding
symbol from one antenna (required in IO-BF for Wave 2), or from both antennas
by switching the transmit chain to one or the other antenna (not required).
MS uses UL-PUSC with subchannel rotation disabled
BS uses DL-PUSC or AMC with dedicated pilots
UL PUSC Zone DL PUSC Zone (HARQ)

(no subchannel rotation) (Dedicated Pilots)
Sounding zone
Ranging, CQICH, HARQ
FCH, Broadcast MAPs

DL Frame Preamble
UL SZ (Decimated)
ACK (UL PUSC)
(PUSC)
UL Frame N DL Frame N+1

Page 8 March 2008
WiMAX Evolution: Whats Next After Wave 2?
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
802.16j
(H208)
IEEE 802.16-2004 802.16-2004/
802.16Rev2 802.16m
802.16e-2005 Corrigendum 2
Standards (Q208) (Q409)
(Dec. 2005) (Ended)
WiMAX Forum
Release 1.0 Release 1.x Release 2.0
Mobile WiMAX
(2007) (2009) (2010-2011)
System Profiles
WiMAX Forum Wave 1 Wave 2 Release 1.x Release 2.0

Certification Certification Certification Certification Certification
(Dec 07) (2008) (2009-2010) (2011)
Key Features Basic Mobile STC/MIMO and UL Under discussion: Under discussion:
WiMAX system collaborative SM FDD/H-FDD 100 Mbps at high
operation Beamforming 700 MHz band mobility, 1 Gbps at
TDD mode AMC zones MIMO for AMC low mobility
Closed-loop MIMO 5-20 MHz BW
Persistent allocation MIMO with up to 4
HO optimization antennas
Handover to other
All future dates are estimates and subject to change radio technologies

Page 9 March 2008
IEEE 802.16Rev2
Project initiated in March 2007 by 802.16 Maintenance Task Group

Goal is to combine latest standard with subsequent amendments and
updates. 802.16Rev2 will consolidate these documents:
802.16-2004: Last revision
802.16e-2005: Amendment on enhancements to support mobility
802.16-2004/Cor1: Corrigendum to 802.16-2004 (part of 802.16e-2005 document)
802.16f-2005: Amendment on Management Information Base for Fixed Systems
802.16g-2007: Amendment on Management Information Base
802.16-2004/Cor2/D4: Last draft of Corrigendum 2 prior to discontinuation of project
802.16i: Amendment on Mobile Management Information Base (if completed in time)
Includes many clarifications/corrections related to more advanced features
such as MIMO, AMC zones, HARQ, and UL sounding.

Page 10 March 2008
Release 1.x System Profiles
WiMAX Forum has not announced date for completion of new system profile
Based on 802.16Rev2, due to be completed in mid-2008
Possible Rel 1.x completion by 2009, certification in 2009-2010
PHY features under discussion include:
FDD and hybrid FDD (H-FDD) or half-duplex operation: frame structure still TBD
In H-FDD, radio only transmits or receives at specific times, instead of transmitting and
receiving at the same time as in full-duplex FDD mode
Users divided up into 2 groups to time-share a portion of the frame
5 ms
DL
UL
Support for 700 MHz and 1.7 GHz Advanced Wireless Service (AWS) bands
MIMO-Beamforming improvements such as closed-loop MIMO using various
feedback techniques (codebook, quantized coefficient, or analog feedback)

Page 11 March 2008
Release 1.x System Profiles (2)
Additional PHY features under discussion include:

MIMO support for AMC zones
Issue with Matrix A: requires even number of symbols so AMC 2x3 does not support it
Proposals for using AMC 2x6 or alternate data mappings using space-frequency coding
instead of space-time coding
20 MHz BW support
Higher-order MIMO, such as 4 Tx / 2 Rx or MS with 2 Tx antennas
Other features under discussion include:
MAC enhancements
Persistent allocation
Handover optimization
Support for Multicast and Broadcast Service (MBS)
Support for Location Based Services (LBS)
WiMAX and WiFi co-existence

Page 12 March 2008
IEEE 802.16m Standard
Project initiated in December 2006, target completion date is end of 2009

Amendment to 802.16 WirelessMAN-OFDMA PHY to provide advanced air interface to meet
requirements of IMT-Advanced next generation networks, with support for legacy 802.16
OFDMA equipment
Proposals being submitted, no draft yet
Goal: provide at least 100 Mbps data throughput at high mobility (350 kph) and 1 Gbps at low
mobility
System Requirements
Systems operate in licensed spectrum below 6 GHz
Channel bandwidths: 5, 10, 20 MHz
Duplexing modes: TDD, FDD, H-FDD
Will coexist with other IMT-2000 and IMT-Advanced technologies
Will support handover with other radio access technologies (e.g. 802.11 WLAN, 3GPP,
3GPP2 cdma2000)
Expect >2x improvement in throughput of a data-only system when compared to Wave 2
MIMO system (DL 2x2, UL 1x2)

Page 13 March 2008
802.16m Requirements Summary
Feature Minimum Target

DL: 2x2 DL: 4x4 (2x4, 4x2 also allowed)
MIMO Configuration
UL: 1x2 UL: 2x4 (1x4, 2x2 also allowed)
Peak Data Rates DL: > 160 Mbps (2x2) DL: > 300 Mbps (4x4)
(per sector with 20 MHz BW) UL: > 56 Mbps (1x2) UL: > 112 Mbps (2x4)
Peak Spectral Efficiency DL: > 8.0 bps/Hz (2x2) DL: > 15.0 bps/Hz (4x4)
(per sector) UL: > 2.8 bps/Hz (1x2) UL: > 5.6 bps/Hz (2x4)
Mobility Up to 350 km/hr Up to 500 km/hr
Maximum Data Latency < 10 ms
Maximum Handover Interruption Intra-frequency: 30 ms
Time Inter-frequency: 100 ms
Throughput of Data-only System:

Average user throughput DL: 0.26 bps/Hz, UL: 0.13 bps/Hz
Cell edge user throughput DL: 0.09 bps/Hz, UL: 0.02 bps/Hz
VoIP Capacity > 30 active users/MHz/sector
Source: IEEE 802.16m-08/002r4

Page 14 March 2008
802.16m Proposals: OFDMA Parameters
Proposal 2
Proposal 1

Page 15 March 2008
802.16m Proposals: Frame Structure (1 of 3)
Super-frame Concept
20 ms Super-frames
1 super-frame contains
4 frames, 5 ms each
1 frame contains 8 sub-frames
Regular sub-frame contains 6 symbols.

Irregular sub-frame contains 5 symbols
or less.
Source: IEEE C802.16m-08/118

Page 16 March 2008
Example TDD Structure

Page 17 March 2008
Example FDD Structure

Page 18 March 2008
802.16m Proposals:
Supporting Legacy Frames (TDD)

Page 19 March 2008
802.16m Proposals: Supporting Legacy Frames
With Wider Channel (TDD)

Page 20 March 2008
802.16j: Relay Station Support
Purpose: Enhance coverage, throughput, and system capacity by

specifying 802.16 multihop relay capabilities of interoperable relay stations
and base stations.
Defines MAC and PHY enhancements to support multihop relay enabled
base station (MR-BS) and a new relay station (RS)
Works with existing 802.16e mobile stations
MS can connect to BS, MR-BS, or RS
RS supports network entry, handover,
QoS, HARQ, multiple antennas
Adds new frame structure to enable relay
Scheduling (BW allocations and MAP
generation) can be centralized to MR-BS
or distributed to RS

Page 21 March 2008
802.16j Transparent Relay Frame Structure
With transparent relay, a RS does not transmit DL frame-start preamble,
FCH, MAP messages or channel descriptor (DCD/UCD) messages
Source: IEEE 802.16j-06/026r4

Page 22 March 2008
802.16j Non-Transparent Relay Frame Structure
RS transmits DL preamble, FCH, MAP messages, and channel descriptor
(DCD/UCD) messages
Source: IEEE 802.16j-06/026r4

Page 23 March 2008
Resources
WiMAX Forum Web site: www.wimaxforum.org

List of deployed WiMAX networks:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_deployed_WiMAX_networks
802.16 Maintenance Task Group (802.16Rev2) Web Page:
http://www.ieee802.org/16/maint/index.html
802.16m Task Group Web Page: http://www.ieee802.org/16/tgm/index.html
802.16j Task Group Web Page: http://www.ieee802.org/16/relay/index.html
IEEE C802.16m-08/118: Proposed 802.16m Frame Structure Baseline Content
Suitable for Use in the 802.16m SDD
IEEE 802.16j-06/026r4: P802.16j Baseline Document

Page 24 March 2008
WiMAX Wave 2 Testing:
MIMO & STC
WiMAX, Mobile WiMAX and WiMAX Forum

are trademarks of the WiMAX Forum
Topics
MIMO & Space Time Coding -- Brief Summary

Using Simulations & VSA to Understand Interactions, Trade-offs
Crosstalk
Frequency response problems
Frequency/timing error
Wave 2 Signal Generation & Analysis Solutions
Signal generation software, hardware
Signal analysis software, hardware
Protocol Test & Manufacturing Test Solutions
Learn More
Make measurements yourself with trial/demonstration modes
References, Resources
Wave 2 Testing MIMO & STC

Page 2
Learn by Making Measurements
89601A VSA Software, Free Demo License,

N7615B Signal Studio, Free Simulation Mode
Recorded signals provided: perform any kind of vector analysis or demodulation
Simulated hardware
Tutorials
Troubleshooting help
Example displays
14-day Free Trial Licenses

Connect to hardware
Generate, download &
play back signals
Tech Overviews, Demo Guides

Page 3
A Closer Look at Wave 2 STC/MIMO

Page 4
MIMO Concept
MIMO the art of getting from

THIS to THIS
Increased capacity from

a given spectrum
occupancy

Page 5
MIMO Exposed - The 2x2 Instance
The real channel: x1 h11

complicated with x1 h11 + x2 h21
h12
various types of Model of the channel x1 Tx1 Rx1 x1
fading (multipath, for one OFDM h21
Doppler effects, etc.) subcarrier during the H-1
x h22 (DSP)
course of a packet
2
x2 Tx2 Linear Rx2 x2
Channel x1 h12 + x2 h22
Solving the equations

Page 6
Separating the Channels: A Thought Experiment
Two signal generators

generate 1 MHz spaced
multi-tone signals
Signals identified with each

source by adding a 500 kHz
offset to one of them
Two antennas connected to a

dual input signal analyzer
Movements in the
environment near the
antennas show how the four
independent radio channels
(color coded) can be
identified

Page 7
MIMO/STC Signal Creation
Constellation OFDM
Bits
Symbols
(1,0,1,1) Points
(a+jb, c+jd) (waveform)
IFFT TX0
YY MB/sec
Data En-
Stream coder
XX MB/sec IFFT TX1
YY MB/sec
.. ..
. .

Page 8
Variations on the Theme
IFFT TX0
STBC (Alamouti) encoder creates 2 different
STBC X MB/sec versions of the same bitstream, for robustness.
Data
En-
Stream
coder Example: WiMAX Matrix A
IFFT
X MB/sec TX1
X MB/sec Note: numerous STBC schemes exist, and can be
used along with any of the below techniques.
IFFT TX0 Vertical encoding splits the original bitstream

X MB/sec
Data Stream into two half-rate bitstreams, for throughput.
Stream Parser
Example: WiMAX Matrix B (part of Wave 2)
IFFT TX1
2X MB/sec
X MB/sec Example: 802.11n Direct Map modes
Data
IFFT TX0 Horizontal encoding accepts 2 bitstreams and
Stream X MB/sec
X MB/sec En- keeps them as separate TX chains, typically for
coder separate users.
Data
IFFT TX1
Stream Y MB/sec Example: Matrix B (not part of Wave 2)
Y MB/sec
IFFT TX0
Spatial Spreading encoding accepts 2 encoded
Data En- X MB/sec bitstreams, and spreads them onto 2 TX chains,
Stream(s) SS
code (e.g. a+b, a-b) for improved diversity.
IFFT
X MB/sec
TX1
X MB/sec
Example: 802.11n Spatial Spreading modes
Page 9
MIMO/STC Data & Spatial Streams, Channels
Constellation OFDM
Bits Symbols Spatial Data
Points
(1,0,1,1) Stream(s)
(a+jb, c+jd) (waveform) Stream(s)
H00
IFFT TX0 RX0
Ant0 Ant0
H10 Matrix OFDM
Data En- De- De-
SS
Stream(s) coder mod
H01 coder
IFFT TX1 RX1
Ant1 H11 Ant1
Spatial Streams TX Chains Channel Matrix

(Layers) (Antennas) Individual freq response
relate to the relate to the curves for each TX-RX path.
original data actual transmitted
payload. signals.
Page 10
WiMAX STC/MIMO Signals at the PHY Layer
data subcarrier
Data subcarriers overlap, pilots dont...
pilot subcarrier
TX 0 ...
TX 1 ...
Symbol n Symbol n+1 Symbol n+2
Observing a single pilot frequency over time.

TX1 TX1 TX1 TX1 TX1 TX1
TX0 TX0 TX0 TX0 TX0 TX0
Matrix A = 2 versions of same data

Observing a single data subcarrier over time. Matrix B = 2 different data streams
TX1 TX1 TX1 TX1 TX1 TX1 TX1 CSM = 2 different handsets
+TX0 +TX0 +TX0 +TX0 +TX0 +TX0 +TX0

Page 11
WiMAX STC/MIMO Signals at the PHY Layer
data subcarrier
Data subcarriers overlap, pilots dont...
pilot subcarrier
TX 0 ...
TX 1 ...
Symbol n Symbol n+1 Symbol n+2
Constellation as transmitted... ...as received.

TX 0 or TX 1 TX 0 plus TX 1 crosstalk
Pilots
Data subcarriers add, Pilots never overlap
Data create a constellation
of constellations.
Page 12
Verifying STC/MIMO Signals -- Downlink
What to measure and where?

Matrix A (STC) RF metrics of indiv. TX
Validate PHY format of indiv. TX
Transmitter MISO
channel
MISO channel matrix
RF metrics of indiv. or both TXs

Validate combined PHY format
Cross-TX metrics (time, power, etc.)
RF metrics of indiv. TX
Matrix B (MIMO)
Validate PHY format of indiv. TX
Transmitter MIMO
channel
MIMO channel matrix (1 or 2 chan)
RF metrics of indiv. or both TXs

Validate combined PHY format
Cross-TX metrics (time, power, etc.)
Page 13
Vector Signal Analysis (VSA) for STC/MIMO
Conceptual Model
Use Matrix Decoder
Input Channel 2
TX0 + TX1 signal Input Channel 1
(+ chan. response)
RX0
Input Chan. 0
Chan Matrix
Matrix A Analysis Stream OFDM
Matrix B Stream 1 Demod
Estim. Decoder
TX0 + TX1 signal Matrix B Stream 2
(+ chan. response)
RX1 Use Matrix Decoder
Input Chan. 1
pilot-based EQ
(decoder ON)
Preamble/pilot/data based EQ (decoder OFF) OFDM
Measurement
MIMO Ch Freq Resp. (pilots only) Results
Eq Chan Freq Resp.

Page 14
Using Simulations & VSA to Understand
Measurement Results, Interactions, Trade-offs
WiMAX MIMO Simulation Case Study

Page 15
Simulation Examples to Measure
Transmitter 0 to Transmitter 1 Crosstalk

Good 41 dB isolation
Not so good 35 dB isolation
Not good enough 29 dB isolation
Transmitter Frequency Response Defect
2 MHz bandpass filter
Feed output of simulation to 89600 VSA instance operating
inside simulation
Same measurements and user interface as when connected to hardware
Insert VSA at nearly any point; verify simulation is doing what is intended

Page 16
Modeling Crosstalk In ADS

Page 17
Crosstalk Results -- 41 dB
89600 VSA

Page 18
Crosstalk Results -- 35 dB Higher EVM vs carrier

Page 19
Crosstalk Results -- 29 dB
Pilot
Magnified
constellation point

Page 20
Matrix Decoder, Crosstalk, RCT
Use Matrix Decoder
Input Channel 2
Input Channel 1
OFDM
Demod
Matrix A Analysis Stream
Chan Matrix
Matrix B Stream 1
Estim. Decoder
Matrix B Stream 2 OFDM Meas
Use Matrix Decoder Results
pilot-based EQ
(decoder ON)
RCT Measurements Are Made Without Matrix Decoder

Effects of crosstalk are included in measurement
Crosstalk can cause RCT limit fail
Error due to crosstalk can hide other errors
Measure Both Ways to Understand Error Contribution of Crosstalk

Page 21
Crosstalk 29 dB With Matrix Decoder
Matrix decoder removes crosstalk in the channel and in the device

Page 22
Crosstalk Obscures Another Impairment
Measurement Without Matrix Decoder

Page 23
Crosstalk Obscures Another Impairment
Measurement With Matrix Decoder
Characteristic V-shaped
error vector spectrum,
caused by timing error
(symbol clock, IQ skew)

Page 24
Modeling Frequency Response Defect in ADS
2 MHz Bandpass Filter

Centered on channel
Transmitter 1 Only
Example not realistic, but
effects are easy to see
and understand.
Shows how you could try
out different filters or
check frequency response
effects in simulation.

Page 25
Measurement Results Ch 1 Direct Connection
Low EVM
No crosstalk
Page 26
Measurement Results Ch 2 Direct Connection
EVM very high;

Demod successful
due to pilots
Note filter effects

in Ch2 spectrum

Page 27
Channel Freq. Response, MIMO Signal Quality
0 dB = 1 1 = Ideal
Channel 1
Channel 2

Page 28
MIMO Condition Number
A Quantitative Measure of MIMO Quality
Not a Demodulation Operation
Does Not Require Matrix Decoder
0 dB = 1
Calculated from Equalizer Channel
Frequency Responses
One condition number value for each
subcarrier; log or linear format
Condition number is a standard measure
of how ill-conditioned a matrix is
Ratio of Matrix Max Singular Value to the Min Singular Value
Value is always real, and always greater than or equal to one.
Larger values indicate a more ill-conditioned matrix
If the condition number is larger than the SNR of the signal, it is likely that MIMO
separation of the multiple data streams will not work correctly

Page 29
Wave 2 Signal Generation
and Analysis Solutions

Page 30
Signal Generation Software and Hardware
Analog or digital
WiMAX baseband or RF
waveform WiMAX signal
LAN or GPIB
DUT
N7615B Signal Studio

for 802.16 WiMAX
software N5182A MXG, E4438C ESG, or
E8267D PSG Signal Generators
16900 Logic Analyzers
N8300A Wireless Networking
Test Set
Page 31
Recent N7615B Signal Studio New Features
(Available in Version 2.2 or later)
Wave 2 Support
Matrix A or B waveforms for DL-PUSC zone
Collaborative spatial multiplexing for uplink PUSC zone
Static multi-path or mobile fading effects embedded in waveform
Supports WiMAX Forum 2x2 MIMO channel models
Maximum waveform length increased to 64 Msamples
Support uplink sounding type A
Dedicated pilots for DL-PUSC and DL-AMC zones
Subchannel rotation on/off for UL-PUSC zone
Other Features
Uplink subchannel bitmap
Create DL and UL HARQ allocations and sub-bursts (not full support of HARQ)
Sub-DL-UL-MAPs in first DL-PUSC zone
Support for additional instruments:
16900 Logic Analyzers (Pattern generator)
N8300A Wireless Networking Test Set (one-box source/signal analyzer)
Page 32
Signal Studio New Features: Fading in Waveform
Create waveforms on Tx side (points A0 or A1) for use with external fader, or signals on Rx
side with fading (points B0 or B1) for input to receiver under test
Includes static multi-path or mobile fading with ITU Pedestrian A/B or Vehicular A/B models,
including WiMAX 2x2 MIMO channel models
Fading support for UL collaborative MIMO (2 MSs with 2 fading models)
Same data as real-time fading, but length of fading simulation limited to length of waveform.
64 MSa gives very good approximation for vehicular models, but not as good for pedestrian.
Intended for MIMO receiver verification or troubleshooting. Not a replacement for real-time
fading for conformance or system testing, but provides big cost savings compared to buying
a real-time fader, for situations where a repeating signal is okay.
N5115B Baseband Studio for Fading can provide real-time fading for up to 2 channels only
(e.g. for STC/matrix A). For real-time fading of 2x2 MIMO, use external RF fader.
Tx0 Rx0 N5101

Deskto A PCI
A0 Chan H00 B0 Cards
p PC
Chan H01 Rx1
Data Tx Tx1 Rx Digital
N5115B I/Q data
Chan H10
Baseband
Studio for
Chan H11 B1
A1 Fading RF Out
SW

Page 33
Baseband Synchronization
For STC/MIMO, need to synchronize baseband generators to start waveform playback
simultaneously in both sources
Signal Studio will automatically download waveforms, set up triggering, and initiate
waveform playback in 2 ESGs, 2 PSGs, or 2 MXGs
MXG Multi-BBG Sync feature: synchronize up to 16 MXGs with baseband trigger
repeatability < 1 ns and fine delay adjustment
NOTE: Users who save waveform files to baseband memory and recall them later for
playback need to sync the sources manually: see online help
Normal Arb trigger
EVENT 2
Master
10 MHz OUT RF Output
PATT TRIG IN MXG
EVENT 1 10MHz Out
PATT TRIG REF IN
PATT TRIG IN 1 RF Output

10 MHz IN EVENT 1 10MHz Out
PATT TRIG REF IN
E4438C ESGs or Slave
MXG(s) 2
E8267D PSGs
RF Output
EVENT 1 10MHz Out
Etc.
Page 34
RF Phase Coherency
Probably not needed for general MIMO test, but likely needed for
beamforming
Reduces uncertainty and potential causes of errors for users, since their
devices have shared LOs
Possible solutions:
ESGs using coherent carrier output and mixer (< 4 GHz)
ESGs with options HBC and HCC and distribution amplifier box
Also need option HEC and external source as baseband clock for better
baseband synchronization
Might not need distribution amplifier with only two ESGs
Now available: LO input/output special handling option for MXG (N5182A
opt. H12)
LO from master MXG can drive both sources
For > 2 MXGs, external analog source (N5181A) can be used as common LO

Page 35
ESG Phase Coherency Using Coherent Carrier
Outputs (up to 4 GHz)
In ESG 1, turn on DC FM modulation

Coherent (COH) carrier output is same as with EXT 1 selected as FM source:
signal going into I/Q modulator in ESG
creates a phase lock loop
EXT 1 INPUT
ESG 1 Notes:
COH Carrier FM deviation may need to be
adjusted for response time to
Broadband mixer
frequency changes.
ESG 2 User cannot control phase offset with
COH Carrier
softkey functions: PLL will remove
effect.
Page 36
Add Impairments to Signals
Use I/Q adjustments menu in signal generators to add impairments such

as I/Q skew, quadrature angle, gain imbalance, etc.
Add real-time noise with option 403 (calibrated AWGN)
MXG feature: option for adding phase noise impairment (N5182A-432)

Page 37
Signal Studio User Interface
and
Feature Overview

Page 38
Signal Studio: Signal Generation Settings
Convenient
signal
generator
settings
Connect to
1 or 2
signal
generators Trigger
settings
provide
synchronized
waveform
playback
Configure
AWGN settings
(requires AWGN
option in signal
generator)

Page 39
Signal Studio Interface: Waveform/Carrier Setup
Add one or more
carriers
Configure waveform
parameters
Set OFDMA parameters for each

carrier
Add fading simulation for MIMO receiver
test
Page 40
Signal Studio Interface: Downlink Zone 1
Configure
Flexible burst
MAPs and
allocation
DCD/UCD
(auto or
manual)
Add regular
or HARQ Include FCH,
burst normal or
compressed
DL-MAP and
UL-MAP
Add zones
Zone layout
display with
data bursts

Page 41
Signal Studio Interface: Downlink Zones
Set
STC
type to Turn
matrix A dedicated
or B pilots on/off
Add burst IEs

to sub-DL-UL-
MAP
Power
envelop
e display

Page 42
Signal Studio Interface: Uplink
Turn
subchannel
rotation
on/off
Add
ranging
Add regular,
region
HARQ, or
collaborative Add ACK
SM burst region
Add fast
feedback
region
Data bursts
wrap around
special
regions
Page 43
Signal Studio Interface: Uplink Collaborative SM
Tabs allow
setup for
each MS
Collaborativ Configure
e burst MAC PDUs
added to and data
UL-PUSC content
zone
Location of
collaborative
SM burst

Page 44
Signal Analysis Hardware, Software
PSA Spectrum Analyzer
X Series Signal
Analyzers
89640 VXI VSA

89601A VSA
Software
Logic Analyzers
ADS Simulation N9075A 802.16 OFDMA

Software Application for MXA
Oscilloscopes
Page 45
VSA STC/MIMO - Conceptual Model
Use Matrix Decoder

Use Matrix Decoder
TX1 + TX2 signal
(+ chan. response)
RX0
Input Chan. 0
Chan Matrix OFDM
Estim. Decoder Demod
TX1 + TX2 signal
(+ chan. response)
RX1
Input Chan. 1 demod metrics
Signals as-received; Signals after separation

any cross-talk or channel into TX1 and TX2
combining looks like Displays
added noise.

Page 46
VSA STC/MIMO - Conceptual Model
Use Matrix Decoder

Use Matrix Decoder
TX1 + TX2 signal Input Channel 1
(+ chan. response)
RX0
Input Chan. 0 Matrix A Analysis Stream
Chan Matrix
Matrix B Analysis Stream 1 OFDM
Estim. Decoder Demod
TX1 + TX2 signal Matrix B Analysis Stream 2
(+ chan. response)
RX1
Input Chan. 1 Input Channel 2 demod metrics
pilot EQ
traditional EQ (based on P, P+D, etc.)
MIMO Ch Freq Resp. (pilots only)

1-4 overlaid traces, unaffected by settings.
Inactive Ant traces usually noisy, can be turned off. Displays
Chan Freq Response

Decoder ON:
Display H00 thru H11 using INPUT CHAN, TX ANT.
Decoder OFF:
Display H00 thru H11 using INPUT CHAN, TX ANT. Wave 2 Testing MIMO & STC
Page 47
Verifying STC/MIMO Signals Single Channel
1-Ch. VSA
Matrix A (STC)
MISO
Transmitter 1 channel
1 Use when: signals are well-isolated

- e.g. hardwired to individual TXs.
- e.g. before MISO/MIMO channels.
1 1a To get:
- individual TX metrics (EVM, power, flatness)
- cross-chan. metrics (pilot-based)
- RCT pass/fail tests (crosstalk-limited)
- PHY format validation
Matrix B (MIMO)
Transmitter MIMO
1 channel 1a Use when: Matrix A signals in MISO channel.
To get:
- composite TX metrics (EVM, power, flatness)
- individual TX metrics (pilot-based)
1 - channel profile validation
- STC (matrix A) demod data stream recovery
Test Configurations Analyzer Configurations

Page 48
Verifying STC/MIMO Signals Multi-Channel
2-Ch. VSA
Matrix A (STC)
MISO
Transmitter channel
2
Use when: signals are not well-isolated
2 - e.g. crosstalk-limited is not good enough
- e.g. downstream of MIMO channel
To get:
Matrix B (MIMO) - individual TX metrics (simultaneous)
MIMO - composite TX metrics (simultaneous)
Transmitter channel - MIMO (matrix B) demod data stream recovery
- cross-chan. metrics (gain, phase, skew,
correlation, coherence, etc.)
- channel matrix meas. (Hxx, matrix cond.)
- beamforming validation
- channel fading validation
2 2 - PHY format validation

Page 49
Verifying STC/MIMO Signals Combined 1-Chan.
Matrix A (STC)
Transmitter
1-Ch. VSA + Combiner
3 3
3
Use when:
Matrix B (MIMO) - economy is a concern
MIMO
Transmitter channel
- pilot-based meas. are sufficient
To get:
- individual TX metrics (pilot-based)
- composite TX metrics (pilot-based)
- cross-channel metrics (limited)
3 3 - STC (matrix A) demod data stream recovery

Page 50
Example: Matrix B Signal With Crosstalk
Data subcarriers add, 20 dB signal
create a constellation leakage of Tx0 and
of constellations. Tx1 to opposite Rx

Page 51
Example: Matrix B Signal With Crosstalk Removed
By Matrix Decoder
MIMO Info still
Normal shows crosstalk
constellation result

Page 52
Example: Matrix B Signal With Pedestrian A Fading
No matrix decoder
4 distinct channel
responses

Page 53
Example: Matrix B Signal With Pedestrian A Fading
and High Correlation
No matrix decoder
Channel responses
much more similar

Page 54
OFDM Frame Summary from VSA
Statistic result summary:

OFDM Frame Summary
Mean, Peak Hold, &
RMS averaging = 10 StdDev
Preamble Power as RSSI,

Preamble RCE, and Preamble PCINR R1 and R3

Page 55
New VSA MIMO Measurements & Displays
OFDM MIMO Info Trace

DataScPwr reports the power of the data subcarriers, referenced to
RefScPwr
RefScPwr reports the power of the reference subcarriers
PilotPwr reports the power in the pilot pattern for the selected antenna
PilotScPwr reports the relative per-pilot subcarrier power, referenced to
RefScPwr
PilotRCE reports the RCE of the pilot pattern for the selected antenna
Condition number
MIMO Equalizer Channel Frequency Response

Page 56
Protocol Test - E6651A Mobile WiMAX Test Set
Base Station Emulation

IP Traffic Support
Network Entry
RF Parameter measurements
Wave 2 Support
DL
STC
SM
UL collaborative MIMO
Measure UL Signals Without External Equipment

Page 57
Manufacturing Test
N8300A Wireless Networking Test Set
RF Parametric Test Set

One Box Integrated Solution
Vector signal generator
Receiver for vector signal analysis
Standard-Compliant PHY Testing
SCPI Interface
Test software packages for selected chipsets (Intel, Beceem,
and Sequans; more coming)

Page 58
Agilent WiMAX Solutions

Page 59
Resources
Agilent WiMAX Portal: www.agilent.com/find/wimax

www.agilent.com/find/webcasts
Agilent ADS: http://eesof.tm.agilent.com
Application Notes:
89600 Series VSA Software for OFDMA Evaluation and Troubleshooting, Self-Guided
Demonstration, Literature No. 5989-2383EN
IEEE 802.16e WiMAX OFDMA Signal Measurements and Troubleshooting AN-1578
Literature No. 5989-2382EN
Many others (fixed & mobile WiMAX, OFDM) - See portals
Webcast / eSeminar (recorded): Testing Mobile WiMAX Radios from Pre-Certification
through Manufacturing www.techonline.com
RF Design magazine article on OFDM Troubleshooting by Bob Cutler:
http://rfdesign.com/mag/radio_effects_physical_layer/
Trial Versions: Download or contact Agilent
ADS2008 Simulation Software http://eesof.tm.agilent.com/products/ads_main.html
89601A VSA Software http://www.agilent.com/find/89600
N7615B Signal Studio for 802.16 WiMAX http://www.agilent.com/find/signalstudio

Page 60
R&D and Design Verification:
Gaining confidence in your WiMAX implementation
Mobile WiMAX design verification
Page 1 Revision March 12, 2008

Agenda
Certification: Whats the latest?

Integration and device verification:
Network Entry and Conformance Test Systems
Benefits of Pre-Conformance with PCT System
Pre-Conformance RCT; Gaining confidence in your device
Getting ready for mIOT

WiMAX Certification Testing Whats the latest?
WiMAX Forum certification testing has

now started in Malaga, Spain
Testing is broken down into 4 key
areas:-
Radio Conformance Test (RCT)
Protocol Conformance Test (PCT)
Mobile Inter-operability Test (mIOT)
Radiated Performance Test (RPT)
In parallel with the certification testing
there is an on-going validation process

WiMAX Conformance
The distinction between a WiMAX compliant product and a true WiMAX

CERTIFIED radio solution is a crucial one. The WiMAX Forum is the only
body empowered by its members to formulate and monitor interoperability
testing. Radios that are stamped as WiMAX CERTIFIED provide carriers
and consumers peace of mind that products meet the IEEE 802.16
standard and that each vendors gear has been physically tested and certified
to work with other certified radio products. This is essential to widespread
adoption of the technology.
Source: WiMax.com

WiMAX Validation Process Key Definitions
Certified
Endorsed authoritatively as having reached a recognized standard
WiMAX Certifcation is a tool to help grow and develop the market
Product is certified
Conformance
Adherence to standard and specifications
Product is tested for both protocol and radio conformance
Validated
The state of being confirmed by examination and provision of objective
evidence that the particular requirements for a specific intended use
have been met.
Testers are validated

Challenges for achieving Certification
There are no WiMAX Forum validated systems for PCT, RCT,

or IOT
The WiMAX community is only beginning to see validated test
scripts for PCT being shared with Forum members in a new
process
Testing at a test house can take weeks, especially if problems
are encountered. Cost becomes greater and time to market is
more at risk if failures occur at this late stage in the process

CRSL
Certification Requirements Status List
The CRSL provides the following information:-
Listing of test cases by category of testing (PCT, RCT, IOT) for a certification profile
Test case coverage for the different test equipment platforms
Test case classification more commonly referred to as test case category (A, B, C, etc.)
Requirements for certification testing
The CRSL is a WiMAX Forum document and is periodically updated

CRSL
Test Case Categories
Test Cases Categories describe the enforcement status for each TC that forms
Category A - The device shall pass each category A test case at a WFDCL
on a WiMAX Forum validated test platform. These are validated test cases.
Category B - The device shall pass each category B test case at a WFDCL
by best available means. Pass/Fail verdict is assigned. These are test cases
that have yet to be validated.
Category C - The device shall pass each category C test case by best
available means and the test report supplied to the WFDCL.
Category D - Category D test case is planned for validation, revalidation or
awaiting approval but currently for information only. This test is not required
for certification.
Category E - Category E test case shall be performed at a WFDCL but no
pass/fail verdict assignment is required.
Category N - Category N test case not yet planned for development
(information only).

Integration and Verification
Development Integration & Verification
RF Measure &
calibrate
PHY timing,
frequency,
Baseband modulation,
power
MAC protocol
test, network-
Protocol entry,
PHY RF test
Data transfer
and
Applications functional
test
Rework loop

Plugfest testing guidelines
1 Network Entry Procedure 1.1 MS(s) Synchronize to BS

1.2 Ranging
1.3 Capabilities Negotiation
1.4 Authentication (Not Used)
1.5 Registration
2 Traffic Connections 2.1 Service Flow Provisioning
Establishment
2.2 Service Flow Activation
3 User Data Transfer 3.1 Downlink PING
3.2 Uplink Ping
3.3 Downlink FTP
3.4 Uplink FTP
3.5 Downlink Throughput (UDP)
3.6 Uplink Throughput (UDP)
3.7 Service Application
Source: Mobile WiMAX Plugfest Guidelines vM2.0.D11

Challenge: Network Entry with Conformance Test
Systems
Conformance Test Requirement:
The MS must achieve Network Entry for almost all test scripts specified in
conformance. (PCT, RCT, mIOT, RPT)
Typical Approaches: Challenges:
Testing with in-house Troubleshooting when Network Entry is not achieved.
base stations
Lab replication of identified network entry problems.
Testing with base
Communication across organization or with
stations at Plugfests
chipset/OEM partners on issues
Testing with emulators
Difficult to control real base station parameter specifics
at Plugfests
Testing with real base stations limits your ability to
prepare for most conformance requirements, the
exception being mIOT.
Alternative Approach:
Base Station Emulator systems with logging and pre-conformance capability

Network Entry and Protocol Conformance Test
(PCT)
Initial Ranging is the first part of Network Entry
Initial Ranging is a PHY operation, so it is not controlled by the TTCN-3 scripts used for PCT
test.
Therefore, if initial ranging works with the emulator, it will work for PCT.
DL
UL
WiMAX Protocol Conformance Subscriber station
Test Software (TTCN3 script) Mobile WiMAX Base Station Emulator under test
IP IP
TTCN test script CS CS
TRI API High MAC High MAC

Low MAC Low MAC
PHY (OFDMA) PHY (OFDMA)
RF

Example: Initial Ranging the first part of Network Entry
DUT: Send initial
ranging code
Start T3 Timer
Modify power,
Increase Power frequency, and
Wait for Anonymous
timing.
RNG-RSP from BS
RNG-RSP
T3 Timeout
from BS
What is the
action code?
Initial Ranging
Success Continue
has passed!
Send
RNG-REQ

What if it doesnt pass: Troubleshooting Initial
Ranging Failures
Initial ranging can fail for (at least) 3 possible reasons:

The DUT is unable to synchronize on the DL signal and therefore not
sending CDMA codes (DUT isnt hearing the emulator).
The DUT synchronizes on the DL, sends CDMA codes but these codes
are not received in the device (the emulator isnt hearing the DUT).
The CDMA codes are received by the BS, and the BS is sending Rng-
Rsps, but all responses are sent with action code continue (the
emulator can hear the DUT, but not very well).

DUT unable to synchronize on the DL:
Possible reasons: wrong frequency, wrong profile, amplitude too high, amplitude
too low, BS not transmitting.
How to recognize: look at the DUTs interface to see if it is synchronized
How to fix:
change the attenuation and the amplitude.
Make sure RF and Modulation are turned on.
Make sure the emulator is set on the right profile (1A/ 3A 10MHz / 3A 5MHz)
Check the Symbol Ratio.
Check the Preamble index (most devices support more then one index).

BSE does not see DUTs ranging codes:
Possible reasons: DUTs transmit power is too low, wrong timing
offset.
How to recognize: DUT seem synchronized and indicates it is
transmitting initial ranging codes. Use a logging tool with the
emulator to see if it is receiving any uplink messages.
How to fix:
Change the attenuation.
Change any timing adjustments on the emulator.
Look for any TLVs in the ranging code the DUT is transmitting that
might have errors.

Example: Protocol Logging Configuration
DL
UL
Mobile WiMAX Base Station Emulator Subscriber

Protocol Logging and station
Analysis Software running under test
on a PC
IP IP
CS CS
High MAC High MAC
Low MAC Low MAC
RF

All Rng-Rsp come back with action code
Continue
Possible reason: The BSE is able to receive the sent CDMA code, but it is asking
for some adjustments and the DUT is not complying.
How to recognize: In a protocol log taken using the BSE, you will see many CDMA
codes and many Rng-Rsp, but no Rng-Req. If you look at the Rng-Rsps details,
you will see they all have action code Continue.
How to fix:
Look at the Rng-Rsps check out what kind of timing, power or frequency offsets
are suggested by the BSE.
Power adjustment: change the DUTs ranging power or change the receivers attenuation
in the BSE.
Timing adjustments: Change timing offset accordingly.
Frequency adjustments: if there are big frequency adjustments, check if the DUTs
frequency is accurate.

Filtered Ranging Response Messages

Finishing Network Entry Negotiated
basic
capabilities
\Send SBC-REQ
(T18 expires & retries exhausted) or

(RNG-RSP(Abort) from BS)\
T18 expired & have more retries\ Wait for

END
Send SBC-REQ SBC-RSP
Auth. supported
Got SBC-RSP\
Handle SBC-RSP
Auth. not supported
Got SBC-RSP\ SS (T17 expires & retries exhausted)
Handle SBC-RSP Authentication or (RNG-RSP(Abort) from BS)\
and Key
exchange
Authenticated from PKM\

(T6 expires & retries exhausted) or
Send REG-REQ Start T6
(RNG-RSP(Abort) or RES-CMD
from BS)\
T6 expired & have more retries\ Wait for

Send REG-REQ REG-RSP
(RNG-RSP(Abort) or DREG-CMD
or RES-CMD from BS)\
Got REG-RSP\
Handle REG-RSP
NW Entry
Completed
Establish
connections
/Start TFTP

Network Entry
MS

Network Entry using a Base Station Emulator
After youve passed the initial ranging stage, network entry might still fail at
a later stage Ranging, SBC, registration or service flow creation.
Generally, you will see the network entry process stops in the middle, when
either the BS or the MS is not sending the next message in the flow.
You will need to distinguish between cases when the DUT is not sending
the next message, and when it is sending, but the BSE is rejecting it.
You will need to use both a protocol logging tool for the BSE and the DUTs
logging tools to understand exactly what happen.
The reason for the DUT not to send the next message is that it either failed
to receive the one before it, or it found something wrong with it (required
TLV missing, unrecognized TLV, or invalid value for a parameter).

Example how to troubleshoot a failure at SBC
The device being tested did not send a REG-REQ to respond to the
emulators SBC-RSP message.
In a log of the interaction, the SBC response message included an
unknown TLV: number 44. Therefore, the DUT rejected the SBC-RSP and
did not continue the Network Entry process.


What happened?
TLVs 145 and 146 are a compound TLV that are not defined as one of the
SBC REQ/RSP TLV.
TLV 44 is a nested TLV in 145 and 146 that is defined as an SBC TLV.
Solution: The nested TLV 44 was added so the DUT would respond the SBC
REQ message.

Other instances of disagreeing TLVs
We just explored finding TLVs that didnt match between a base

station emulators stack based protocol implementation and a
DUT using a protocol logging tool.
Lets now talk about a similar instance using a Protocol
Conformance Tester and a validated test script.
Reminder: Protocol Conformance Testers run TTCN-3 scripts
created by ETSI.

Example: PCT Test Script Passing
Export/import
reports and logs
Message
matching
Select / run tests
Clickable
Graphical log
Edit PICS/PIXIT
parameters

PCT Script Failure: Message Rejection
The message sent by the DUT might be rejected by the TTCN-3 code.
It can either cause a Mismatch message, followed by an inconclusive
verdict, or a message checking function, causing an inconclusive verdict.

Mismatch
In this test, you can see many

Mismatch messages,
followed by Inconclusive
verdict.

If you look at the Mismatch box, you will see the message type is fine
but the value of one of the TLV is wrong

Functional Verification with a PCT test system
Inopportune Testing:
Inopportune testing involves anticipating testing scenarios that
are not covered by the standard certification tests and may
involve exploring areas of protocol operation that is not covered
by the standard
This technique involves using the creativity of an engineering
team to imagine test cases that could expose weaknesses in a
protocol implementation that were perhaps missed by the
designers
There is almost no limit to the number of scenarios that could be
created and coded in TTCN-3

PCT Test Development
TTCN-3 test
case, parameter
and library files
Structure
navigator
Test campaign
files
Clickable
linked TTCN-3
editing

Other Uses for Script Based Testers Throughout
the Design Lifecycle
TTCN-3 scripting has many uses throughout the SS design

lifecycle:-
1. Replicating field based issues

2. Common tool for sharing issues between organizations
(chip set company and OEM)
3. Building an automated regression suite

Example Protocol Conformance Test Configuration
Protocol Logging and

Analysis Software
DL
UL
WiMAX Protocol Mobile WiMAX Base Station Subscriber

Conformance Test Software Emulator station
(TTCN3 script) under test
IP IP
TTCN test script CS CS
TRI API High MAC High MAC

Low MAC Low MAC
RF

Preparation for Radio Conformance Test
Verification of RF Performance should also occur to ensure that

the PHY channel is operating as expected.

Challenge: Pre-conformance RCT testing
Conformance Test Requirement:
RCT test cases must be passed for a device to be certified.
Typical Approaches: Challenges:

Buying RCT systems. Cost of an RCT test system may be prohibitive.
In-house development Every small design change must be tested to ensure
of pre-RCT tests with a new problems are not created or old problems
BSE and other reintroduced.
components.
Alternative Approach:
Software architected to allow easy automation, integration of different system
components, and test cases developed following the RCT test specification.

Example: MS-02.1 MS RX Preamble
Can MS receiver decode all possible preamble types?

Transmitted on the first OFDMA symbol, the preamble identifies a cell and
trains the MS receiver to be able to receive data from it.
This test makes sure that the MS can synchronise to and successfully
receive all the different types of preambles, cell IDs and segment IDs that
can be sent on the DL by the base-station.
Cycle through each of the 114 preamble index values that the BS can
transmit.
For each, the MS must synchronise and complete the ranging process
successful ranging implies the test is passed.
Repeat with interfering source
Implemented as two separate test plans Interferer Off, Interferer On

MS-02.1 MS RX Preamble
Interferer Preamble = 5
BSE Preamble = 0 to 113 (not 5)
(Two looping methods used)
Interferer Preamble = 0
BSE Preamble = 5
Test will terminate and return Fail if ranging fails on any preamble

Hardware Configuration
Signal Generator
IP Address: 100.100.100.50
Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0
Pattern Trigger In
10MHz Reference
Trigger 1 Out
Ethernet Switch
Power Spiltter / Combiner
(3 resistor)
Mobile WiMAX BSE

IP Address: 100.100.100.100
Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0
DUT
PC Hosting Automation SW PC Hosting DUT

IP Address: 100.100.100.30 IP Address: 100.100.100.10
Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0 Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0

Plugfest testing guidelines
1 Network Entry Procedure 1.1 MS(s) Synchronize to BS

1.2 Ranging
1.3 Capabilities Negotiation
1.4 Authentication (Not Used)
1.5 Registration
2 Traffic Connections 2.1 Service Flow Provisioning
Establishment
2.2 Service Flow Activation
3 User Data Transfer 3.1 Downlink PING
3.2 Uplink Ping
3.3 Downlink FTP
3.4 Uplink FTP
3.5 Downlink Throughput (UDP)
3.6 Uplink Throughput (UDP)
3.7 Service Application
Source: Mobile WiMAX Plugfest Guidelines vM2.0.D11

Basic Functional Test Configuration
DL
UL
Mobile WiMAX Base Station Emulator Subscriber

station
under test
IP IP
CS CS
Controlled network environment High MAC High MAC
Downlink ping test Low MAC Low MAC
Downlink UDP test PHY (OFDMA) PHY (OFDMA)
RF

Getting ready for mIOT: Creating
Functional Test Scenarios
Need to test for conditions that are going to cause the highest
peaks in processor usage. These should be things that could
actually happen!
Higher data rates generally cause the SS more stress.
Acknowledged modes are generally more stressful than
unacknowledged.
Changes in state generally cause more problems than steady
states.

Functional tests that verify PHY, protocol, and also
stress the device
ARQ
HARQ
MIMO
Mobility
Handover processes
Channel measurement

Integration and Verification of Applications
Applications come in different sizes and, depending on the

subscriber station, may run on the SS itself (WiMAX phone), or
on the host (e.g. PC with WiMAX card)
Examples include
- Web browsing
- FTP
- Push email
- Voice over IP
- Video Services

Common Problems in Applications
Problems with loss in a connection

Intolerant to changes in throughput speed
Long delays can cause problems
Some apps are not designed for wireless they are ported to
wireless and expect to work
They do not like being interrupted e.g. during a video
streaming session

Possible Application & Functional Test
Configuration
IP network
DL
UL
Application Server Dedicated Gateway PC Mobile WiMAX Base Station Subscriber

Emulator station
under test
IP IP IP IP IP
CS CS CS
MAC (ethernet) MAC (ethernet)
High MAC High MAC High MAC
PHY PHY Low MAC Low MAC
Ethernet RF

Conclusion
WiMAX Forum Certification testing has started.

There are challenges associated with getting ready for
certification.
Pre-conformance and functional test play a role in device
integration and verification as preparation for certification.

Free WiMAX Protocol Conformance Test Webcast
Recorded March 5th, 2008
http://seminar2.techonline.com/s/agilent_mar0508
The PCT conformance test regime is being led by the
WiMAX Forum and ETSI and is following the ISO 9646
standard. This presentation will describe the overall WiMAX
certification process with a particular focus on protocol
conformance. WiMAX PCT testing uses a TTCN-3 test
architecture. The presentation will describe developments
in TTCN standardization and the benefits this brings to the
PCT solution. Finally the presentation will introduce a PCT
system and describe how it can be used throughout the
phases of the WiMAX R&D lifecycle.

Agilent E6651A systems * TTA, Asia's leading test and
certification institution selects Agilent
for Mobile WiMAX Protocol
Conformance Test (PCT).
Multi-functional integrated test set
RF/Protocol, Application, Protocol Conformance Testing & RPT
PCT testing for both MS and BS in a single system

Soft-key switching from MS to BS test
Broad-band solution in a single system

Coverage to 6GHz, support for profile 1A and 3A, Other profiles with SW upgrade
World-wide Agilent support

The best possible support for you and your partners
Independent reference with assured interop

E6651A is a fully independent reference design, not based on any commercial WiMAX chipset or stack
Collaborating on PCT and IOT: Beceem, Sequans, Intel, Samsung, Motorola, Amicus, Posdata, GCT

Agilent Technologies
Clearing the Way to move

Mobile WiMAX Forward
E6651A: www.agilent.com/find/E6651A
WiMAX: www.agilent.com/find/wimax
WiMAX Poster: www.agilent.com/find/wimaxposter

References
TTCN-3
ETSI www.etsi.org
Testing Tech www.testingtech.de
WiMAX Forum www.wimaxforum.org
Agilent PCT www.agilent.com/find/pct

PCT paper http://www.electronicproducts.com/ShowPage.asp?FileName=facnagilent.feb2008.html

References
IEEE 802.16 Website: http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/802.16.html
ETSI Website: WiMAX Forum Website: http://www.wimaxforum.org
WiMAX Forum Paper on Certification Process: available @ WiMAX

Forum

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Wave 2 Book Final

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2008 Workshop

Thank you for attending our WiMAX Wave 2 Workshop.

helping you understand the underlying RF transmission technology

Thank you for your time & interest!

WiMAX, Mobile WiMAX and WiMAX Forum

Mobile WiMAX: Wave 2 and Beyond

Update on WiMAX market

Mobile WiMAX: Wave 2 and Beyond

North America 11% 28%

42 companies participated in 4th Mobile WiMAX Plugfest in Oct. 2007. 20 setups

Mobile WiMAX: Wave 2 and Beyond

6 WiMAX Forum Designated Certification Labs

Mobile WiMAX: Wave 2 and Beyond

WiMAX Forums Wave 1 system profiles focused on basic functionality of Mobile

Mobile WiMAX: Wave 2 and Beyond

AMC = Adaptive Modulation and Coding

Mobile WiMAX: Wave 2 and Beyond

Two separate data streams sent

Beamforming combined with STC/MIMO provides better performance than

UL PUSC Zone DL PUSC Zone (HARQ)

FCH, Broadcast MAPs

UL Frame N DL Frame N+1

Mobile WiMAX: Wave 2 and Beyond

WiMAX Forum Wave 1 Wave 2 Release 1.x Release 2.0

Mobile WiMAX: Wave 2 and Beyond

Project initiated in March 2007 by 802.16 Maintenance Task Group

Mobile WiMAX: Wave 2 and Beyond

Mobile WiMAX: Wave 2 and Beyond

Additional PHY features under discussion include:

Mobile WiMAX: Wave 2 and Beyond

Project initiated in December 2006, target completion date is end of 2009

Mobile WiMAX: Wave 2 and Beyond

Feature Minimum Target

Throughput of Data-only System:

VoIP Capacity > 30 active users/MHz/sector

Source: IEEE 802.16m-08/002r4

Mobile WiMAX: Wave 2 and Beyond

Mobile WiMAX: Wave 2 and Beyond

1 frame contains 8 sub-frames

Regular sub-frame contains 6 symbols.

Mobile WiMAX: Wave 2 and Beyond

Source: IEEE C802.16m-08/118

Mobile WiMAX: Wave 2 and Beyond

Source: IEEE C802.16m-08/118

Mobile WiMAX: Wave 2 and Beyond

Source: IEEE C802.16m-08/118

Mobile WiMAX: Wave 2 and Beyond

Source: IEEE C802.16m-08/118

Mobile WiMAX: Wave 2 and Beyond

Purpose: Enhance coverage, throughput, and system capacity by

Mobile WiMAX: Wave 2 and Beyond

Source: IEEE 802.16j-06/026r4

Mobile WiMAX: Wave 2 and Beyond

Source: IEEE 802.16j-06/026r4

Mobile WiMAX: Wave 2 and Beyond

WiMAX Forum Web site: www.wimaxforum.org

Mobile WiMAX: Wave 2 and Beyond

WiMAX, Mobile WiMAX and WiMAX Forum

MIMO & Space Time Coding -- Brief Summary

Wave 2 Testing MIMO & STC

89601A VSA Software, Free Demo License,

14-day Free Trial Licenses

Tech Overviews, Demo Guides

Wave 2 Testing MIMO & STC