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Torsional and Flexural-Torsional Buckling 319

about the z-axis due to this fictitious lateral load acting on the element mn is
then !sd 2 f=dz2 dztr 2 dr. Summing up the twisting moments for
the entire cross section yields
d2f d2f d2 f
Z Z
! s 2 dz tr dr !s 2 dz r 2 dA !s 2 dzI0
2
(6.4.3)
dz A dz A dz
where I0 is the polar moment of inertia of the cross section with respect to
the shear center S, coinciding in this case with the centroid. Recalling the
notation for the distributed torque, one obtains
d2 f
mz !s I0 (6.4.4)
dz2
Substituting Eq. (6.4.4) into Eq. (5.8.23) yields
EIw fv ! GKT ! sI0 f00 0 (6.4.5)
For column cross sections in which all elements meet at a point such as that
shown in Fig. 6-9, angles and tees, the warping constant vanishes. Hence, in
the case of torsional buckling, Eq. (6.4.5) is satisfied if
GKT ! sI0 0
which yields
! " 3
GKT 4=3 bt G Gt2
scr ! " 3 2 (6.4.6)
I0 4=3 tb b
For cases in which the warping constant does not vanish, the critical
compressive stress can also be obtained form Eq. (6.4.5). Introduce k2
sI0 ! GKT =EIw into Eq. (6.4.5) to transform it into fiv k2 f00 0,
a similar form to a beam-column equation. The general solution of this
equation is given by f a sin kz b cos kz cz d. Applying boundary
conditions of a simply supported column gives f a sin k 0; from
which k np. Substituting for k yields
n 2 p2
# $
1
scr GKT 2 EIw (6.4.7)
I0
which is identical to Eq. (6.3.19) obtained by the calculus of variations
procedure in the previous Section as it should be.

6.4.2. Flexural-Torsional Buckling


Consider an unsymmetrical section shown in Fig. 6-10. The x and y are
principal axes, and x0 and y0 are the coordinate of the shear center
320 Chai Yoo

C
x
y0
S
C
C
v

x0 u
S

y
Figure 6-10

S measured from the centroid C. During buckling the centroid translates


to C0 and then rotates to C00. Therefore, the final position of the centroid
is u y0 f and v " x0 f: If only central load P is applied on a simply
supported column, the bending moments with respect to the principal
axes are
Mx "Pv " x0 f and My "Pu y0 f

The sign convention for Mx and My is such that they are considered positive
when they create positive curvature
EIx v00 Mx "Pv " x0 f (6.4.8)

EIy u00 My "Pu y0 f (6.4.9)


Consider a small longitudinal strip of cross section tds defined by
coordinate x and y as was done in the case of pure torsional buckling. The
components of its displacements in the - x and y directions during buckling
are u y0 " yf and v " x0 " xf, respectively. Recalling the procedure
illustrated in Fig. 5-4, the products of the compressive force acting on the
slightly bend element, stds and the second derivative of the displacements
give a fictitious lateral load in the x- and y-directions of intensity
d2
" stds u y0 " yf'
dz2

d2
" stds v " x0 " xf'
dz2
These fictitious lateral loads produce twisting moment about the shear
center per unit length of the column of intensity
Torsional and Flexural-Torsional Buckling 321

d2
dmz !stds 2 u y0 ! yf&y0 ! y
dz
d2
stds 2 v ! x0 ! xf&x0 ! x
dz
Integrating over the entire cross-sectional area and realizing that
Z Z Z Z
s tds P; xtds ytds 0; y2 tds Ix ;
A A A A
Z
x2 tds Iy ; I0 Ix Iy Ax20 y20
A

one obtains
Z
mz dmz Px0 v00 ! y0 u00 ! r02 Pf00 (6.4.10)
A

where r02 I0 =A.


Substituting Eq. (6.4.10) into Eq. (5.8.23) yields

EIw fiv ! GKT ! r02 f00 ! x0 Pv00 y0 Pu00 0 (6.4.11)

Equations (6.4.8), (6.4.9), and (6.4.11) are the three simultaneous differ-
ential equations for torsional, flexural-torsional buckling of columns with
arbitrary thin-walled cross sections. They are identical to Eq. (6.3.16)
derived in the previous section as expected, except the signs of x0 and y0 are
reversed as they are measured from the opposite reference point.

6.4.3. Torsional and Flexural-Torsional Buckling under


Thrust and End Moments
Consider the case when the column is subjected to bending moments Mx
and My applied at the ends in addition to the concentric load P. The bending
moments Mx and My are taken positive when they produce positive
curvatures in the plane of bending. It is assumed that the effect of P on the
bending stresses can be neglected and the initial deflection of the column
due to the moments is considered to be small. Under this assumption, the
normal stress at any point on the cross section of the column is independent
of z and is given by
P Mx y My x
s ! ! ! (6.4.12)
A Ix Iy

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