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Решение Задач По Сопр. Материалов - Буланов - 2015
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Решение Задач По Сопр. Материалов - Буланов - 2015
Загружено:
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Copyright & A K-C
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Copyright & A K-C
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5- ()
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2015
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Copyright & A K-C
539.3/.6
30.121
90
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90 [-
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. . (1 pdf : 218 .). . : .
, 2015. . : Adobe
Reader XI ; 10".
ISBN 978-5-9963-2651-8
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539.3/.6
30.121
: / . . -
. 4- ., . . . : . -
, 2012. 215 . : . ISBN 978-5-9963-0743-2.
. 1299 1301
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ISBN 978-5-9963-2651-8
c . , 2010
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Copyright & A K-C
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R= Fi .
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:
M (R) = M (Fi ),
Fi i- .
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(. 1.1):
R = N + Qy + Qz ,
N , Qy , Qz ;
M (R) = Mx + My + Mz ,
Mx = T ; My , Mz .
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Copyright & A K-C
6 1.
. 1.1
,
,
,
( = /2 ) ( =
106 = /2 ).
(. 1.2):
P = + = + y + z ,
. 1.2
, -
; y , z -
y z.
A
. , ,
:
N= dA = Fxi ; Mx = T = (yz + zy )dA = Mxi ;
A A
Qy = y dA = Fyi ; My = zdA = Myi ;
A A
Qz = z dA = Fzi ; Mz = ydA = Mzi .
A A
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Copyright & A K-C
1.1. 7
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1. . -
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2. , ,
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3. -
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4. .
1.1.
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N .
-
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N= dA = Fxi .
A
-
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(
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( ).
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Copyright & A K-C
8 1.
. 1.4
(. 1.4, ), .
.
.
. 1.4, .
F .
a,
q. -
, -
( /):
q = F/a.
(
) (/):
G Al
q= = = A,
l l
G ; A ; l
; : = g,
, g (
. 6).
1. (. 1.5) -
.
1. .
R.
R, , -
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Copyright & A K-C
1.1. 9
( ),
. ,
(. . ),
.
R , . .
:
Fx = R 3F + 2F F = 0 R = 2F.
.
:
y, x, ,
. -
, x, ,
(
).
-
R.
,
R .
2. . -
, (. 1.5, ).
.
,
-
. -
, ,
, .
3. .
I : 0 x1 a.
.
, ,
.
, ,
, (. 1.5, )
N = F.
II : 0 x2 a.
, .
F , , 2F ,
m
Copyright & A K-C
10 1.
. 1.5
, (. 1.5, )
N = F + 2F = F.
III : 0 x3 a. ,
(. 1.5, )
N = F + 2F 3F = 2F.
N -
R ( N III
, ),
, -
.
4. .
,
,
x. N -
(. 1.5, ).
m
Copyright & A K-C
1.1. 11
, , -
, . -
, N ,
, .
.
N ,
.
, -
x.
.
( , -
).
, I
III , II ,
.
2.
(. 1.6, ), a, F .
1. R.
.
x :
Fx = R + F 2F = 0 R = F.
-
.
. 1.6
m
Copyright & A K-C
12 1.
2. , -
, .
3. N .
I : -
0 x1 a. ,
.
2F , (. 1.6, );
, N = 2F .
II : 0 x2 a.
, (. 1.6, ),
N = 2F + F = F .
4. N (. 1.6, ). ,
.
I , 2F , II -
F .
, , .
3. ,
(. 1.7),
a, b, c, F1 = F , F2 = 3F , q = F/b.
1. R. :
x .
(
q),
(
qb)
Fx = R + F2 qb F1 = 0,
, q, F1 , F2 ,
R = F.
2. , -
, .
3. N ,
:
I : 0 x1 a; N = F1 = F ;
F
II : 0 x2 b; N = F1 + qx2 = F + x2 ;
b
F
III : 0 x3 c; N = F1 + qb F2 = F + b 3F = F .
b
4. N .
II N x -
, .
:
m
Copyright & A K-C
1.1. 13
. 1.7 . 1.8
x2 = 0 N = F ;
F
b = 2F .
x2 = b N = F +
b
,
.
,
,
, .
(q = const),
. , ,
, x. ,
I II , III ,
x2 = b.
, 2F .
, ,
F2 = F3 , F1 = F .
4.
(. 1.8), a, F , q = 3F/(2a).
1. . -
3 9
Fx = F F + 2F + q a R = 0 R = F.
2 4
2. ,
, ,
m
Copyright & A K-C
14 1.
. 1.9 . 1.10
, . .
N .
3. N ,
:
I : 0 x1 a; N = F ;
3 3F
II : 0 x2 a; N = F F + qx2 = 2F + x2 ;
2 2a
3 9
III : 0 x3 a; N = F F + q a + 2F = F .
2 4
4. N .
.
, .
5. N (. 1.9)
, l, , A, F .
, -
.
1. R. Al.
x
:
Fx = R Al F = 0 R = Al + F.
2. , ,
.
3. N .
, . -
F ,
: Ax.
m
Copyright & A K-C
1.1. 15
, x -
,
N = F + Ax.
N x.
:
x = 0 N = F ;
x = l N = F + Al.
4. N . ,
. .
, , F ,
.
6. N (. 1.10)
, a, , A, F = 10Aa.
1. R:
Fx = R A2a + F 2Aa = 0 R = 6Aa.
2. .
3. N .
I : 0 x1 a. -
I , .
,
: N = 2Ax1 . N
: x1 = 0 N = 0, x1 = a N = 24a.
II : 0 x2 a.
II I
II :
N = 2Aa + Ax2 .
N :
x2 = 0 N = 2Aa;
x2 = a N = 3Aa.
III : 0 x3 a.
III I II ,
III :
N = 2Aa + Aa F + Ax3 = 7Aa + Ax3 .
N :
x3 = 0 N = 7Aa;
x3 = a N = 6Aa.
4. N . ,
( x) -
.
m
Copyright & A K-C
16 1.
. 1.11
x3 = 0,
7Aa.
7. N
(. 1.11), a, , A, F = 10Aa.
1. .
. :
Fx = R 2A5a + 3F 4A2a Aa F = 0.
F , R = Aa.
, .
(-
R ) ,
: R = Aa.
2. , -
, .
3. N :
I : 0 x1 a; N = 10Aa + Ax1 ;
II : 0 x2 2a; N = 11Aa + 4Ax2 ;
III : 0 x3 5a; N = 11Aa + 2Ax3 .
4. N . , I II
, III .
8. N
(. 1.12), a, F , q = F/a.
1. R:
Fx = R 4qa 4F + 2qa + F = 0 R = 5F.
2. , ,
.
m
Copyright & A K-C
1.1. 17
3. N , -
, :
F
I : 0 x1 2a; N = F qx1 = F x1 ;
a
x1 = 0 N = F , x1 = 2a N = 3F ;
II : 0 x2 a; N = F q 2a = 3F ;
F
III : 0 x3 4a; N = F q 2a + 4F + qx3 = F + x3 ;
a
x3 = 0 N = F ; x3 = 4a N = 5F
( R = 5F ).
4. N .
9.
(. 1.13). F 2F , ,
l, A, .
,
. , ,
. 1.12
. 1.13 . 1.14
m
Copyright & A K-C
18 1.
. 1.15 . 1.16
a = F/M , M = Al .
F = M a = F
, , q = F /l =
F/l.
x
F (x) = aAx1 = F .
l
x.
,
: x
N = F + F (x) = F + F .
l
-
x. N
:
x = 0 N = F ;
x1 = l N = 2F .
.
10. a, F . N (. 1.14).
11. a, , A, F = 50Aa. N
(. 1.15).
12. a, , A. N
(. 1.16).
1.2.
, , -
(. 1.17).
Mx T .
m
Copyright & A K-C
1.2. 19
. 1.17 . 1.18
-
-
, , . .
T= dA = Mxi .
A
,
(. 1.18).
, ,
. , -
-
(. 1.19, ), -
l (. 1.19, ).
. 1.19
m
Copyright & A K-C
20 1.
. 1.20
-
, ( /):
m = M/l.
-
, . .
. -
.
1.
(. 1.20), a M .
1. M ; -
, . 1.20.
-
. , , ,
,
. -
, -
y z. ,
, ,
x :
Mx = M + 2M 4M + M = 0,
M = M . -
.
2. , -
, ,
m
Copyright & A K-C
1.2. 21
. 1.21
. ,
.
3. T . ,
, ()
.
I : 0 x1 a; T = M .
M ,
.
II : 0 x2 a; T = M + 2M = 3M .
M 2M . .
III : 0 x3 a; T = M + 2M 4M = M .
M , 2M 4M . 4M
.
4. T .
, . . x, -
. , x.
II .
.
2. T (. 1.21),
a, m, M = 2ma.
1. -
:
Mx = ma + M M = 0 M = ma.
2. .
3.
, . I
m.
m
Copyright & A K-C
22 1.
. 1.22
: mx1 . II
a
ma M .
,
:
I : 0 x1 a; T = mx1 .
II : 0 x2 a; T = ma + M = ma.
4. . I
. T
:
x1 = 0 T = 0;
x1 = a T = ma.
. M ,
. .
3.
(. 1.22), ,
a = 10 , M = 1 , m = 2M/a = 0, 2 /.
, .
,
. , -
, . . ,
, . . ,
.
1. x:
Mx = M 5M + ma + M + M = 0 0 = 0.
m
Copyright & A K-C
1.2. 23
. 1.23 . 1.24
, , . . -
.
2. ,
, . I -
, II III .
3. T ( ) :
5
I : 0 x1 a; T = M = 1;
2
1
II : 0 x2 a; T = M = 1;
2
III : 0 x3 a; T = M 5M + mx3 = 4 + 0, 2x3 .
4. T . III T ,
T :
x3 = 0 T = 4M = 4 ;
x3 = a T = 4M + ma = 2 .
, T , ,
x, III , T -
, . ,
, -
. -
x3 = 0, T = 4 .
4. X.
,
(. 1.23), a, M , m = M/a.
1. X -
.
m
Copyright & A K-C
24 1.
. 1.25 . 1.26
:
Mx = m 2a 2X + 4M = 0, X = 3M.
2. , -
, .
3. T :
M
I : 0 x1 2a; T = mx1 = x1 ;
a
II : 0 x2 a; T = 4M ;
III : 0 x3 a; T = 4M + 3M = M .
4. T . , -
: X, X 4M .
.
5.
(. 1.24), a, M , m = M/a.
1. :
Mx = M ma 2M + m 2a + M = 0 M = 0.
2. , -
, .
3. T :
M
I : 0 x1 a; T = M mx1 = M x1 ;
a
M
II : 0 x2 2a; T = M ma 2M + mx2 = 2M + x2 .
a
4. T . T
.
6.
(. 1.25), a, M , m = M/a.
m
Copyright & A K-C
1.3. 25
. 1.27
7. X,
, ,
a, M , m = M/a (. 1.26).
8.
, (. 1.27),
a, M , m = 2M/a.
1.3.
, , -
, ,
, . -
,
. xOy (. 1.28)
, . .
x y.
: Qy
. 1.28
m
Copyright & A K-C
26 1.
Mz .
Q M Qy Mz .
Q -
, -
,
, . .
Q= dA = Fyi .
A
M -
-
,
, -
,
, . .
M= ydA = Mzi .
A
Q M :
(. 1.29, ) (. 1.29, ) -
Q M ,
.
. 1.29
(),
,
, -
:
)
, :
Fx = 0; Fy = 0; MA = 0;
) ,
, ,
:
Fx = 0; MA = 0; MB = 0;
m
Copyright & A K-C
1.3. 27
) ,
:
MA = 0; MB = 0; MC = 0.
-
.
,
, . . ,
.
-
-
, .
0 0.
Q M
,
:
dM dQ
=Q = q.
dx dx
M M = M (x),
Q M x.
, . . ,
M : Q = tg (. 1.30).
, -
Q M
.
1. , . .
q = 0, Q ,
x, M .
2. , . . q =
const, Q , M
, q.
3. , . . Q >
0, ;
, . . Q < 0,
( , x
);
, . . Q = 0, .
4. x, ,
Q = 0, .
5. , , Q -
, M
.
m
Copyright & A K-C
28 1.
. 1.30 . 1.31
6. , , Q
, M -
.
7. ,
, Q ,
M .
8.
, .
,
.
1. Q M (. 1.31),
l, F .
1. .
-
F .
y, -
A :
Fy = F + YA = 0 YA = F ;
MA = F l M = 0 M = F l.
,
.
, -
F YA x 0.
.
m
Copyright & A K-C
1.3. 29
2. , -
. ,
0 x l. , -
Q M
, .
3. Q M . ,
,
Q M , .
I : 0 x l.
, -
. F .
, . . Q = F .
F ,
. . M = F x.
4. Q M :
x = 0 Q = F ; M = 0;
x = l Q = F ; M = F l.
;
,
-
.
YA ,
M , .
2. Q M
l, -
q (. 1.32).
1. ,
, .
-
, .
,
:
Fy = ql + YA = 0 YA = ql;
l 1
MA = ql M = 0 M = ql2 .
2 2
;
1
ql, , ql .
2
m
Copyright & A K-C
30 1.
. 1.32 . 1.33
2. .
x .
0 x l.
3. Q M .
,
,
. (. . 1.29) :
Q = qx1 ;
x1 1
M = qx1 = qx21 .
2 2
qx1 -
x1 . -
,
qx1 x1 /2.
4. :
x1 = 0 Q = 0; M = 0;
1
x1 = l Q = ql; M = ql2 .
2
-
1
: x = l/2 M = ql2 .
8
M
.
.
(q = const),
m
Copyright & A K-C
1.3. 31
Q , M , -
. x = 0
(Q = 0),
.
1
, 0 ql2 .
2
.
3. Q M
l,
q (. 1.33).
1. Q M
,
, -
. .
.
A
XA YA ,
,
x, Fx = 0 , -
.
A B:
l 1
MA = ql + YB l = 0 YB = ql;
2 2
l 1
MB = ql YA l = 0 YA = ql.
2 2
:
1 1
Fy = YA ql + YB = ql ql + ql = 0 0 = 0.
2 2
2. . -
.
0 x1 l.
3. Q M ,
:
1
Q = YA qx1 = ql qx1 ;
2
x1 1 1
M = YA x1 qx1 = qlx1 qx21 .
2 2 2
4. . Q M
:
1
x1 = 0 Q = ql; M = 0;
2
m
Copyright & A K-C
32 1.
. 1.34 . 1.35
l 1
Q = 0; M = ql2 ;
x1 =
2 8
1
x1 = l Q = ql; M = 0.
2
-
.
1. q,
, Q ,
M , q.
2. , Q > 0, ,
. x1 l/2 -
, . x1 > l/2
.
3. , Q = 0, -
. Q x1 = l/2 Q = 0,
.
. ,
Q
.
M ,
.
.
4. Q M (. 1.34),
F .
5. Q M (. 1.35),
M .
m
Copyright & A K-C
1.3. 33
. 1.36 . 1.37
6. Q M (. 1.36),
F , M0 = F a.
7. Q M
(. 1.37), -
F .
1. , -
. .
B F . A
F B.
A . A
: 3
MA = YB 2a F 3a = 0 YB = F ;
2
1
MB = YA 2a F a = 0 YA = F.
2
:
1 3
Fy = YA + YB F = F + F F = 0 0 = 0.
2 2
2. . I -
, II . ,
Q M .
3. Q M :
1 1
I : 0 x1 2a; Q = YA = F ; M = YA x1 = F x1 .
2 2
II : 0 x2 a; Q = F ; M = F x2 .
m
Copyright & A K-C
34 1.
4. .
,
. , Q M ,
.
, -
Q M , . .
. , , II
x2
(. . 1.37). Q M
:
II : 0 x2 a;
1 3
Q = YA + YB = F + F = F ;
2 2
M = YA (2a + x2 ) + YB x2 = F a + F x2 .
,
.
8. Q M
,
q (. 1.38).
1. :
4
MA = q 2a 3a + YB 3a = 0 YB = qa;
3
2
MB = YA 3a + q 2a a = 0 YA = qa.
3
:
2 4
Fy = YA q 2a + YB = qa 2qa + qa = 0 0 = 0.
3 3
2. . :
0 x1 a 0 x2 2a.
3. Q M :
I :
2
Q = YA = qa;
3
2
M = YA x1 = qax1 ;
3
II :
4
Q = YB + qx2 = qa + qx2 ;
3
x2 4 1
M = YB x2 qx = qax2 qx22 .
2 3 2
m
Copyright & A K-C
1.3. 35
. 1.38 . 1.39
4. :
I : 0 x1 a;
2
x1 = 0 Q =
qa; M = 0;
3
2 2
x1 = a Q = qa; M = qa2 ;
3 3
II : 0 x2 2a;
4
x2 = 0 Q = qa; M = 0;
3
4 2
x2 = 2a Q = qa + q 2a = qa;
3 3
4 1 2
M = qa 2a q(2a)2 = qa2 .
3 2 3
dM
= Q,
dx
, , x2 ,
Q = 0, x2 M :
4 4
Q = qa + qx2 = 0 x2 = a;
3 3
2
4 4 1 4 8
Mmax = Mx2 = 43 a = qa a q a = qa2 .
3 3 2 3 9
. I -
q = 0; , Q -
m
Copyright & A K-C
36 1.
, x, M .
II ; ,
Q , M ,
. , Q > 0,
M , Q < 0 . , Q = 0,
M . Q
, .
, M
. , ,
Q (
), M
. ,
.
9. Q M
(. 1.39) a = 2 , F = 4 , M0 = 2 , q = 2 /.
1. ( ):
Fy = F qa + YA = 0 YA = qa F = 2 2 4 = 0;
a
MA = F 2a M0 qa M = 0,
1 2 1
M = 2F a M0 qa2 = 2 4 2 2 2 22 = 10 .
2 2
2. . -
. Q M .
3. Q M ,
:
I : 0 x1 < a; Q = F ; M = F x1 ;
1
II : 0 x2 a; Q = F + qx2 ; M = F (a + x2 ) M0 qx22 .
2
4. :
I :
x1 = 0 Q = F = 4 ; M = 0;
x1 = a = 2 Q = F = 4 ;
M = F a = 4 2 = 8 ;
II :
x2 = 0 Q = F = 4 ;
M = F a M0 = 4 2 2 = 6 ;
x2 = a Q = F + qa = 4 + 2 2 = 0;
1 1
M = F 2a M0 qa2 = 4 2 2 2 + 2 22 = 10 .
2 2
. I q = 0,
Q , M .
II q = const, Q ,
M ,
m
Copyright & A K-C
1.3. 37
. 1.40 . 1.41
. Q < 0,
. Q -
F .
, . M
. ,
.
, Q = 0 ( ), M
, . . M .
10. . 1.40 Q
M , a, q, M0 = qa2 .
11. . 1.41 Q
M , a M0 .
12. . 1.42 Q
M , a, q.
13. . 1.43
Q M , a, q, M0 = qa2 .
1. , :
MA = M0 q 4a 2a + YB 5a = 0,
7
YB = qa;
5
MB = M0 YA 5a + q 4a 3a = 0,
1 13
YA = (qa2 + 12qa2 ) = qa.
5a 5
m
Copyright & A K-C
38 1.
. 1.42 . 1.43
:
13 7
Fy = YA q4a + YB = qa 4qa + qa = 0 0 = 0.
5 5
2. , ,
.
3. Q M :
7 7
I : 0 x1 < a; Q = YB = qa; M = YB x1 = qax1 ;
5 5
13
II : 0 x2 < 4a; Q = YA qx2 = qa qx2 ;
5
1 2 13 1
M = M0 + YA x2 qx2 = qa2 + qax2 qx22 .
2 5 2
4. :
7
I : x1 = 0 Q = qa; M = 0;
5
7 7
x1 = a Q = qa; M = qa2 ;
5 5
13
II : x2 = 0 Q = qa; M = qa2 ;
5
13 7
x2 = 4a Q = qa 4qa = qa;
5 5
13 1 7
M = qa2 + qa 4a q(4a)2 = qa2 .
5 2 5
m
Copyright & A K-C
1.3. 39
. 1.44 . 1.45
x2 , Q = 0,
:
13 13
Q= qa qx2 = 0 x2 = a;
5 5
2
2 13 13 1 13 119 2
Mmax = Mx2 = 13
5 a
= qa + qa a q a = qa .
5 5 2 5 50
14. Q M
(. 1.44), ,
a q.
1. :
Fy = YA 2qa qa = 0 YA = 3qa;
a 3 5
MA = M 2qa qa a = 0 M = qa2 .
2 2 2
2. , ,
.
3. Q M :
1
I : 0 x1 a; Q = qx1 ; M = qx21 ;
2
II : 0 x2 a; Q = qa + 2qx2 ;
a 2qx2 1
2
M = qa + x2 = qa2 qax2 qx22 .
2 2 2
m
Copyright & A K-C
40 1.
4. :
I : x1 = 0 Q = 0; M = 0;
1
x2 = a Q = qa; M = qa2 ;
2
1
II : x2 = 0 Q = qa; M = qa2 ;
2
x2 = a Q = 3qa;
1 5
M = qa2 qa2 qa2 = qa2 .
2 2
15. Q M
(. 1.45), ,
a, F .
1. :
5
MA = 2F a + YB 2a F 3a = 0 YB = F ;
2
1
MB = YA 2a + 2F a F a = 0 YA = F.
2
:
1 5
Fy = YA 2F + YB F = F 2F + F F = 0 0 = 0.
2 2
2. , .
3. Q M :
1 1
I : 0 x1 a; Q = YA = F ; M = YA x1 = F x1 ;
2 2
1 3
II : 0 x2 a; Q = YA 2F = F 2F = F ;
2 2
1 3
M = YA (a + x2 ) 2F x2 = F a F x2 ;
2 2
III : 0 x3 a; Q = F ; M = F x2 .
4. .
16. (. 1.46) Q
1
M , q, M0 = qa2 , a.
2
17. (. 1.47) Q
M , a, q, F = qa.
18. Q M (. 1.48),
a = 2 , q = 2 /.
1. . , . .
:
3
MA = q 3a a + YB 2a = 0,
2
m
Copyright & A K-C
1.3. 41
. 1.46 . 1.47
9 9
YB = qa = 2 2 = 9 ;
4 4
a
MB = YA 2a + q 3a = 0,
2
3 3
YA = qa = 2 2 = 3 .
4 4
.
:
3 9
Fy = YA q 3a + YB = qa 3qa + qa = 0 0 = 0.
4 4
2. .
: I
, II .
3. Q M :
3
I : 0 < x1 < 2a; Q = YA qx1 = qa qx1 ;
4
x1 3 1
M = YA x1 qx1 = qax1 qx21 ;
2 4 2
1
II : 0 < x1 < a; Q = qx2 ; M = qx22 .
2
m
Copyright & A K-C
42 1.
. 1.48 . 1.49
4. :
I : Mmax .
, Q = 0:
3 3 3
Q = qa qx1 = 0 x1 = a = .
4 4 2
x1 :
2
3 3 q 3 9 9
Mmax =Mx1 = 4 a = qa a
3 a = qa2 = 2 22 =2,25 ;
4 4 2 4 32 32
II : x2 = a = 2 Q = qa = 2 2 = 4 ;
1 1
M = qa2 = 2 22 = 4 .
2 2
19. Q M (. 1.49),
q = 2 /, a = 1 , F = qa = 2 , M0 = qa2 = 2 .
1. . .
A B:
MA = M0 q 4a 2a + YB 4a F 5a = 0,
qa2 8qa2 + 4YA a 5qa2 = 0,
m
Copyright & A K-C
1.3. 43
YB = 3qa = 3 2 1 = 6 ;
MB = M0 YA 4a + q 4a 2a F a = 0,
qa2 4YA a + 8qa2 qa2 = 0,
YA = 2qa = 2 2 1 = 4 .
.
y:
Fy = YA q 4a + YB F = 2qa 4qa + 3qa qa = 0,
0 = 0.
2. . -
.
3. Q M :
I : 0 x1 4a; Q = YA qx1 = 2qa qx1 ;
1 1
M = M0 + YA x1 qx21 = qa2 + 2qax1 qx21 ;
2 2
II : 0 x2 a; Q = F = qa = 2 ; M = F x2 = qax2 .
4. . I -
. Q = 0 x1 :
Q = 2qa qx1 = 0 x1 = 2a = 2 .
x1 :
1
Mmax = Mx1 =2a = qa2 + 2qa 2a q(2a)2 = qa2 = 2 .
2
20. Q M (. 1.50),
a = 1 , b = 0, 8 , c = 1, 2 , q = 20 /, F = 14 ,
M0 = 7 .
1. . YA YB
:
1 c
MA = qa2 + F a + YB (a + b) qc a + b + + M0 = 0;
2 2
a 1
MB = YA (a + b) + qa + b F b qa2 + M0 = 0.
2 2
m
Copyright & A K-C
44 1.
. 1.50
,
1 2 c
qa F a + qc a + b + M0
YB = 2 2 =
a+b
1 1, 2
20 1 14 1 + 20 1, 2 1 + 0, 8 + 7
2 2
= = 25, 89 ;
1 + 0, 8
a qc2
qa +b Fb + M0
YA = 2 2 =
a+b
1 1
20 1 + 0, 8 14 0, 8 20 1, 22 + 7
2 2
= = 4, 11 .
1 + 0, 8
,
.
m
Copyright & A K-C
1.3. 45
y:
Fy = YA qa + F + YB qc =
= 4, 11 20 1 + 14 + 25, 89 20 1, 2 = 0 0 = 0.
.
2. .
. I
II
. ,
, .
III
; ,
.
3. Q :
I : 0 x1 a; Q = YA qx1 ;
II : 0 x2 b; Q = YA qa + F ;
III : 0 x3 c; Q = qx3 .
4. Q. I III Q ,
x .
Q
. II Q ; -
, Q II .
I : x1 = 0; Q = YA = 4, 11 ;
x1 = a; Q = YA qa = 4, 11 20 1 = 15, 89 ;
II : 0 x2 b; Q = YAqa+F = 4, 11201+14 = 1, 89 ;
III : x3 = 0; Q = 0,
x3 = c; Q = qc = 20 1, 2 = 24 .
Q , -
.
5. M -
:
1
I : 0 x1 a; M = YA x1 qx21 ;
2
1
II : 0 x2 b; M = YA (a + x2 ) qa a + x2 + F x2 ;
2
1 2
III : 0 x3 c; M = M0 qx3 .
2
6. M .
II M , x
, M
. I III M , x
m
Copyright & A K-C
46 1.
, (
) . , ,
M ,
. Q x,
M . -
x , Q = 0,
M .
I Q x .
x1 , Q = 0:
Q = YA qx1 = 0,
x1 = YA /q = 4, 11/20 = 0, 2055 .
x1 M ,
1
Mmax = Mx1 =0,2055 = 4, 11 0, 2055 20 0, 20552 = 0, 422 .
2
M I II :
I : x1 = 0; M = 0;
1 1
x1 = a; M = YA a qa2 = 4 11 1 20 12 = 5, 89 ;
2 2
1
II : x2 = 0; M = YA a qa2 = 5, 89 ;
a 2
1
x2 = b; M = YA (a+b)qa + b +F b = 4, 111, 8201 + 0, 8 +
2 2
14 0, 8 = 7, 4 .
III Q = 0 ; -
, :
III : x3 = 0; M = M0 = 7 ;
1 1
x3 = c; M = M0 qc2 = 7 20 1, 22 = 7, 4 ;
2 2 2
1 1 c 2 1 1, 2
x3 = c; M = M0 q = 7 20 = 3, 4 .
2 2 2 2 2
21. Q M (. 1.51),
a, q, F = qa, M0 = qa2 .
1. .
.
a
MA = F a M0 qa + a + YA 2a = 0,
2
2 2 3 2
qa qa + qa + YB 2a = 0,
2
3
YB = qa;
4
a
MB = F 3a YA 2a M0 qa = 0,
2
m
Copyright & A K-C
1.3. 47
. 1.51
1
3qa2 + YA 2a qa2 + qa2 = 0,
2
5
YA = qa.
4
-
.
:
5 3
Fy = F + YA qa + YB = qa + qa qa + qa = 0 0 = 0.
4 4
2. ,
, .
3. Q M :
I : 0 x1 a; Q = F = qa; M = F x1 = qax1 ;
5 1
II : 0 x2 a; Q = F + YA = qa + qa = qa;
4 4
5 1
M = F (a + x2 ) + YA x2 = qa(a + x2 ) + qax2 = qa2 + qax2 ;
4 4
3
III : 0 x3 a; Q = YB + qx3 = qa + qx3 ;
4
1 3 1
M = YB x3 qx23 = qax3 qx23 .
2 4 2
m
Copyright & A K-C
48 1.
4. Q M .
I : x1 = 0 Q = qa; M = 0;
x1 = a Q = qa; M = qa2 ;
1
II : x2 = 0 Q = qa; M = qa2 ;
4
1 1 3
x2 = a Q = qa; M = qa2 + qa2 = qa2 ;
4 4 4
3
III : x3 = 0 Q = qa; M = 0;
4
3 1
x3 = a Q = qa + qa = qa;
4 4
3 2 1 2 1 2
M = qa qa = qa .
4 2 4
III . x3 = x3
Q = 0; ,
. x3 :
3 3
Q = qa + qx3 = 0 x3 = a.
4 4
2
3 3 1 3 9
Mmax = Mx3 = 34 a = qa a q a = qa2 .
4 4 2 4 32
22. (. 1.52) Q M ,
a = 2 , q = 200 /, F = qa = 400 , M0 = 4qa2 =
3200 .
23.
(. 1.53) , -
, .
-
.
-
. , I
II.
; , -
dM
Q = ( ,
dx
),
:
M0 M0
I : 0 x1 a; M = M0 x1 , Q = ;
a a
M0 M0
II : 0 x2 a; M = M0 x2 , Q = .
a a
.
m
Copyright & A K-C
1.3. 49
. 1.52
. 1.53
m
Copyright & A K-C
50 1.
dQ
, ,
q =
dx
dQ
, = 0.
dx
, .
1. A B
M0 , M M0 .
.
.
2. A B
, M0 /a -
Q.
C ,
2M0 /a, .
.
Q
. , , C
M0 /a M0 /a, . . ;
, .
-
( A)
:
M0 2M0
MA = M0 2a + a M0 = 0,
a a
0 0.
.
Q M
. ,
.
1.4. ,
. -
N , Q
M ,
(. 1.1 1.3).
(. 1.54).
, -
, ,
.
m
Copyright & A K-C
1.4. 51
. 1.54
. 1.55
, ,
, .
, -
.
, N ,
, .
1. N , Q M
(. 1.55, ), F = 1 , q = 2 /, h = 3 , l = 4 .
m
Copyright & A K-C
52 1.
1. :
Fx = XA F = 0 XA = F ;
l l
MA = ql + YB l = 0 YB = q = 4 ;
2 2
l l
MB = YA l + ql = 0 YA = q = 4 .
2 2
: Fy = YA + YB ql = 0 0 = 0.
2. (. 1.55, ), -
. II
. ,
N , Q M ,
F YB , . . ,
.
III
N , Q M
. ,
, II
I , .
.
,
. ,
.
3. N (), Q (), M ( ):
I : 0 x1 h; N = YA = 4; Q = XA = 1;
M = XA x1 = x1 ;
II : 0 x2 l; N = XA = 1; Q = YA qx2 = 4 2x2 ;
1
M = XA h + YA x2 qx22 = 3 + 4x2 x22 ;
2
III : 0 x3 h; N = YA = 4; Q = F = 1;
M = F x3 = x3 .
: II -
, : XA
C ( XA h),
YA C
(. 1.55, ).
4. (. 1.55, ). ,
dM dQ
q, Q M : =Q = q, ,
dx dx
Q M . , ,
I III , Q
m
Copyright & A K-C
1.4. 53
. 1.56
, M . II
, -
. , ,
Q , M ,
, , Q = 0, . .
x1 = l/2, M .
2. N , Q M
(. 1.56, ), a, q, F = qa.
1. :
Fx = XA + qa = 0 XA = qa;
Fy = YA F = 0 YA = F = qa;
3 3
MA = F a qa a + M = 0 M = 3qa2 .
2 2
:
3 a
MB = M XA 2a YA a + qa = 0 0 = 0.
2 2
m
Copyright & A K-C
54 1.
. 1.57
2. , -
, ,
.
N , Q M :
3
I : 0 x1 a; N = 0; Q = F = qa; M = F x1 = qax1 ;
2
II : 0 x2 a; N = F = qa; Q = qx2 ;
3 1 3 1
M = F a qx22 = qa2 qx22 ;
2 2 2 2
III : 0 x3 a; N = F = qa; Q = qa;
3 a
M = F a qa + x3 = 2qa2 qax3 .
2 2
: , II
F C
3
F a (. 1.56, ).
2
4. (. 1.56, ).
3. N , Q M
(. 1.57), a, q, M0 = qa2 .
1. :
Fx = XA = 0;
a 1
MA = M0 qa YB a = 0 YB = qa;
2 2
a 3
MB = M0 YA a + qa = 0 YA = qa.
2 2
2. .
m
Copyright & A K-C
1.4. 55
. 1.58
3. N , Q M :
1
I : 0 x1 a; N = YB = qa; Q = 0; M = 0;
2
1
II : 0 x2 a; N = 0; Q = YB + qx2 = qa + qx2 ;
2
1 1 1
M = YB x2 qx22 = qax2 qx22 ;
2 2 2
3
III : 0 x3 2a; N = YA = qa; Q = 0;
2
M = M0 = qa2 .
4. .
4. N , Q M
(. 1.58), a, q, F = 2qa, M0 = qa2 .
1. ( ):
Fx = XA F = 0 XA = F = 2qa;
Fy = YA = 0;
MA = M0 + F a M = 0 M = 3qa2 .
2. .
3. N , Q M :
I : 0 x1 a; N = 0;
Q = F = 2qa; M = F x1 = 2qax1 ;
II : 0 x2 a; N = F = 2qa;
Q = 0; M = F a = 2qa2 ;
III : 0 x3 a; N = 0;
Q = F = 2qa; M = F a + F x3 = 2qa2 + 2qax3 ;
IV : 0 x4 a; N = 0; Q = F = 2qa;
M = F a + F (a + x4 ) + M0 = 2qax4 + qa2 .
4. .
m
Copyright & A K-C
56 1.
. 1.59
5. N , Q M
(. 1.59), a, q, F = qa, M0 = qa2 .
1. :
Fx = XA q 2a = 0 XA = 2qa;
MA = M0 F a + q 2aa YB 2a = 0,
YB = qa;
MB = YA 2a + M0 + F a q 2aa = 0,
YA = 2qa.
:
Fy = YA F YB = 2qa qa qa = 0.
2. .
3. N , Q M :
I : 0 x1 a; N = YA = 2qa; Q = XA = 2qa;
M = XA x1 = 2qax1 ;
II : 0 x2 a; N = YA = 2qa; Q = XA = 2qa;
M = XA (a + x2 ) M0 = 3qa2 2qax2 ;
III : 0 x3 a; N = XA = 2qa; Q = YA = 2qa;
M = XA 2a M0 + YA x3 = 5qa2 + 2qax3 ;
IV : 0 x4 a; N = YB = qa; Q = qx4 ;
1
M = qx24 ;
2
V : 0 x5 a; N = 2qa; Q = YB = qa;
M = q 2aa YB x5 = 2qa2 qax5 .
4. (. 1.59).
m
Copyright & A K-C
1.4. 57
. 1.60
6. N , Q M
(. 1.60), a, q, F = 2qa, M0 = 3qa2 .
1. :
Fx = F XA = 0 XA = F = 2qa;
Fy = qa YA = 0 YA = qa;
a 1
MA = M F a qa + M0 = 0 M = qa2 .
2 2
2. ,
.
3. N , Q M :
I : 0 x1 a; N = 0; Q = F = 2qa;
M = F x1 = 2qax1 ;
II : 0 x2 a; N = F = 2qa; Q = qx2 ;
1 1
M = F a + qx22 = 2qa2 + qx22 ;
2 2
III : 0 x3 a; N = qa; Q = F = 2qa;
a 3
M = F a + qa + F x3 = qa2 + 2qax3 ;
2 2
IV : 0 x4 a; N = qa; Q = F = 2qa;
a 5
M = F a + qa M0 + F (a + x4 ) = qa2 + 2qax4 .
2 2
, -
-
. III IV
m
Copyright & A K-C
58 1.
. 1.61
. 1.62
. 1.63
. 1.64
m
Copyright & A K-C
1.4. 59
, .
N , Q, M :
IV : 0 x4 a; N = YA = qa; Q = XA = 2qa;
1
M = M XA x4 = qa2 2qax4 ;
2
III : 0 x3 a; N = qa; Q = 2qa;
1
M = M XA (a + x3 ) + M0 = qa2 2qax3 .
2
.
7. N , Q, M (. 1.61),
a, F .
8. N , Q, M (. 1.62),
a, q, F = qa.
9. N , Q, M (. 1.63),
a, q.
10. N , Q, M
(. 1.64), a, F .
m
Copyright & A K-C
-
. ,
,
, .
,
. ( -
)
-
. , ,
,
.
,
, -
:
max [] max [ ].
, -
, -
:
[] = /[n]; [ ] = /[n].
, -
.
[n] -
: 1, 4 . . . 2; 1, 6 . . . 2, 5; -
2, 5 . . . 4.
,
-
.
.
.
-
[]:
[].
m
Copyright & A K-C
2.1. 61
.
, .
2.1.
()
()
,
:
N
= ,
A
N ; A
.
( ) (-
)
Nl
l = ,
EA
l ; l
; E
.
,
l
N (x)dx
l = .
0 EA(x)
- i- -
-
i 1 i-
. .
i1
xi
Ni (x)dxi
x = lk + .
0 Ei Ai (x)
k=1
-
.
,
M Q :
d 1
= .
dx E
.
m
Copyright & A K-C
62 2.
()
N
max = [].
A max
-
:
n = /max [n],
[n]
.
-
,
, :
A N/[].
()
lmax [l],
.
663669 (. -
1. . 6).
1.
,
(. 2.1), F =
20 , a = 10 , E = 2 105 , = = 260 , [n] = 2.
1. :
Fx = R + 3F 2F + F = 0 R = 2F.
2. . -
N . -
, ,
. -
.
,
. . . ,
.
3. ,
:
I : 0 x1 2a; N = 2F = 40 ;
II : 0 x2 a; N = F = 20 ;
m
Copyright & A K-C
2.1. 63
. 2.1
III : 0 x3 a; N = F = 20 ;
3
IV : 0 x4 a; N = F = 20 .
2
4. ,
,
:
I : 0 x1 a; = 2F/A;
II : 0 x2 a; = F/(4A);
III : 0 x3 a; = F/(3A);
3
IV : 0 x4 a; = F/(2A).
2
5.
. , I ,
max = 2F/A.
m
Copyright & A K-C
64 2.
[] = /[n] = 260/2 = 130 .
[]max [] :
2 20 103
= 3, 08 104 2 = 308 2 .
A 2F/[] =
130 106
b = A = 308 = 17, 6 .
663669
Ra20 b = 18 .
I
b :
A = b2 = 182 = 324 2 = 3, 24 104 2 ;
2F 2 20 103
= = = 123, 4 .
A 3, 24 104
[] 130 123, 4
= 100% = 100% = 5, 1%,
[] 130
.
6. :
I : = 2F/A = 123, 4 ;
II : = F/(4A) = 15, 4 ;
III : = F/(3A) = 20, 6 ;
IV : = F/(2A) = 30, 9 .
7. -
.
(N = const). i- xi
() , xi :
Ni xi
lxi = .
Ei Ai
2F x1
I : 0 x1 a; x1 = lx1 = .
EA
I
2F a
lI = .
EA
F x2
II : 0 x2 a; lx2 = .
4EA
m
Copyright & A K-C
2.1. 65
II
Fa
. lII =
4EA
I II :
2F a F x2
x2 = lI + lx2 = .
EA 4EA
F x3
III : 0 x3 a; lx3 = .
3EA
III
Fa
lIII = .
3EA
7 Fa F x3
x3 = lI + lII + lx3 = + .
4 EA 3EA
3 F x4
IV : 0 x4 a; lx4 = .
2 2EA
IV
3F a
lIV = .
4EA
25 F a F x4
x4 = lI + lII + lIII + lx4 = + .
12 EA 2EA
:
x1 = 0 = 0;
Fa 2 20 103 0, 1
x1 = a = 2 = = 0, 62104 ;
EA 2 105 106 3, 24 104
2F a
x2 = 0 = = 0, 62 104 ;
EA
7F a
x2 = a = = 0, 54 104 ;
4EA
7F a
x3 = 0 = = 0, 54 104 ;
4EA
25F a
x3 = a = = 0, 64 104 ;
12EA
25F a
x4 = 0 = = 0, 64 104 ;
12EA
3 17F a
x4 = a = = 0, 88 104 .
2 6EA
m
Copyright & A K-C
66 2.
. 2.2 . 2.3
2. (. 2.2) -
N , , , -
, a = 1 , F = 20 , A = 10 2 ,
E = 2 105 .
3.
(. 2.3) N , , ,
,
a = 1 , F = 16 , E = 2 105 , [] = 160 ,
[] = 1 .
1. :
Fx = R 3F + 2F + F = 0 R = 0.
2. -
, ,
.
3. N ,
, A . A
.
I : 0 x1 a. ,
N = 0, = 0
m
Copyright & A K-C
2.1. 67
I . ,
I : lI = 0.
II : 0 x2 2a;
N = 3F ; = 3F/(4A); lx2 = 3F x2 /(4EA).
II lII = 3F a/(2EA).
3 F x2
x2 = lI + lx2 = .
4 EA
III : 0 x3 3a;
N = 3F 2F = F ; = F/A; lx3 = F x3 /(EA).
III lIII = 3F a/(EA).
3 F a F x3
x3 = lI + lII + lx3 = + .
2 EA EA
4. :
x2 = 0 = 0;
x2 = 2a = 3F a/(2EA);
x3 = 0 = 3F a/(2EA);
x3 = 3a = max = 9F a/(2EA).
5. . ,
III .
max = F/A.
, -
:
b F/[] = 16 103/(160 106) = 0, 01 = 10 .
6. . ,
() D .
,
(). max [],
, :
9F a 9 16 103 1
b = = 18, 97 103 = 18, 97 .
2E[] 2 2 1011 0, 001
7. . -
. ,
. 663669,
Ra10 20 . I II
40 ,
4A.
m
Copyright & A K-C
68 2.
. 2.4
F 16 103
max = = = 40 .
A 0, 022
D
9F a 9 16 103 1
= = = 0, 9 103 = 0, 9 .
2EA 2 2 1011 0, 022
4.
(. 2.4) -
, N , , , a = 0, 5 ,
F = 10 , E = 2 105 , q = 5F/a = 100 /, [] = 160 .
1. :
Fx = R + F qa + 2F = 0 R = 2F.
2. . -
,
.
3. N , , :
I : 0 x1 a; N = R = 2F ; = 2F/A.
m
Copyright & A K-C
2.1. 69
x1
x1 = lx1 = 2F x1 /(EA);
x1 = a B = lx1 =a = 2F a/(EA).
II : 0 x2 a;
5F
N = R F + qx2 = 3F + x2 ;
a
x2 = 0 N = 3F ; x2 = a N = 2F ;
3F + 5F
a x2 F 5 F x2
= + = ;
3A A 3 Aa
x2 = 0 = F/A; x2 = a = 2F/(3A).
x2
x2
2F a 3F + 5F a x2 dx2
x2 = B + lx2 = + ,
EA 0 3EA
2F a F x2 5 F x22
x 2 = + ;
EA EA 6 aEA
x2 = a C:
13 F a
C = .
6 EA
x2 = x2 ,
3 3
N = 0. N = 0 x2 = a. x2 = a
5 5
:
2
2F a F 35 a 5 F 3 23 F a
x 2 = 5 a =
3 + a = .
EA EA 6 aEA 5 10 EA
III : 0 x3 3a;
5F
N = R F + qa = 2F F + a = 2F ; = 2F/2A = F/A.
a
x3
13 F a 2F x3 13 F a F x3
x3 = C + lx3 = + = + .
6 EA E 2A 6 EA EA
x3 = 3a D:
13 F a 3F a 5 F a
D = + = .
6 EA EA 6 EA
4. . ,
13
x3 = a, ,
6
13
, x3 > a .
6
m
Copyright & A K-C
70 2.
13
III x3 = a
. 6
5.
. I .
max = 2F/A.
I :
2F 2 10 103
= = 1, 25 104 2 ,
A
[] 160 106
d 4A/ = 1, 26 102 = 12, 6 .
663969 Ra20
d = 14 , A = 1, 54 104 2 .
2 10 103
max = = 130 .
1, 54 104
[] max 160 130
= 100% = 100% = 18, 75%.
[] 160
, Ra40
d = 13 ,
A = 1, 33 104 2 .
2 10 103
max = = 150, 7 .
1, 33 104
160 150, 7
100% = 5, 8%.
=
160
I d = 13 .
-
.
6. .
.
Fa 10 103 0, 5
= = 1, 88 104 = 0, 188 .
EA 2 10 106 1, 33 104
5
m
Copyright & A K-C
2.1. 71
,
. -
23
max = 0, 188 = 0, 43 .
10
5. , -
(. 2.5),
N , , , , -
, II,
a = 0, 5 , F = 100 , A = 20 2 ; :
E = 2105 , = 8 /3 ,
= 320 .
F
aA, . . F = kgaA,
F 100 5
k= = = .
gaA 10 8 103 0, 5 20 104 4
, F = 1, 25gaA.
: g 10 /2 .
-
. ,
, a = 1 ,
a.
. 2.5
m
Copyright & A K-C
72 2.
1. . ,
. ,
, :
Fx = R + F + F g(3A 2a + A a + A a) = 0,
R = 8gaA 2F = 5, 5gaA.
2. .
, .
. -
,
, .
.
3. :
I : 0 x1 2a;
N = F + g3Ax1 = 1, 25gaA + 3gAx1;
II : 0 x2 a;
N = F + g3A2a + gAx2 = 4, 75gaA + gAx2;
III : 0 x3 a;
N = 2F + 6gaA + gAa + gAx3 = 4, 5gaA + gAx3 .
4. N . -
N x, N
:
I : x1 = 0; N = 1, 25gaA; x1 = 2a; N = 4, 75gaA;
II : x2 = 0; N = 4, 75gaA; x2 = a; N = 5, 75gaA;
III : x3 = 0; N = 4, 5gaA; x3 = a; N = 5, 5gaA.
(. 2.5).
, -
.
.
5. .
, -
.
-
.
-
, .
, -
:
m
Copyright & A K-C
2.1. 73
I : 0 x1 2a;
= NI /(3A) = 0, 4175ga + gx1;
x1
(1, 25gaA + 3gx1)dx1 g
x1 =lx1 = = (0, 4175ax1 + 0, 5x21 ).
0 E3A E
I lI = 1, 5825ga2/E.
II : 0 x2 a; = NII /A = 4, 75ga + gx2 .
x2
00 -
II I
:
x2 = l1 + lx2 ;
x2
(4, 75gaA + gAx2 )dx2 g
lx2 = = (4, 75ax2 + 0, 5x22 ).
0 EA E
x2 = 1, 5825ga2/E + 4, 75gax2 /E + 0, 5gx22 /E.
II : lII = lx2 =a = 5, 25ga2 /E.
II
x2 =a = lI + lII = 6, 8325ga2/E.
III : 0 x3 a; = NIII /A = 4, 5ga + gx3 .
, x3 -
III -
x3 :
x3 = lI + lII + lx3 ;
x3
(4, 5gaA + gAx3 )dx3 g
lx3 = = (4, 5ax3 + 0, 5x23 ).
0 EA E
III lIII = lx3 =a = 5ga2 /E.
III
x3 =a = lI + lII + lIII = 11, 8325ga2/E.
6. .
. -
:
I : x1 = 0 = 0, 417ga;
x1 = 2a = 1, 583ga;
m
Copyright & A K-C
74 2.
II : x2 = 0 = 4, 75ga;
x2 = a = 5, 75ga;
III : x3 = 0 = 4, 5ga;
x3 = a = 5, 5ga.
, -
. , ,
-
d 1
= .
dx E
I , = 0, , . .
. . ,
= 0, , x1 = 0, 4175a.
, ,
min = x1 =0,4175a = 0, 08715ga2/E.
I . II III
, ,
, . -
:
x2 = 0 = 1, 5825ga2/E;
x2 = a = 6, 8325ga2/E;
x3 = 0 = 6, 8325ga2/E;
x3 = a = 11, 8325ga2/E.
. -
, N , , ,
.
-
:
: ga = 10 8 103 0, 5 = 40 103 ;
N : gaA = 10 8 103 0, 5 20 104 = 80 ;
: ga2 /E = 10 8 103 0, 52 /2 1011 = 1 107 .
, I
x1 = 0, 4175a ,
.
, . . ,
II , . .
x2 = a.
m
Copyright & A K-C
2.1. 75
max = 5, 75 40 103 = 230 103 .
n = /max = 320 106/(230 103) = 1390.
-.
.
00, -
, -
.
= 11, 8325ga2/E. -
=
ga2
11, 8325 . .
E
.
11
11 = lII + lIII = 10, 25g2 /E = 1, 025 106 .
6. N , ,
(. 2.6), F = 5 , a = 0, 5 ,
. 2.6 . 2.7
m
Copyright & A K-C
76 2.
d = 6, 3 , E = 2105 .
, = 320 .
. n = 1, 99; l = 9 104 .
7. N , , (. 2.7),
a = 0, 2 , q = 0, 2 /, F = 2qa, A = 0, 02 2 ,
E = 2105 , E = 1105 . -
.
. max ||=2qa/A=4103 ; max ||=2qa2 /(EA) = 4109 .
2.2.
,
T
= ,
J
T ; -
, ; J
. J =
d4
(1 4 ) 0, 1d4 (1 4 ), = d /d (. 2.8).
32
: T
max = ,
W
J J
W = = .
max (d/2)
d3
W = (1 4 ) 0, 2d3 (1 4 ).
16
-
-
x,
x
T dx
x = ,
0 GJ
G .
-
,
. 2.8 l
Tl
= .
GJ
m
Copyright & A K-C
2.2. 77
i- -
-
i 1
xi i- , . .
i1
xi
Ti dxi
0x = k + .
0 Gi Ji
k=1
-
. -
,
.
T
M Q :
d 1
= T.
dx GJ
(. . 60)
max [ ].
-
:
n = /max [n],
[n]
,
,
:
16T
d 3 .
(1 4 )[ ]
:
[] [],
= T /(GJ ) , . .
, . -
663669 (. 1).
1. (. 2.9) -
T ,
max , ,
, d = 2d,
a = 1 , M = 5 , [ ] = 40 , G = 0, 4E = 0, 8 105 .
m
Copyright & A K-C
78 2.
. 2.9
1. -
x:
Mx = M + 3M M M M = 0 M = 2M.
2. .
;
,
. -
,
-
.
3. :
I : 0 x1 2a; T = M = 2M ;
II : 0 x2 a; T = M + M = 3M ;
III : 0 x3 a; T = M + M + M = 4M ;
IV : 0 x4 a; T = M + M + M 3M = M .
T .
, , -
x.
.
, . -
.
M .
m
Copyright & A K-C
2.2. 79
4.
:
I : 0 x1 2a;
T 2M 10M
W = 0, 2d3 , J = 0, 1d4 ; max = = 3
= 3 ;
W 0, 2d d
x1
T dx1 2M x1 20M x1
x1 = = = ;
0 GJ G0, 1d4 Gd4
x1 = a x1 =a = I = 20M a/(Gd4 ), I
I .
II : 0 x2 a; W = 0, 2d3 ; J = 0, 1d4 ;
x2
T 15M T dx2 30M x2
max = = 3 ; 0x2 = I + x2 ; x2 = = ;
W d 0 GJ Gd4
x3 = a x2 =a = II = 30M a/(Gd4 ).
III : 0 x3 a; W = 0, 2(2d)3 = 1, 6d3 ; J = 0, 1(2d)4 = 1, 6d4 ;
T 2, 5M
max = = ; 0x3 = I + II + x3 ;
W d3
x3
T dx3 2, 5M x3
x3 = = ;
0 GJ Gd4
x3 = a x3 =a = III = 2, 5M a/(Gd4 ).
IV : 0 x4 a; W = 0, 2d3 ; J = 0, 1d4 ;
T 5M
max = = 3 ; 0x4 = I + II + III + x4 ;
W d
x4
T dx4 10M x4
x4 = = ;
0 GJ Gd4
x4 = a x4 =a = IV = 10M a/(Gd4 ).
max -
. max , x,
max = const ; :
x1 = 0 = 0;
x1 = a = I = 20M a/(Gd4 );
x2 = 0 = I ;
x2 = a = I + II = 50M a/(Gd4 );
x3 = 0 = I + II ;
x3 = a = I + II + III = 52, 5M a/(Gd4 );
x4 = 0 = I + II + III ;
x4 = a = I + II + III + IV = 62, 5M a/(Gd4 ).
m
Copyright & A K-C
80 2.
5. max , ,
. . , II , -
. ,
:
max |max | = 15M/d3 [ ],
d 3 15M/[ ].
:
d 3 15 5 103/(40 106) = 0, 123 = 123 .
663669 (. 1) d =
120 (Ra40).
.
15M 15 5 103
max = 3 = = 4, 34 106 = 43, 4 .
d (0, 12)3
( )
max [ ] 43, 4 40
= 100% = 100% = 8, 5%.
[ ] 40
5%, Ra40
d = 130 :
15 5 103
max = = 34, 14 .
0, 132
( )
[ ] max 40 34, 14
= 100% = 100% = 14, 65%.
[ ] 40
15%. III , , d = 2d = 260 .
, -
, .
, .
6.
:
62, 5M a 62, 5 5 103 1
max = = = 0, 137 = 7, 8 .
Gd4 0, 8 1011 (0, 13)4
2. T , max ,
(. 2.10), M = 4 , a = 0, 5 , G = 0, 81011 ,
d = 10 , m = 2M/a = 16 /.
,
= 80 .
m
Copyright & A K-C
2.2. 81
. 2.10
1. :
Mx = M M + ma = 0 M = M.
2. , .
3. T , max , :
I : 0 x1 a; T = M = M ;
M 5M
max = 3
= 3 .
0, 2d d
x1
x1
(M )dx 10M x1
x1 = 4
= .
0 G 0, 1d Gd4
x1 = a I
10M a
I = x1 =a = .
Gd4
II : 0 x2 a;
2M
T = M M + mx2 = 2M + x2 ;
a
2M + (2M/a)x2 M M x2
max = 3
= 10 3 + 10 3 ;
0, 2d d d a
x2 = 0 T = 2M ; max = 10M/d3 ;
x2 = a T = 0; max = 0.
m
Copyright & A K-C
82 2.
x2
x2
10M a (2M x2 /a 2M )dx2
0x2 = I + x2 = 4
+ =
Gd 0 G0, 1d4
10M a 20M x2 10M x22
= + .
Gd4 Gd4 Gd4 a
x2 = 0 II
: = 20M a/(Gd4 ).
4. . II
.
: 1) - x2 , ,
; 2)
(. 2.10) :
d 20M x2 20M
tg = = .
dx2 Gd4 a Gd4
x2 ( ),
x2 = a , . . = 0. -
, .
,
d 1
= T . , T = 0, .
dx GJ
5. .
x2 = 0,
10M
. max =
d3
d3 80 106 0, 13
= n= = = 2,
max 10M 10 4 103
-
[n] = 1, 4 . . . 2.
6. :
20M a 20 4 103 0, 5
max = = = 0, 5 102 = 0, 3 .
Gd4 0, 8 1011 0, 14
3. (. 2.11). -
T , ,
, M = 5 , a = 10 ,
m = M/a, [ ] = 80 , G = 0, 8 1011 .
.
m
Copyright & A K-C
2.2. 83
1. ,
. -
, ,
:
Mx = M + 2M 5M + m2a =
M
2a = 0. = 2M +
a
, -
-
(5M ).
2. A
.
, -
,
.
,
,
.
3. T
: . 2.11
I : 0 x1 a; T = M ;
x1 = M x1 /(GJ );
3
II : 0 x2 a;
2
3M x2
T = M + 2M = 3M ; x2 = ,
GJ
3 9M a
x2 = a II = ;
2 2GJ
M a 3M x2
Ax2 = I + x2 = + ;
GJ GJ
3
x2 = a CA = I + II = 5, 5M a/(GJ );
2
III : 0 x3 2a;
M
T = M + 2M 5M + mx3 = 2M + x3 ;
a
x3 = 0 T = 2M ; x3 = 2a T = 0;
x3
2M + Ma x3 M x3 M x23
x3 = = 2 + ;
0 GJ GJ 2GJ
m
Copyright & A K-C
84 2.
2M a
x3 = 2a III = ;
GJ
Ma M x3 1 M x23
Ax3 = CA + x3 = 5, 5 2 + .
GJ 2GJ 2 GJ
III .
:
x3 = 0 Ax3 = 5, 5M a/(GJ );
x3 = 2a Ax3 = 3, 5M a/(GJ ).
T = 0,
.
4. .
,
. -
C.
x CA = 5, 5M a/(GJ ),
C.
A C -
(A) (C) (. 2.11).
5. . II . -
3M 15M
max = = 3 .
W d
max [ ]
II :
3
15M 3 15 5 10
d 3
= 6
= 0, 978 101 = 97, 8 .
[ ] 80 10
663669 (. 1) d = 100
(Ra40).
15M 15 5 103
max = = = 75 106 = 75 .
d3 (0, 1)3
[ ] max 80 75
= 100% = 100% = 6, 25%,
[ ] 80
. . 15%,
.
6. .
m
Copyright & A K-C
2.2. 85
-
A:
Ma Ma
CA = 5, 5 = 55 4 .
GJ Gd
CA = 55 5 103 0, 1/(0, 8 1011 0, 14 ) = 0, 0034 = 0, 2 .
4.
n = 200 / (. 2.12). T , max , , -
, ,
, P = 2 ,
a = 0, 2 ,
G = 0, 8 1011 , [ ] = 50 ,
.
, -
, : P = T ,
= n/30, /.
. d = 22 . max = 0, 0194 .
. 2.12
m
Copyright & A K-C
86 2.
2.3. .
.
(. 2.13)
Mz
y, =
Jz
Mz ; Jz -
z; y ,
.
, ,
z .
, ,
,
.
z . z
M
max = ,
W
W = J/(h/2) (
z); h .
b h
J = bh3 /12; W = bh2 /6.
d
d = d
d4 d3
J= (1 4 ) 0, 05d4 (1 4 ); W= (1 4 ) 0, 1d3 (1 4 ).
64 32
. 2.13
m
Copyright & A K-C
2.3. . 87
(, .)
(. -
2, 3).
, , ,
-
. ,
, (
) , .
max [] -
n
[n] (. . 60):
n = /max [n],
:
W Mmax /[].
W -
. ,
-
W . 5%,
15%.
1. (. . 1.48)
, -
[] = 160 .
.
.
B, Mmax = 4 .
-
:
W Mmax /[].
(h = b)
W = b3 /6,
b .
3
6Mmax 3 6 4 10
b 3
= = 0, 05313 = 53, 13 .
[] 160 106
663969 Ra40
b = 53 , W = 0, 0533 /6 = 2, 48 105 3 .
m
Copyright & A K-C
88 2.
max = Mmax /W = 4 103/(2, 48 105) = 161, 21 .
max [] 161, 21 160
100% = = 100% = 0, 76%,
[] 160
.
2. (. . 1.50)
,
[] = 140 .
.
, -
.
: Mmax = 7, 4 .
-
W , :
W Mmax /[] = 7, 4 103/(140 106) = 0, 053 103 3 = 53 3 .
(. 2) 12 W =
58, 4 3 .
Mmax 7, 4 103
max = = = 126, 7 106 = 126, 7 .
W 58, 4 106
[] max 140 126, 7
= 100% = 100% = 9, 5%,
[] 140
.
3. 20
(W = 184 3 ) (. 2.14) ,
M0 = 40 , F = 10 , q = 10 /, a = 2 .
= 250 .
1. Q M .
YA = YB = 25 .
. 2.14.
Mmax = 31, 25 .
2. :
Mmax 31, 25 103
max = = = 170 106 = 170 .
W 184 106
m
Copyright & A K-C
2.3. . 89
. 2.14
n = /max = 250/170 = 1, 47, -
1, 4 . . . 2.
4. (h = 2b)
(. 2.15), M0 = 20 ,
q = 10 /, a = 2 [] = 12 .
1. q M . -
. 2.15. Mmax =
33, 3 .
2. .
Mmax 33, 3 103
W = = 2, 77 103 3 .
[] 12 106
bh2 b(2b)2 2 3
W= = = b ,
6 6 3
3
3 3W 3 3 2, 77 10
b = = 0, 161 = 161 .
2 2
Ra20 ( 663669) b = 160 .
h = 2b = 320 .
m
Copyright & A K-C
90 2.
. 2.15
.
2 2
W = b3 = 0, 163 = 2, 74 103 3 .
3 3
Mmax 33, 3 103
max = = = 12, 2 106 = 12, 2 .
W 2, 74 103
max [] 12, 2 12
= 100% = 100% = 1, 7%,
[] 12
.
5. ,
(. 2.16), M0 = 20 ,
F = 10 , q = 10 /, a = 2 ,
[] = 160 .
1. Q M . . 2.16.
. ,
M = 80 .
m
Copyright & A K-C
2.3. . 91
. 2.16
2. .
Mmax 80 103
W = = 0, 5 103 3 = 500 3 .
[] 160 106
824072 (. 3) 24
W = 265 3 ( ).
-
Mmax 80 103
= max == 151 106 = 151 .
2W 2 265 106
[] max 160 151
= 100% = 100% = 5, 63%,
[] 160
.
6.
(. 2.17) = d /d = 0, 5 q = 20 /,
F = 2qa = 40 , M0 = 2qa2 = 20 , a = 1 ,
[] = 160 .
1. ,
. 2.17.
Mmax = 40 .
m
Copyright & A K-C
92 2.
. 2.17
2. .
Mmax 40 103
W = = 0, 25 103 3 = 250 3 .
[] 160 106
d3
; W = (14 ),
32
32W 32 250
d 3
= 3
= 13, 9 .
(1 4 ) 3, 14(1 0, 54)
663969 Ra20 d = 140 .
d = d = 0, 5 140 = 70 .
. -
d3 3, 14 143
(1 4 ) = W = (1 0, 54) = 253 3 .
32 32
Mmax 40 103
max = = = 158 106 = 158 .
W 253 106
[] max 160 158
= 100% = 100% = 1, 25%,
[] 160
.
m
Copyright & A K-C
2.4. . 93
7. (.
. 1.43), q = 10 , a = 1 , [] = 160 .
. 18.
8.
(. . 1.49),
[] = 100 .
. 10 -
5.
9.
(. . 1.52), [] = 100 .
. 10.
2.4. .
, -
. ( ) -
( y)
= arctg y (. 2.18). y = y(x)
.
. 2.18
( = y )
M
, y =
EJ
x
M
y = = dx + 0
0 EJ
m
Copyright & A K-C
94 2.
()
x x
M
y= dx dx + 0 x + y0 ,
0 0 EJ
y0 , 0 .
:
1) ,
;
2) ,
,
, ,
() .
M0 (x a)1 F (x b)2 q(x c)3
EJ =EJy =EJ0 .
1! 2! 3!
M0 (x a)2 F (x b)3 q(x c)4
EJy =EJy0 +EJ0 x .
2! 3! 4!
: E ; J
z
(. 2.13), ; a, b, c -
M0 , F , q
( c ).
, .
y0 0 -
:
)
;
) .
,
EJy = M .
ymax [y] max [], [y], []
.
-
.
m
Copyright & A K-C
2.4. . 95
. , -
, .
:
1 M
= ,
EJ
:
1) , ,
;
2) , ,
;
3) , M = 0, ;
4) , M = 0, .
Q M .
.
1. ,
a, F , EJ . B
(. 2.19).
1. , -
Q0 ( ) y0 (
) . :
YA M .
:
Fx = YA F F = 0, YA = F ;
MA = F a + M = 0, M = F a.
2. . -
x, 0 x a.
Q = YA = F ,
M = M + YA x = F a + F x. Q M .
3. -
: EJy = M (x).
, -
x2
EJy = EJ = F ax + F .
2
m
Copyright & A K-C
96 2.
. 2.19
B (x = a)
F a2
. B =
2EJ
, (-
)
x2 x3
EJy = F a + F .
2 6
B (x = a)
F a3
yB = .
3EJ
4. . ,
F a3 F a2
yA = 0 A = 0, B yB = ; B =
3EJ 2EJ
,
.
2. (. 2.20)
A B
, l, M0 , EJ.
m
Copyright & A K-C
2.4. . 97
. 2.20
1. :
Fy = YA + YB = 0 YA = YB ;
M0
MA = YA l M0 = 0 YA = .
l
2. .
.
3.
.
M (x) = M0 YA x.
EJy = M0 YA x.
,
x2
EJ = EJy = M0 x YA + EJ0
2
x2 x3
YA + EJ0 x + EJy0 .
EJy = M0
2 6
,
:
M0 (x 0)1 YA (x 0)2
EJ = EJ0 + ;
1! 2!
M0 (x 0)2 YA (x 0)3
EJy = EJy0 + EJ0 x + .
2! 3!
m
Copyright & A K-C
98 2.
:
x = 0
EJyx=0 = EJy0 = 0 y0 = 0;
x = l
M0 l 2 M0 l 3 M0 l
EJyx=l = EJyB = EJ0 l + = 0 EJ0 = .
2 l 6 3
M0 l
, A = 0 = .
3EJ
y:
M0 l M0 x2
EJ = EJy =
+ M0 x ;
3 2l
2 3
M0 l M0 x M0 x
EJy = x+ .
3 2 6l
B yC :
x = l
M0 l M0 l 2 M0 l
EJB = + M0 l = ,
3 2l 6
M0 l
B = ;
6EJ
l
x =
2
2 3
l l
M0 M0
M0 l l 2 2 M0 l 2
EJyC = + = ,
3 2 2 6l 16
M0 l 2 M0 l
yC = = 0, 0625 .
16EJ EJ
y = y(x) :
1 M0 l M0 x2
= y = + M0 x = 0,
EJ 3 2l
2 2 2 2 l
x 2lx + l = 0; x1,2 = l l2 l2 = l .
3 3 3
m
Copyright & A K-C
2.4. . 99
l l
: x1 = l + x2 = l = 0, 422l. ,
3 3
. , -
x = 0, 422l:
M0 l M0 (0, 422l)2 M0 (0, 422l)3
EJymax = 0, 422l + = 0, 0642M0l2 ,
3 2 6l
M0 l 2
ymax = 0, 0642 .
EJ
4. -
.
3. ,
a, F , EJ. B C (. 2.21).
1. , -
0 y0 .
:
Fy = YA F + F = 0 YA = 0;
MA = M F a + F 2a = 0 M = F a.
2. . -
:
I : 0 x1 a;
II : a x2 2a.
:
M (x 0)2 F (x a)3
EJy = EJy0 + EJ0 x +
2! 3! .
I II
:
x = 0 = 0 0 = 0;
x = 0 y = 0 y0 = 0.
y0 , 0 , M ,
:
1 1
EJy = F ax2 F (x a)3 ,
2 I 6 II
m
Copyright & A K-C
100 2.
. 2.21
1
. . I EJy = F ax2 ,
2
1 1
II EJy = F ax2 F (x a)3 .
2 6
:
x = a (I )
1 F a3
EJyB = EJyx=a = F a3 yB = ;
2 2EJ
x = 2a (II )
1 1 11 11F a3
EJyC = EJyx=2a = F a(2a)2 F (2a a)3 = F a3 yC = .
2 6 6 6EJ
4. .
,
.
4. d = 5
(. 2.22) A B
C, F = 10 , l = 1, 5 , E = 2 1011 .
1. . ,
1
YA = YB = F .
2
2. .
.
m
Copyright & A K-C
2.4. . 101
. 2.22
:
I : 0 x l/2;
II : l/2 x l.
3. :
2
l
F x
YA (x 0)2 2
EJ = EJ0 + ;
2! 2!
I
II
3
l
F x
YA (x 0)3 2
EJy = EJy0 + EJ0 x +
3! 3!
.
I
II
x = 0 yx=0 = yA = 0 y0 = 0;
m
Copyright & A K-C
102 2.
3
l
F l
F l3 2
x = l yx=l = yB = 0 0 = EJ0 l + ,
2 6 6
1 2
EJ0 = Fl .
16
, A = 0 = F l2 /(16EJ).
y:
2
l
F x
F l2 F x2 2
EJ = + ;
16 4 I 2
II
3
l
F x
F l3 x F x3 2
EJy = + .
16 12 I 6
II
B yC :
x = l
2
l
F l
F l2 F l2 2 F l2 F l2
EJx=l = EJB = + = B = ;
16 4 2 16 16EJ
l
x =
2
3
F l2 l F l F l3 F l3
EJyx=l/2 = EJyC = + = yC = .
16 2 12 2 48 48EJ
(J = 0, 05d4 ):
10 103 1, 52
A = B = = 2, 25 102 = 1, 29 ;
16 2 1011 0, 05 0, 054
10 103 1, 53
yC = = 1, 125 102 = 11, 25 .
48 2 1011 0, 05 0, 054
4. .
, .
m
Copyright & A K-C
2.4. . 103
. 2.23
5. (. 2.23)
C D , a,
q, F = qa, M0 = qa2 .
1. :
YA = qa; YB = 2qa.
2. Q M .
. 2.22.
3.
A, , y0 ,
.
. -
:
I : 0 x 2a;
II : 2a x 3a.
m
Copyright & A K-C
104 2.
,
.
(
) -
.
4. :
M0 (x 0)2 YA (x 0)3 q(x 0)4
EJy = EJy0 + EJ0 x + +
2! 3! 4! I
YB (x 2a)3 q(x 2a)4
+ + .
3! 4! II
0 y0 :
x = 0 yx=0 = yA = 0 y0 = 0;
x = 2a
1 qa2 (2a)2 qa2 (2a)3 q(2a)4
yx=2a = yB = EJ0 2a + = 0,
EJ 2 6 24
2 qa3
. A = 0 =
3 EJ
:
2 qa2 2 qa 3 q 4 qa q
EJy = qa3 x x + x x + (x 2a)3 + (x 2a)4 .
3 2 6 24 I 3 24 II
:
x = a
2 qa2 2 qa 3 q 7
EJyD = qa3 a a + a a4 = qa4 ,
3 2 6 24 24
7 qa4
yD = ;
24 EJ
x = 3a
2 qa2 qa q
EJyC = qa3 (3a) (3a)2 + (3a)3 (3a)4 +
3 2 6 24
qa q
+ (3a 2a)3 + (3a 2a)4 = qa4 ,
3 24
qa4
yC = .
EJ
m
Copyright & A K-C
2.4. . 105
5. .
, -
. yA ; yD ; yB ; yC -
.
6. (. 2.24)
, F ,
a, M0 = 2F a, EJ.
1. :
5 3
YA = F ; YB = F.
2 2
2. Q M .
3. C. .
:
I : 0 x a;
II : a x 3a;
III : 3a x 4a.
4. :
F (x 0)3 YA (x a)3 YB (x 3a)3
EJy = EJy0 + EJ0 x + .
3! 3! I 3! II III
-
0 y0 :
x = a
F a3
yx=a = yA = 0 0 = EJy0 + EJ0 a ;
6
x = 3a
F (3a)3 5 (3a a)3
yx=3a = yB = 0 0 = EJy0 + EJ0 3a + F .
6 2 6
.
,
1
EJ0 = F a2 .
2
EJ0 ,
1
EJy0 = F a3 .
3
,
F a2 F a3
C = 0 = ; yC = y0 = .
2EJ 3EJ
m
Copyright & A K-C
106 2.
. 2.24
:
1 1 1 5 1
EJy = F a3 + F a2 x F x3 + F (x a)3 F (x 3a)3 .
3 2 6 I 12 II 4 III
yD yE :
x = 2a
1 1 1 5 1
EJyD = F a3 + F a2 (2a) F (2a)3 + F (2a a)3 = F a3 ,
3 2 6 12 4
F a3
yD = ;
4EJ
m
Copyright & A K-C
2.4. . 107
x = 4a
1 1 1
EJyE = F a3 + F a2 (4a) F (4a)3 +
3 2 6
5 1
+ F (4a a)3 F (4a 3a)3 = 2F a3 ,
12 4
2F a3
. yE =
EJ
-
, M = 0 (
).
II
3 5
M = F x + YA (x a) = F x F a.
2 2
M = 0
3 5 5
F x F a = 0 x = a.
2 2 3
5
x = a
3
1 5 53 5 23
EJyx=5a/3 = F a3 + + =
3 2 3 6 33 12 33
4F a3 4F a3
= yx=5a/3 = .
27 27EJ
5. ,
. x = 5/3a
, ,
,
.
7.
(. 2.25) ,
[y] = 1 ; q = 1 /; l = 2 ;
F = ql = 2 ; M0 = ql2 = 4 , E = 2 1011 .
1. :
5 2
YA = ql; YB = ql.
3 3
2. Q M .
m
Copyright & A K-C
108 2.
. 2.25
3. A. -
:
I : 0 x l;
II : l x 2l;
III : 2l x 3l;
IV : 3l x 4l.
m
Copyright & A K-C
2.4. . 109
4. :
YA (x 0)3 2q(x l)4 2q(x 2l)4
EJy = EJy0 + EJ0 x + +
3! I 4! II 4! III
M0 (x 3l)2 YB (x 3l)3
.
2! 3! IV
0 y0
, A B :
yx=0 = yA = 0; yx=3a = yB = 0.
I : x = 0 EJyA = EJy0 = 0 y0 = 0;
III : x = 3a EJyB = EJyx=3a = 0,
5 (3l)3 2q(3l l)4 2q(3l 2l)4
0 = EJ0 3l + ql + ,
3 6 24 24
15 4 4 4 1
ql ql + ql4 = 0;
EJ0 3l +
2 3 12
25
EJ0 = ql3 .
12
:
25 5 1 1
EJy = ql3 x + qlx3 q(x l)4 + q(x 2l)4
12 18 I 12 II 12 III
1 2 2 1
3
ql (x 3l) ql(x 3l) .
2 9 IV
5. yE , yC , yD :
I : x = l
25 3 5 65 65 ql4
EJyE = ql l + qll3 = ql4 yE = ;
12 18 36 36 EJ
II : x = 2l
25 3 5 1 73 73 ql4
EJyC = ql 2l + ql(2l)3 (2l l)4 = ql4 yC = ;
12 18 12 36 36 EJ
IV : x = 4l
25 3 5 1 1
ql 4l + ql(4l)3 q(4l l)4 + q(4l 2l)4
EJyD =
12 18 12 12
1 1 41 41 ql4 123 ql4
ql2 (4l 3l)2 ql(4l 3l)3 = ql4 yD = = .
2 9 12 12 EJ 36 EJ
m
Copyright & A K-C
110 2.
5. .
,
.
6. . -
D. ymax [y]
:
41 ql4 41 1 103 24
J = = 0, 273 104 4 = 2730 4 .
12 E[y] 12 2 1011 0, 01
22 J =
2790 4 W = 254 3 (. -
2). .
Mmax 85ql2 85 1 103 22
max = = = = 0, 037 109 = 37 .
W 36W 36 254 106
[] = 160 , ,
, .
8.
y = a(x/l)4 (. 2.26). ,
, , -
.
:
EJy = M (x).
, ,
, :
a
M (x) = EJ 4 12x2 .
l
, -
dM (x) a
= EJ 4 24x (x) =
dx l
d(x) a
q(x) = = 24EJ 4 = const.
dx l
m
Copyright & A K-C
2.4. . 111
. 2.26
Q M .
Q M . Q
F =
a
24EJ 3 , , M -
l
a
M0 = 12EJ 2 , .
l
-
.
Q M ,
. , :
a a
Fy = ql + F = 0 24EJ 4
l + 24EJ 3 = 0;
l l
1 2 a l2
MA = ql + F l M0 = 0 24EJ 4 +
2 l 2
a a
+ 24EJ 3 l 12EJ 2 = 0.
l l
m
Copyright & A K-C
112 2.
. 2.27 . 2.28
. 2.29
. 2.30
m
Copyright & A K-C
2.4. . 113
9. (. 2.27) -
C D, a, F , EJ.
. yC = F a3 /(4EJ); yD = F a3 /(EJ).
10. (. 2.28) -
C D, a, q, EJ.
. yC = 5qa4 /(3EJ); yD = 29qa4 /(3EJ).
11. (. 2.29),
a, q, M0 = 2qa2 , EJ.
12. (. 2.30),
a, q, F = qa, EJ.
m
Copyright & A K-C
-
,
. -
, .
.
. (), -
, ,
, ,
, ,
, .
() ()
-
.
M -
() M1 ()
.
:
li
M M1
= dxi .
i 0 EJ
, -
.
, -
(
). ,
( -
).
:
A A;
A A;
A A.
m
Copyright & A K-C
3. 115
. 3.1
1. (. 3.1, ), F ,
A, a, F , EJ.
1. A
, , A
(. 3.1, ) ( -
).
2. ,
.
F :
I : 0 x1 a; M = F x1 ; M1 = 1 x1 ;
II : 0 x2 2a; M = F a; M1 = 1 a.
3.
A:
a 2a
F x21 dx1 F a2 dx2 F a3 2F a3 7 F a3
A = + = + = .
0 EJ 0 EJ 3EJ EJ 3 EJ
, A
.
4. A
, ,
(. 3.1, ) ( -
).
5. :
I : 0 x1 a; M = F x1 ; M1 = 0;
II : 0 x2 2a; M = F a; M1 = 1 x2 .
6. A:
2a
F ax2 dx2 2F a3
A = = .
0 EJ EJ
m
Copyright & A K-C
116 3.
7. A:
3
)2 + ( )2 = 3, 07 F a .
A = (A A
EJ
= arctg(A /A ) = arctg(7/6) = 49, 4 .
2. (. 3.2, ), F ,
B, a, F , EJ.
B B
B
(. 3.2, ) (. 3.2, ).
M
, M1 -
, B, M1
, B, -
A B.
1. ,
.
(. 3.2, ):
Fx = F XA = 0 XA = F ;
MA = F 2a + YB a = 0 YB = 2F ;
MB = F 2a + YAa = 0 YA = 2F.
(. 3.2, ):
Fx = 1 XA = 0 XA = 1.
(. 3.2, ):
MA = 1 YB a = 0 YB = 1/a;
MB = YA a = 0 YA = 1/a.
2.
.
:
I : 0 x1 2a;
II : 0 x2 a;
III : 0 x3 2a.
m
Copyright & A K-C
3. 117
. 3.2
3.
:
I : M = 0; M1 = 1 x1 ; M1 = 1;
1
II : M = YB x2 = 2F x2 ; M1 = 12a; M1 = 1YB x2 = 1 x2 ;
a
III : M = XA x3 = F x3 ; M1 = 1 x3 ; M1 = 0.
4. :
a 2a
a2 (2a)3 14 3
EJB = 2F x2 2adx2 + F x3 x3 dx3 = 4F a + F = Fa ,
0 0 2 3 3
14 F a 3
B = ;
a 3 EJ
1 a2 2F a3 1 2
EJB = 2F x2 1 x2 dx2 = 2F = Fa ,
0 a 2 a 3 3
1 Fa 2
B = .
3 EJ
, -
B B -
.
3.
B (. 3.3, ), q, a, EJ,
M0 = qa2 .
1. , , B
(. 3.3, )
(. 3.3, ).
2.
, .
.
m
Copyright & A K-C
118 3.
. 3.3
3.
:
I : 0 x1 a; M = M0 = qa2 ; M1 = 1 x1 ; M1 = 1;
1
II : 0 x2 a; M = qa2 qx22 ; M1 = 1(a + x2 ); M1 = 1.
2
4. B:
a a
x2
EJB
= EJyB = qa2 x1 dx1 + qa2 q 2 (a + x2 )dx2 =
0 0 2
2 a
a a a a
2 x1
2
2 x2
a x2
3
q x42
= qa 3
+ qa x2 + qa q =
2 0 2 0 2 3 0 2 4 0
0
1 1 1 1 41
= qa4 +1+ = qa4 ,
2 2 6 8 24
41qa4
yB = .
24EJ
5. B:
a a
qx2 1 11
EJB = qa2 1dx1 + qa2 2 1dx2 = qa3 1 + 1 = qa3 ,
0 0 2 6 6
11 qa3
B = .
6 EJ
m
Copyright & A K-C
3. 119
. 3.4
4. A
(. 3.4, ), F = 20 , M = 10 , a = 2 ,
h = 4 , J = 104 4 , E = 2 1011 .
1. A , A
A A ,
, (. 3.4, ) -
(. 3.4, ) (. 3.4, ).
2. -
:
I : 0 x1 a; M = M0 ; M1 = 1 x1 ;
M1 = 0; M1 = 1;
II : 0 x2 h; M = M0 F x2 ; M1 = 1 a;
M1 = 1 x2 ; M1 = 1.
3. :
a h
M 0 a2 F ah2
EJA = M0 x1 dx1 + (M0 + F x2 )adx2 = + M0 ah + ,
0 0 2 2
1 M 0 a2 F ah2
= A
+ M0 ah + =
EJ 2 2
1 10 103 23 10 103 2 4 20 103 2 42
= + + =0, 021 ;
21011 104 108 2 1 2
h
2 M 0 h2 F h3
EJA = (M0 + F x2 )x2 dx2 = + ,
0 2 3
m
Copyright & A K-C
120 3.
2 1 M 0 h2 F h3
A = + =
EJ 2 3
1 10 103 42 20 103 43
= + = 0, 0253 ;
2 1011 104 108 2 3
a h
F h2
EJA = M0 dx1 + (M0 + F x2 )dx2 = M0 a + M0 h + ,
0 0 2
1 F h2
A = M0 (a + h) + =
EJ 2
1 3 20 103 42
= 10 10 (2 + 4) + = 0, 011 .
2 1011 104 108 2
5.
A (. 3.5, ),
a, F , M0 = F a, EJ.
1.
(. 3.5, , ). .
2.
(
):
3
I : 0 x1 a; M = F a; M1 = 0; M12 = 0;
2
II : 0 x2 a; M = 0; M1 = 1 x2 ; M12 = 0;
III : 0 x3 a; M = F a; M1 = 1 a; M12 = 1 x3 ;
IV : 0 x4 a; M = F aF x4 ; M1 = 1a; M12 = 1(a+x4 ).
. 3.5
m
Copyright & A K-C
3. 121
3. :
a a
1 3
EJA = F aadx3 + (F a F x4 )adx4 = F a3 1 + 1 = F a3 ,
0 0 2 2
3 F a3
A = = ;
2 EJ
a a
2
EJA = F ax3 dx3 (F a F x4 )(a + x4 )dx4 =
0 0
3 1 1 1 1 7
= Fa 1 + + = F a3 ,
2 2 2 3 6
7 F a3 2
. A =
6 EJ
,
,
. . A .
6. (. 3.6, ) -
B, a, q, M0 = qa2 , EJ.
1. (. 3.6, ). , -
, -
, B
.
. 3.6
m
Copyright & A K-C
122 3.
2. -
. :
1 1
XA = qa; YA = qa; YB = qa;
2 2
XA = 1; YA = 1; XA
= 1.
3.
:
1
I : 0 x1 a; M = qx21 ; M12 = 1 x1 ;
2
1 2 1
II : 0 x2 a; M = qa qax2 ; M12 = 1 a 1 x2 ;
2 2
III : 0 x3 a; M = qax3 ; M12 = 1 x3 ;
IV : 0 x4 a; M = qa(a + x4 ) + qa2 = qax4 ;
M12 = 1(a + x4 ).
4.
a a B:
2 2 1 2 1
EJB = qx1 x1 dx1 + qa + qax2 (a + x2 )dx2 +
0 0 2 2
a a
+ qax3 x3 dx3 + qax4 (a + x4 )dx4 =
0 0
4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 59
= qa + + + + + + + = qa4 ,
8 2 4 4 6 3 2 3 24
59 qa 4
2
B = .
24 EJ
B , . . ,
.
7.
C (. 3.7, ), a, F , EJ.
1.
(. 3.7, , ).
2. :
, (. 3.7, ), YA = F , YB = 0;
, (. 3.7, ), YA =1, YB =0;
, (. 3.7, ),
YA = 1/(3a), YB = 1/(3a).
3. :
I : 0 x1 2a; M = F x1 ; M1 = 1 x1 ; M1 = 1;
II : 0 x2 a; M = F 2a; M1 = 1 2a; M1 = 1;
1
III : 0 x3 2a; M = F x3 ; M1 = 1 x3 ; M1 = x3 ;
3a
1
IV : 0 x4 a; M = 0; M1 = 0; M1 = x4 .
3a
m
Copyright & A K-C
3. 123
. 3.7 . 3.8
4. :
2a a 2a
EJC = F x1 x1 dx1 + 2F a2adx2 + F x3 x3 dx3 =
0 0 0
8 8 28
= F a3 +4+ = F a3 ,
3 3 3
28 F a3
C = ;
3 EJ
2a a 2a
1
EJC = F x1 1dx1 + 2F a1dx2 + F x3 x3 dx3 =
0 3a
0 0
8 44
= F a2 2 + 2 + = F a2 ,
9 9
44 F a2
C = .
9 EJ
8. -
A () (. 3.8, ), a, q, EJ.
1. , , A
(. 3.8, ).
m
Copyright & A K-C
124 3.
2. ,
:
, ,
Fy = YC + YB 2qa = 0;
1 a
MB = qa2 qa + l + YC l = 0 YC = YB = qa;
2 2
, ,
Fy = YB 1 YC = 0;
a a
MB = 1 a YC l = 0 YC = ; YB = 1 + .
l l
3.
:
1
I : 0 x1 a; M = qx21 ; M1 = x1 ;
2
a 1
II : 0 x2 l; M = qa + x2 + qax2 = qa2 ;
2 2
a
M1 = x2 ;
l
1
III : 0 x3 a; M = qx23 ; M1 = 0.
2
4. -
:
a 3 l 2
qx1 qa a 1 a
EJA = EJyA = dx1 + x2 dx2 = qa3 l + .
0 2 0 2 l 4 2
9. (. 3.9)
A B
, F1 = 10 ,
F2 = 20 , a = 2 , J = 3000 4 , E = 2 1011 .
2 (14F1 + 3F2 )a3 (2F1 + F2 )a2
. A = = 4, 5 ; B = =
6EJ 2EJ
0, 0133 ; A , B
.
10. (. 3.10)
B, a, F , EJ.
2 5F a3
. B B = .
6EJ
11. (. 3.11) -
, B,
m
Copyright & A K-C
3. 125
. 3.9 . 3.10
. 3.11 . 3.12
F = 20 , q = 10 /, a = 1 , h = 3 , J = 4000 4 ,
E = 2 1011 .
. 4
1 qa qa3 h F ah2
B = + + = 1, 33 ;
EJ 8 2 2
2 2
2 1 qa h F h3
B = + = 2, 53 ;
EJ 4 3
3
1 qa qa2 h F h2
B = + + = 0, 0133 ;
EJ 6 2 2
B
.
12. (. 3.12) -
B, a, q,
F = qa, EJ.
2 365 qa4
. B = ; .
24 EJ
m
Copyright & A K-C
,
.
-
.
-
.
-
-
, ,
, ,
.
, . .
.
,
. .
,
( , ),
.
.
4.1.
()
1. (-
) (. 4.1, ), F = 10 ,
a = 1 , A = 20 2 , = 0, 4 , E = 2 1011 .
. ( , -
, , .)
1. .
:
(R1 R2 ), ( Fy = 0).
m
Copyright & A K-C
4.1. () 127
. 4.1
2. ,
(. 4.1, ).
3. (. 4.1, ).
4.
() .
)
Fy = R1 F 2F + R2 = 0 R2 = 3F R1 .
) ,
-
, . .
l = lI + lII + lIII = .
= 0
l = 0.
-
:
R1 2a
I : 0 x1 2a; N = R1 ; lI = ;
EA
(R1 F )a
II : 0 x2 a; N = R1 F ; lII = ;
EA
R2 a
III : 0 x3 a; N = R2 ; lIII = .
EA
R1 2a (R1 F )a R2 a
+ = .
EA EA EA
m
Copyright & A K-C
128 4.
R2
,
2R1 + (R1 F ) (3F R1 ) = EA,
a
4R1 4F = EA,
a
0, 4 103
R1 = F + EA = 10 103 + 2 1011 20 104 = 14 ;
4a 41
R2 = 3F R1 = 3 10 103 14 103 = 16 .
,
( R2 ).
5. :
R1 14 103
I : = = = 7 ;
A 20 104
R1 F (14 10)103
II : = = = 2 ;
A 20 104
R2 16 103
III : = = = 8 .
A 20 104
6. (. 4.1, ).
2. (. 4.2, ), -
, -
50 , a = 1 , b = 1, 5 ,
E = 21011 , E = 11011 .
:
= 12, 5 106 1/; = 16, 5 106 1/.
.
, (. 4.2, ). -
(. 4.2, ).
.
Fx = N N = 0 N = N = N.
, -
.
( )
(lt )
(lN ).
m
Copyright & A K-C
4.1. () 129
. 4.2
l = l + l = 0,
l = lt + lN ; l = lt + lN .
, lt = t l,
lN = N l/(EA).
, , -
N a N b
ta + tb = 0.
EA EA
, , N = N = N
N a b
( a + b)t = + ,
A E E
At( a + b)
N= .
a/E + b/E
( -
)
N t( a + b)
t = = =
A a/E + b/E
50(16, 5 106 1 + 12, 5 106 1, 5)
= = 100, 7 .
1/(1 1011) + 1, 5/(2 1011)
3. (. 4.3, ) -
:
0, 5
. -
,
A = 2 2 , ,
l = 1 , E = 2 1011 .
, -
. ,
m
Copyright & A K-C
130 4.
. 4.3 . 4.4
l1 .
l2 .
. 4.3,
. ,
.
Fy = N1 + N2 N1 = 0 N2 = 2N1 .
, -
, . .
|l1 | + |l2 | = ,
|l1 | = N1 l/(EA); |l2 | = N2 l/(EA) = 2N1 l/(EA).
l1 l2 :
N1 l/(EA) + 2N1 l/(EA) = N1 =
EA 2 1011 2 104 0, 5 103
= = = 6, 67 ,
3 l 31
N2 = 2N1 = 13, 34 .
:
1 = N1 /A = 6, 67 103/(2 104) = 33, 33 ;
2 = N2 /A = 66, 7 .
4.
(. 4.4); ,
F , a, l, -
A , [].
m
Copyright & A K-C
4.1. () 131
1. :
Fx = XD = 0 XD = 0;
Fy = YD + YB + YC F = 0 YD + YB + YC = F ;
MD = YB a F 2a + YC 3a = 0 YB + 3YC = 2F.
2. . ,
-, -
,
. .
, .
.
.
D, , -
.
lB lC , -
.
:
lC 3a
= .
lB a
YC l YB l
lC = , lB = . lC lB ,
EA EA
YC = 3YB .
3. .
:
YD + YB + YC = F ;
YB + 3YC = 2F ;
3Y + Y
B C = 0.
, :
1 3 1
YB = F ; YC = F ; YD = F.
5 5 5
4. . .
C. , ,
:
3F
C = [].
5A
m
Copyright & A K-C
132 4.
-
:
3F
A .
5[]
4.2.
,
.
1.
, -
(. 4.5).
, M = 10 , a = 0, 5 , -
[ ] = 80 ,
.
. 4.5
1. MA MB
.
. .
, -
x.
,
. . 0 0.
:
Mx = M + 2M MA MB = 0 MA + MB = 3M.
m
Copyright & A K-C
4.2. 133
2. .
, -
( )
:
BA = 0.
B A -
:
BA = CA + DC + BD .
( ) -
:
MA a
I : 0 x1 a; T = MA ; CA = ;
GJ
(MA M )a
II : 0 x2 a; T = MA M ; DC = ;
GJ
(MA 3M )a
III : 0 x3 a; T = MA M 2M ; BD = .
GJ
:
MA a (MA M )a (MA 3M )a
+ + = 0,
GJ GJ GJ
A:
4
MA = M.
3
B:
5
MB = M.
3
3. .
, (. 4.5).
:
4
I : T = M ;
3
4 1
II : T = M M = M ;
3 3
4 5
III : T = M 3M = M .
3 3
, III -
. III
max = 5M/(3W ),
W = d3 /16 0, 2d3 .
m
Copyright & A K-C
134 4.
, -
, .
max [ ]
25M0
d 3 .
3[ ]
:
3
3 25 10 10
d = 0, 1014 = 101, 4 .
3 80 106
663669 Ra40
d = 100 .
5M 5 10 103
max = = = 83, 33 .
3W 3 0, 2 0, 13
max [ ] 83, 33 80
= 100% = 100% = 4, 166%,
[ ] 80
. d = 100 .
4.3.
4.3.1.
.
.
. 1. -
. n
( 2)
: n 2.
2. .
3. ,
: ,
. -
, n .
n+ 2 ,
n .
m
Copyright & A K-C
4.3. 135
1.
(. 4.6, ) Q M ,
, q = 15 /, a = 2 , [] = 160 .
1. . -
:
Fy = YA + YB + YC qa = 0;
1
MC = qa2 YB a YA 2a = 0.
2
, .
.
. 4.6
2. . -
, A.
C,
, BA.
-
.
YA (x 0)3 YB (x a)3 q(x a)4
EJy = EJy0 + EJ0 x + + .
3! I 3! 4! II
m
Copyright & A K-C
136 4.
3.
. ,
:
x = 0 y = yA = 0 0 = EJy0 , y0 = 0;
YA a3
x = a y = yB = 0 0 = EJ0 a + ;
6
YA (2a)3 YB a3 qa4
x = 2a y = yC = 0 0 = EJ0 2a+ + .
6 6 24
4. . , -
y0 .
:
YA + YB + YC = qa;
1
2YA + YB = qa;
2
1
YA a2 + EJ0 = 0;
6
4 1 1
YA a2 + YB a2 + 2EJ0 = qa3 .
3 6 24
.
1
EJ0 = YA a2 .
6
,
1 1
YA + YB = qa.
6 24
.
YA YB :
1
2YA + YB = qa;
2
YA + 1 YB = 1 qa,
6 24
1 5
YA = qa; YB = qa;
16 8
, YA .
7
YC = qa.
16
A
1 qa3
A = 0 = .
96 EJ
m
Copyright & A K-C
4.3. 137
5. . -
,
(. 4.6, ). Q M :
1 1
I : 0 x1 a; Q = YA = qa; M = YA x1 = qax1 ;
16 16
7
II : 0 x2 a; Q = YC + qx2 = qa + qx2 ;
16
x2 7 1
M = YC x2 qx2 = qax2 qx22 .
2 16 2
.
II :
7 7
Q = 0 qa + qx2 = 0; x2 = a;
16 16
2
7 7 1 7 49 2
Mmax = qa a q a = qa = 0, 096qa2 .
16 16 2 16 512
B
1
MB = qa2 = 0, 0625qa2.
16
, II -
7
x2 = a.
16
6. . . -
Mmax 0, 096qa2
= . max =
W W
max [] -
:
0, 096qa2 0, 096 15 103 22
W = = 36 106 3 = 36 2 .
[] 160 106
(. 2)
10 W = 39, 7 3 .
0, 096qa2 0, 096 15 103 22
max = = = 145 .
W 39, 7 106
160 145
= 100% = 9, 3%.
160
m
Copyright & A K-C
138 4.
2.
(. 4.7), q, l.
. 4.7
1. :
Fy = YA ql + YB = 0 YA + YB = ql;
l 1
MB = M + ql YA l = 0 M YA l = ql2 .
2 2
2. .
,
y0 0 :
M (x 0)2 YA (x 0)3 (x 0)4
EJy = + q ,
2! 3! 4!
1 1 1
EJy = M x2 + YA x3 qx4 .
2 6 24
m
Copyright & A K-C
4.3. 139
3. . B
:
1 1 1
0 = M l2 + YA l3 ql4 .
2 6 24
4.
YA M :
1 1
YA l M = ql2 ;
3 12
YA l + M = 1 ql2 ,
2
5 1 3
YA = ql; M = ql2 ; YB = ql.
8 8 8
.
,
x (0 x l), Q M :
Q = YA qx,
1
M = M + YA x qx2 .
2
1
EJy = M + YA x qx2 .
2
, (0 = 0):
x2 x3
EJy = EJ = M x + YA q .
2 6
, (y0 = 0):
x2 x3 x4
+ YA q .
EJy = M
2 6 24
.
YA , YB , M , :
5
Q = ql qx,
8
1 2 5 1
M = ql + qlx qx2 ,
8
2 8 2
2
q l x 5lx qx3
= + ,
EJ 8 16 6
2 2
q l x 5lx3 qx4
y= + .
EJ 16 48 24
m
Copyright & A K-C
140 4.
M x1 ,
Q = 0:
5 5
Q = ql qx1 = 0, x1 = ql.
8 8
Mmax = M(x1 = 58 ql) =
2
1 5 5 1 5 9 2
= ql2 + ql l q l = ql .
8 8 8 2 8 128
-
x2 ,
= y = 0,
1 5 1
l2 x2 + lx22 qx32 = 0,
8 16 6
15 6
x22 lx2 + l2 = 0,
8 8
2
15 15 6
x2 = l l2 l2 = 0, 579l.
16 16 8
ql4
ymax = y(x2 =0,579l) = 0, 0054 .
EJ
(. 4.7).
4.3.2.
, -
.
, -
, , -
. , -
, .
= ,
, .
m
Copyright & A K-C
4.3. 141
-
: (F ) , (X) -
X. ,
X
(1), X (X) = X(1).
= (F ) + X(1) = .
= 0, -
(F )
X = .
(1)
3.
(. 4.8, ) , a q.
.
.
1. .
C.
,
.
X C
, (. 4.8, ), . . -
,
. : -
b
() C , . . C = 0.
.
2. ,
, .
, ,
, X. ,
. 4.8
m
Copyright & A K-C
142 4.
X, , X = 1,
, , X .
. 4.8, .
,
.
3. -
C .
:
1 3
YA0 = qa; YB0 = qa;
2 2
YA = 1; YB = 2.
:
1
I : 0 x1 a; M = YA x1 = qax1 ; M1 = 1 x1 ;
2
1 2
II : 0 x2 a; M = qx2 ; M1 = 1 x2 .
2
C
a a
1 2 1 3 7
EJC (F ) = qax1 dx1 qx2 dx2 = qa4 .
0 2 0 2 24
C
li a a
2
EJC (1) = M12 dx = x21 dx1 + x22 dx2 = a3 .
i 0 0 0 3
-
.
4. . C
C (F ) 7qa4 3 7
YC = X = = 3
= qa.
C (1) 24 2 a 16
,
.
-
.
4.
(. 4.9, ), N , Q, M -
B, q, a, EJ.
1. : -
(XA , YA , M YB ), .
m
Copyright & A K-C
4.3. 143
. 4.9
2. , B.
3. .
X (, X = YB ) (. 4.9, ).
-
B, . . B = 0.
.
,
: -
, , (. 4.9, ),
(. 4.9, ), -
X, B.
, X = 1,
X .
B = B (F ) + XB (1) = 0,
B (F ) B -
; B (1) B
, B,
.
4. X = YB . B (F ), B (1)
.
:
m
Copyright & A K-C
144 4.
I : 0 x1 a; M = 0; M1 = 1 x1 ;
II : 0 x2 2a; M = qx22 /2; M1 = 1 a.
:
2a
1 2 4 4qa4
EJB (F ) = qx2 adx2 = qa4 ; B
(F ) = ;
0 2 3 3EJ
a 2a
7 7a3
EJB (1) = x21 dx1 + a2 dx2 = a3 ; B
(1) = .
0 0 3 3EJ
B (F ) B (1) :
4 qa4 7a3 4
+X = 0 X = YB = qa.
3 EJ 3EJ 7
5. -
:
Fx = XA + 2qa = 0 XA = 2qa;
4
Fy = YA + YB = 0 YA = YB = qa;
7
10
MA = YB 2a 2qaa + M = 0 M = qa2 .
7
6.
.
N , Q, M
(. 4.9, ).
B B -
. : -
(. 4.9, ) ,
, ,
B (. 4.9, ).
:
4
I : 0 x1 a; M = qax1 ; M1 = 0;
7
4 1
II : 0 x2 2a; M = qa2 qx22 ; M1 = 1 x2 ;
7 2
2a
4 2 1 2 4 (2a)2 q (2a)4 6 4
EJB = qa qx2 (x2 )dx2 = qa2 + = qa ,
0 7 2 7 2 2 4 7
6 qa4
B = .
7 EJ
m
Copyright & A K-C
4.3. 145
. 4.10
5. N , Q, M -
B
(. 4.10, ), q, F = qa, a, EJ.
. -
.
1. YB B,
X B.
m
Copyright & A K-C
146 4.
X :
B = B (F ) + XB (1) = 0.
(. 4.10, )
(. 4.10, ) X = 1,
, , X
(. 4.10, ). :
I : 0 x1 a; M = 0; M1 = 0;
II : 0 x2 a; M = F x2 = qax2 ; M1 = 0;
1 1
III : 0 x3 a; M = F a qx23 = qa2 qx23 ; M1 = 1x3 ;
2 2
1 3
IV : 0 x4 2a; M = F (a x4 ) qa2 = qa2 + qax4 ;
2 2
M1 = 1 a;
a 2a
1 3
EJB (F ) = qa2 + qx23 x3 dx3 + qa2 + qax4 adx4 =
0 2 0 2
2
1 1 3 2 13
= qa4 2 + = qa4 ,
2 8 2 2 8
13 qa4
B = ;
8 EJ
a 2a
7
EJB (1) = x23 dx3 + a2 dx4 = a3 ,
0 0 3
B (1) = 7a3 /(3EJ).
B (F ) B (1) ,
39
X = qa.
56
(. 4.10, ).
2. N , Q, M (. 4.10, ).
(. 4.10, ).
3. B -
(. 4.10, ). ,
, B
(. 4.10, ):
I : 0 x1 a; M = 0; M1 = 1 x1 ;
II : 0 x2 a; M = qax2 ; M1 = 1(a + x2 );
m
Copyright & A K-C
4.3. 147
39 1
III : 0 x3 a; M = qax3 qa2 qx23 ; M1 = 1 2a;
56 2
39 2 1 2 45
qa qa qa(ax4 )= qa2+qax4 ;
IV : 0x4 2a; M =
56 2 56
M1 = 1(2a x4 );
a a
39 2 1 2
EJB = qax2 (a + x2 )dx2 + qax3 qa qx3 (2a)dx3 +
0 0 56 2
2a
45
+ qax4 qa2 (x4 2a)dx4 =
0 56
4 1 1 39 1 1 1 23 45 22 22 45
= qa + + 2 +2+ 2 + 2 + 2 2 =
2 3 56 2 2 3 3 56 2 2 56
161 4 161 qa4 qa4
= qa B = = 0, 96 .
168 168 EJ EJ
, -
().
6.
(. 4.11, ) Q M , a, q,
F = qa.
1. : -
, .
2. , C
(. 4.11, ).
3. (. 4.11, ).
X (, X = YC ).
-
() C, . .
C = 0. ,
(. 4.11, ) (. 4.11, ) X.
, X = 1,
(, , )
X .
4. X . -
C
C (F ) XC (1):
C = C (F ) + XC (1) = 0.
m
Copyright & A K-C
148 4.
. 4.11
a 3
MA = F + YB0 a qa a = 0 YB0 = 2qa;
2 2
a a
MB = YA0 a + F qa = 0 YA0 = 0;
2 2
MA = YB a + 1 2a = 0 YB = 2;
MB = YA a + 1 a = 0 YA = 1.
m
Copyright & A K-C
4.3. 149
a
I : 0 x1 ; M = 0; M1 = 1 x1 ;
2
a a
II : 0 x2 ; M = F x2 = qax2 ; M1 = 1 + x2 ;
2 2
1
III : 0 x3 a; M = qx23 ; M1 = 1 x3 .
2
:
a/2 a a
1 3
EJC (F ) = + x2 dx2
qax2 qx3 dx3 =
0 2 0 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 11 qa4
= qa4 = qa4 ; C
(F ) = ;
2 2 4 3 8 2 4 48 48 EJ
a/2 a/2 2 a
a
EJC (1) = x21 dx1 + + x2 dx2 + x23 dx3 =
0 0 2 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2a3
= a3 + + + + = a3 ; C
(1) = .
3 8 4 2 2 4 3 8 3 3 3EJ
. -
:
11
X = YC = C (F )/C (1) = qa.
32
5. A B, -
:
11 11
YA = YA0 + XYA = 0 + qa1 = qa;
32 32
11 42
YB = YB0 + XYB = 2qa + qa(2) = qa.
32 32
, (-
X) -
.
m
Copyright & A K-C
150 4.
Q M (. 4.11, ).
Mmax III :
11
Q = YC + qx3 = qa + qx3 ;
32
1 11 1
M = YC x3 qx23 = qax3 qx23 ;
2 32 2
11
Q = 0 x3 = a;
32
2
11 11 q 11
Mmax = Mx3 = 11
32 a
= qa a a 0, 059qa2 .
32 32 2 32
7. -
(. 4.12, )
a = 1 , F = 15 . -
( = d/d = 0, 8) ,
[] = 160 .
:
XA XB , YA YB .
. -
.
2. -
B , . .
B (. 4.12, ). -
.
X
B
, X.
X XB .
(. 4.12, ).
X, . . -
: , -
, (. 4.12, )
, X. -
, (. 4.12, ),
X .
( )
B = B (F ) + XB (1) = 0.
m
Copyright & A K-C
4.3. 151
. 4.12
3. B
. -
:
0
XA = 2F ; YA0 = YB0 = 3F ;
XA = 1; YA = YB = 0.
() -
:
0
I : 0 x1 a; M = XA x1 = 2F x1 ; M1 = XA x1 = 1x1 ;
0
II : 0 x2 a; M = XA (a + x2 ) F x2 = 2F a + F x2 ;
M1 = XA (a + x2 ) = a x2 ;
III : 0 x3 2a; M = 0; M1 = 1 x3 ;
IV : 0 x4 a; M = YB0 x4 = 3F x4 ; M1 = 1 2a.
m
Copyright & A K-C
152 4.
:
a a
EJB (F ) = 2F x21 dx1 (2F a + F x2 )(a + x2 )dx2
0 0
a
3F x4 2adx4 = 7, 5F a3 ;
0
a a 2a a
2 2 28 3
EJB (1)= x1 dx1 + (a + x2 ) dx2 + x23 dx3 + 4a2 dx4 = a .
0 0 0 0 3
XB = X:
(F ) 45
X = B = F.
B (1) 56
, -
.
4. .
.
,
, X, . .
R = R(F ) + X R(1).
:
0 45 45 67
XA = X A F (XA ) = 2 F = F;
56 56 56
YA = YA0 = 3F ; YB = YB0 = 3F ; YA (1) = YB (1) = 0.
(. 4.12, ).
5. . . ,
,
90
|M |max = F a, ,
56
90F a
max = , W = 0, 1d3 (1 4 )
56W
.
max []
:
90F a 90 15 103 1
d 3 = 3
=
56 0, 1(1 4)[] 56 0, 1(1 0, 84)160 106
= 0, 1366 = 136, 6 .
m
Copyright & A K-C
4.3. 153
663669 (. -
1) Ra40 d = 140 . -
W = 0, 1 0, 143(1 0, 84 ) = 1, 62 104 3 .
90 15 103 1
max = = 148, 81 106 = 148, 81 .
56 1, 62 104
160 148, 81
=
100% = 7%.
160
,
d = 140 d = 0, 8 140 = 112 .
8.
(. 4.13),
t = 30 , A = 100 2 , a = 0, 15 , b = 0, 1 ,
= 3105 , E = 21011 , E = 11011 ,
= 12, 5106 1/,
= 16, 5 106 1/.
. = 87 ; = 43, 5 .
9. , -
(. 4.14),
F = 160 , [] = 160 .
. A = 8 2 .
10. 1 (. 4.2)
, ,
-
= d /d = 0, 75, .
. MA = 1, 3M0 , MB = 1, 7M0 .
d 116 .
11.
(. 4.15), a, F , EJ.
11 5 1
. YA = F ; YB = F ; M = F a.
16 16 16
m
Copyright & A K-C
154 4.
. 4.13 . 4.14
. 4.15
12.
N , Q, M (. 4.16),
l, F , M0 = F l.
11 11 13
. XA = XB = F ; YA = F ; YB = F.
12 24 24
13.
N , Q, M (. 4.17),
F = 20 , a = 2 .
. XA = 3F = 60 ; YA = YB = 2, 91 ;
207
M = F a = 12, 18 .
68
14.
N , Q, M (. 4.18), -
a, q.
41 23
. XA = XB = qa; YA = YB = qa.
64 64
m
Copyright & A K-C
4.3. 155
. 4.16 . 4.17
. 4.18 . 4.19
15.
B (. 4.19),
a, F , M0 = 2F a, EJ.
27 15
. XA = F ; YA = YB = F ; M = F a;
14 14
109 F a3
B = ().
84 EJ
m
Copyright & A K-C
, -
, .
.
: N , Qy , Qz , T , My ,
Mz .
: (N ), (Mz ), (My ),
(T ), (Qy ), (Qz ).
,
:
) ;
) .
, -
, :
= (N ) + (Mz ) + (My ).
,
,
:
= (T ) + (Qy ) + (Qz ).
: .
, -
-.
:
) ( -
):
2 + 4 2 [];
.III =
) ( -
):
2 + 3 2 [].
.IV =
m
Copyright & A K-C
5.1. 157
5.1.
.
,
,
xOy xOz (. 5.1). y z
.
:
Mz My Qy Qz .
.
.
.
.
-
:
Mz My
(x, y, z) = (Mz ) + (My ) = y z,
Jz Jy
:
= y + z .
= 0,
, :
My Jz
y= z.
Mz Jy
nn
.
,
. . 5.2 -
Mz , My .
I III
. (I
.)
-
M , -
,
(. 5.2).
. , -
( , .),
m
Copyright & A K-C
158 5.
. 5.1 . 5.2
Mz My
max / min = + ,
Wz Wy
Wz , Wy .
M
max / min = ,
W
M = Mz2 + My2
; W .
: max [],
: max []
|min | [] .
-
: n = /max
[n], (
, ).
( )
.
m
Copyright & A K-C
5.1. 159
Mz [1 + My Wz /(Mz Wy )]
Wz .
[]
.
Wz /Wy ,
10, 7,
-
: Wz /Wy = 6, 1 . . . 14,
Wz /Wy = 3, 3 . . . 10, 4.
1. (. 5.3, )
1, 2, 3, 4 ; -
,
3
a, F , h = b, E.
2
1. .
(
).
-
. -
, (. 5.3, )
(. 5.3, ) , Mz My .
, ,
.
-
nn (. 5.3, ).
My Jz
y= z.
Mz Jy
,
.
Mz My ( My ).
II IV . I
, III ,
. -
:
Mz Jz
y= z.
My Jy
Mz = 2F a; My = F a.
m
Copyright & A K-C
160 5.
. 5.3
3
bh3 b 3 9
Jz = = b = b4 ;
12 12 2 32
3 3
hb 3 b 1
Jy = = b = b4 .
12 2 12 8
2
bh2 b 3 3
Wz = = b = b3 ;
6 6 2 8
2 2
hb b 3 1
Wy = = b = b3 .
6 6 2 4
m
Copyright & A K-C
5.1. 161
Mz , My , Jz , Jy
,
F a 9b4 8
y= z.
2F a 32 1 b4
9
y = z = 1, 125z.
8
nn = arctg(9/8) = 48, 37 .
2.
(. 5.3, )
Mz My
1,2,3,4 = .
Wz Wy
-
. ,
Mz My F a 16 28 F a
1 = max = + + = 3 +4 = ;
Wz Wy b 3 3 b3
Mz My F a 16 4 Fa
2 = = 3 4 = ;
Wz Wy b 3 3 b3
Mz My 28 F a
3 = min = = ;
Wz Wy 3 b3
Mz My F a 16 4 Fa
4 = + = 3 +4 = .
Wz Wy b 3 3 b3
. 5.3, .
3. ,
(. 5.4, ).
: 0 x 2a; Mz = F x; M1z = 1 x;
2a 2a
8
EJz Ay = Mz M1z dx = F x2 dx = F a3 ;
0 0 3
8F a3 8F a3 256 F a3 F a3
Ay = = = = 9, 48 .
3EJz 3E(9b4 /32) 27 Eb4 Eb4
(. 5.4, ):
I : 0 x1 a; My = 0; M1y = 1 x1 ;
m
Copyright & A K-C
162 5.
. 5.4
II : 0 x2 a; My = F x2 ; M1y = 1(a + x2 );
a
1 1 5
EJy Az = F x2 (a + x2 )dx2 = F a3 + F a3 = F a3 ;
0 2 3 6
3 3 3 3
5F a 5F a 20F a Fa
Az = = = = 6, 67 4 .
6EJz 6E(b4 /8) 3Eb4 Eb
3
F a3
2 + 2 = F a
A = Ay 9, 48 2 + 6, 672 = 11, 6 .
Az
Eb4 Eb4
= arctg(Ay /Az ) = arctg(9, 48/6, 67) = 54, 87.
2.
(, h = 3b) -
(. 5.5, ),
1
q = 10 /, l = 2 , M0 = ql2 = 2, 5 , [] = 10 .
16
1. ,
(. 5.5, ) (. 5.5, ) .
Mz My .
(. 5.5, ):
1
YA = YB = ql;
2
x 1 1
Mz = YA x qx = qlx qx2 ;
2 2 2
3 2
x = l/4 Mz = ql ;
32
4 2 1
x = l/2 Mz = ql = ql2 .
32 8
Mz .
m
Copyright & A K-C
5.1. 163
. 5.5
(. 5.5, ):
M0 1
ZA = ZB = = ql;
l 16
l 1
I : 0 x1 ; My = zA x1 = qlx1 ;
4 16
3 1
II : 0 x2 l; Mz = zB x2 = qlx2 ;
4 16
1
x2 = l/2 My = ql2 .
32
My .
m
Copyright & A K-C
164 5.
2. .
C D,
. -
, ,
.
-
:
bh2 b 3
Wz = = (3b)2 = b3 ;
6 6 2
hb2 h2 1 3
Wy = = (3b) = b .
6 6 2
C:
Mz My 3ql2 3ql2 5 ql2 ql2
max = + = 3 3
+ 1 3
= = 0, 156 .
Wz Wy 32 2 b 64 2 b 32 b3 b3
D:
Mz My ql2 ql2 7 ql2 ql2
max = + = 3 3
+ 1 3
= 3
= 0, 146 3 .
Wz Wy 8 2b 32 2 b 48 b b
C.
3. .
5ql2
max = [],
32b3
2
5ql 5 10 103 22
b 3 = 3 = 0, 0855 = 85, 5 .
32[] 32 10, 0 106
663969 (Ra20) b = 90 (. -
1). h = 3b = 270 .
:
5ql2 5 10 103 22
= max = = 8, 6 ;
32b3 32 0, 093
max 10 8, 6
= 100% = 100% = 14%,
[] 10
.
4.
.
Mz My ( )
(. 5.5, ).
. C
( ).
m
Copyright & A K-C
5.1. 165
. 5.6
My Jz
y= .
Mz Jy
bh3 b(3b)3 9 4 bh3 3bb3 1 4
Jz = = = b ; Jy = = = b .
12 12 4 12 12 4
(3/64)ql2 (9/4)b4 9
y= z = z,
(3/32)ql2 (1/4)b4 2
y = 4, 5z.
.
3.
,
(. 5.6)?
My Jz
y= z.
Mz Jy
Mz My
(. 5.6) ,
II IV ; , .
m
Copyright & A K-C
166 5.
. 5.7
-
x :
My = Fz x = F cos x; Jy = b3 h/12;
Mz = Fy x = F sin x; Jz = bh3 /12.
2
F cos x bh3 12 h h
y= 3
z = ctg z = z.
F sin x 12hb b b
nn (. 5.6).
, ,
h
y = tg z = z.
b
,
.
4. d = 28
(. 5.7, ). -
, a = 0, 2 , F = 6 ,
() = 300 .
1. ,
yOx, Mz . 5.7, .
2. , -
xOz, My
. 5.7, .
m
Copyright & A K-C
5.1. 167
. 5.7,
.
3. .
:
2 2
5 1
C M = Fa + F a = 1, 35F a;
4 2
2
6
D M = F a + (F a)2 = 1, 8F a;
4
2 2
3 3
E M = Fa + F a = 1, 68F a.
4 2
D: max M = 1, 8F a.
4. .
max M 1, 8F a 18F a
max = = = .
W 0, 1d3 d3
d3 300 106 0, 053
n= = = = 1, 74.
max 18F a 18 6 103 0, 2
[n] = 1, 4 . . . 2, 0.
5. (. 5.8) -
bh
, F = 2, 4 , h = 0, 2 , b = 0, 12 ,
l = 2 , = 30 .
.
A/C = 0, 2 ; B/D = 10, 2 .
. 5.8 . 5.9
m
Copyright & A K-C
168 5.
6.
(. 5.9, )
(. 5.9, ).
?
. -
k
= cos + (Wz /Wy ) sin ,
k = cos2 + [(Jz /Jy ) sin ]2 .
5.2. ().
()
()
: N , Mx
My , Qy Qz .
.
(-
) N Mx , My
, -
:
N Mz My
(x, y, z) = (N ) + (Mz ) + (My ) = y z.
A Jz Jy
N , My , Mz . ,
.
= 0,
, :
My Jz N Jz
y= z .
Mz Jy Mz A
-
.
. 5.10 :
Mz , My , ,
N .
II, III IV :
My Jz N Jz
y= z .
Mz Jy Mz A
-
.
m
Copyright & A K-C
5.2. . 169
. 5.10
. 5.11 . 5.12
, -
(,
),
N Mz My
max / min = + .
A Wz Wy
N M
max / min = ,
A W
M = Mz2 + My2 .
,
.
( )
(N ) = N/A -
m
Copyright & A K-C
170 5.
,
.
-
, (-
)
(. 5.11).
N = F Mz =
F yA , My = F zA , yA , zA .
, () -
() -
.
()
, .
-
,
()
.
-
, .
()
yyA zzA
2 2 = 1,
iz iy
iz , iy (iz/y = Jz/y /A).
:
1) -
;
2) -
,
y = i2z /ynn z = i2y /znn ,
ynn , znn (. 5.12).
1.
a a = 1 1 , l = 5 (. 5.13, ), -
, p = 800 /2 .
= 1, 6 /3 .
.
m
Copyright & A K-C
5.2. . 171
. 5.13
1.
. -
q1 q2 :
pal 800 1 5
q1 = = = 800 / = 0, 8 /
l 5
1 ;
2 2
ga l 10 1, 6 1 5
q2 = = = 16 / 1 .
l 5
g 10 /2 .
2. -
Mz N (. 5.13, ).
3. ,
Mz N :
1
max Mz = q1 l2 ; max N = q2 l.
2
(. 5.13, ).
m
Copyright & A K-C
172 5.
,
Jz = Jy = a4 /12; Wz = Wy = a3 /6.
:
max = AA ; min = BB ;
N Mz q2 l q1 l2 6
max / min = = 2 =
A Wz a 2a3
16 5 0, 8 52 6
= = (80 60) ;
1 21
max = AA = 80 + 60 = 20 ;
min = BB = 80 60 = 140 .
4. .
= 0,
Mz N N Jz q2 la4 /12 q2 a2
ynn = 0 ynn = = 2 2
= ,
Jz A Mz A (q1 l /2)a 6q1 l
q2 a2 16 12 2
ynn = = = ,
6q1 l 6 0, 8 5 3
. . (. 5.13, ).
2. 14 (Wz = 81, 7 3 ,
Wy = 11, 5 3 , Jz = 572 4 , A = 17, 4 2 , Jy = 41, 9 4 )
, -
(. 5.14, ),
, =
250 , a = 1 , F = 10 , M0 = (1/10)F a = 1 .
1. . 5.14, A
, B
.
,
(. 5.14, ) (. 5.14, ) -
(. 5.14, ).
2. Mz ( ) (. 5.14, ),
My ( ) (. 5.14, ) N (. 5.14, ),
:
YA = YB = F/2; ZA = ZB = M0 /(2a).
,
C B:
B
1
Mz = 0; My = F a = 1 103 ; N = 5F = 50 103 ,
10
m
Copyright & A K-C
5.2. . 173
. 5.14
C
1 1
Mz = F a = 5 103 ; My = F a = 0, 5 103 ;
2 20
N = 5F = 50 103 .
3. .
,
:
B
N My 50 103 1 103
max = + = 4
+ =
A Wy 17, 4 10 11, 5 106
= 28, 74 + 86, 96 = 115, 7 ,
m
Copyright & A K-C
174 5.
C
N Mz My 50 103 5 103 0, 5 103
max = + + = + + =
A Wz Wy 17, 4 104 81, 7 106 11, 5 106
= 28, 74 + 61, 2 + 43, 48 = 133, 4 .
, C, -
max = 133, 4 .
250
n= = = 1, 87.
max 133, 4
4. . -
C (. 5.14, ).
F (
. 5.14, ), -
, .
, .
, ,
z ( . 5.14, ).
, -
z, ,
. ( ).
-
.
. ,
I, II IV , III
.
y = kz + b.
My Jz N Jz
y= z+ .
Mz Jy Mz A
A, N , Mz , Jz , Jy ,
0, 5 103 572 108 50 103 572 108
y= 3 8
z+ = 1, 365z + 3, 29.
5 10 41 9 10 5 103 17, 4 104
nn.
1 ,
max = 133, 4 .
3.
, a = 80 ,
d = 54 (. 5.15).
m
Copyright & A K-C
5.2. . 175
. 5.15 . 5.16
iz iy .
:
J a4 /12 d4 /64 804 /12 3, 14 542/64
i2 = = = = 730 2 .
A a2 d2 /4 802 3, 14 542/4
n1 n1 , , -
, xOy
A1
yA1 = i2 /ynn = 730/40 = 18, 25 .
n2 n2 , , -
, xOz -
A2
zA2 = i2 /znn = 730/40 = 18, 25 .
n1 n1
n2 n2 , . . 1,
A1 A2 .
, ,
y z.
4.
(. 5.16). C,
a = 0, 4 , b = 0, 1 , A = 20 , B = 0.
. = 60 .
5. (. 5.17) -
.
, F = 600 , a = 0, 4 , b = 0, 18 ,
c = 0, 05 . : []C = 7 ,
[] = 0, 6 .
. max = 0, 58 < [] , min = 0, 92 < []C .
m
Copyright & A K-C
176 5.
. 5.17 . 5.18
6. , -
b (. 5.18).
. , -
, b = 3b/(16 cos30 ) = 0, 217b.
5.3.
: -
Mz My , T Qy Qz .
, ,
. ,
, -
, -
, ,
( ,
).
.
( )
= M/W ,
M ;
d3
W = (1 4 ) .
32
m
Copyright & A K-C
5.3. 177
( -
),
MIII = T 2 + Mz2 + My2 .
(
),
MIV = 0, 75T 2 + Mz2 + My2 .
-
,
.
max [].
( ) -
.
.
,
.
1.
(. 5.19, ) -
. D = 331, 5 ,
D = 256 . -
Ft = 3, 75 , Fr = 1, 36 .
F ,
,
a = 85 ,
( 45) [] = 200 .
1. ,
D = 3a, D = 3, 9a, F = 1 , Ft = 3, 75F ,
Fr = 1, 36F .
Ft F .
D D
M (Ft ) = Ft M (F ) = F
2 2
Ft F ,
. ,
, :
D D
Mx = F Ft = 0,
2 2
D
F = Ft = 4, 875Ft .
D
m
Copyright & A K-C
178 5.
. 5.19
C E T0 ,
D D
= F
T0 = Ft = 7, 3F a.
2 2
2.
(. 5.19, ) ,
, . -
, -
.
(. 5.19, ).
,
C E. .
m
Copyright & A K-C
5.3. 179
xOy (. 5.19, ).
F2 .
YA = YB = Fr /2 = 0, 68F.
Mz .
xOz (. 5.19, ).
Ft F .
:
MA = 4, 875F 3a ZB 2a 3, 75F a = 0 ZB = 5, 4375F ;
MB = ZA 2a + 3, 75F a + 4, 875F a = 0 ZA = 4, 3125F.
My .
3. .
, C E.
:
MIII = T 2 + Mz2 + My2 ,
C
MIII = (7, 3F a)2 + (0, 68F a)2 + (4, 3125)2 = 8, 51F a,
E
MIII = (7, 3F a)2 + 0 + (4, 875)2 = 8, 78F a.
, E M =
8, 78F a.
:
max M 8, 78F a
d 3 = 3 .
0, 1[] 0, 1[]
:
8, 78 1 103 0, 085
d 3 = 0, 0334 = 33, 4 .
0, 1 200 106
663689 Ra40 d = 34 (. -
1).
:
8, 78F a 8, 78 1 103 0, 085
max = = = 189, 9 ;
0, 1d3 0, 1 0, 0343
[] max 200 189, 9
= 100% = 100% = 5, 05%.
[] 200
, .
m
Copyright & A K-C
180 5.
2. -
, -
(. 5.20, ),
F1 = F2 = 1500 , D1 = D2 = 300 ,
D3 = 450 , a = 20 ,
[] = 160 .
1. .
(. 5.20, ).
M0 R = 3F1 .
H K :
D1 0, 3
M0 = (2F1 F1 ) = (2 1500 1500) = 225 .
2 2
2. F3 . -
Mx = M0 + M0 M0 = 0 M0 = 2M0 ,
F3 = 2M0 /(D3 /2) = 2 225/(0, 45/2) = 2000 .
3. (. 5.20, ).
, (. 5.20, ), -
(. 5.20, ),
(. 5.20, ).
. T .
KC
max T = 2M0 = 450 .
. YA
YB :
MA = YB 4a + S2 3a S1 a = 0 YA = YB = 2250 .
Mz . H K
max |Mz | = YA a = 2250 0, 2 = 450 .
.
zA zB :
MA = ZB 4a S3 5a = 0 ZB = 7500 ;
MB = ZA 4a S3 a = 0 ZA = 1500 .
My . B
max |My | = S3 a = 6000 0, 2 = 1200 .
m
Copyright & A K-C
5.3. 181
. 5.20
m
Copyright & A K-C
182 5.
4. , :
K MIII = 4502 + 9002 + 4502 = 1102 ;
B MIII = 12002 + 4502 = 1280 .
B.
d:
max = max M/W [],
max M 1280
d 3
= 3 = 0, 043 = 43 .
0, 1[] 0, 1 160 103
663669 Ra20 d = 45 (.
1).
:
max M 1280
max = = = 140 ;
0, 1d3 0, 1 0, 0453
[] max 160 140
= 100% = 100% = 12, 5%.
[] 160
15%.
3.
(. 5.21, )
, -
M = 1, 5 , D1 = 150 , D2 = 375 ,
l = 80 , b = 70 , c = 100 ,
() [] = 180 .
Fr = 0, 36Ft Fa = 0, 2Ft .
.
1. . -
. a = 100 = 0, 1 , l = 0, 8a,
b = 0, 7a, c = a, D1 = 1, 5a, D2 = 3, 75a.
, :
2M 2 1, 5 2M 2 1, 5
Ft1 = = = 20 ; Ft2 = = = 8 .
D1 0, 15 D2 0, 375
F = 10 , Ft1 = 2F , Ft2 = 0, 8F .
Fr1 = 0, 72F , Fr2 = 0, 228F .
Fa1 = 0, 4F , Fa2 = 0, 16F .
2. , , -
.
D
M0 = Fa ( )
2
m
Copyright & A K-C
5.3. 183
. 5.21
(. 5.21, ).
D
T0 = Ft Ft , -
2
(. 5.21, ). -
, (. 5.21, ).
1, 5a 1, 5a
M01 = 0, 4F = 0, 3F a; T01 = 2F = 1, 5F a.
2 2
m
Copyright & A K-C
184 5.
3, 75a 3, 75a
M02 = 0, 16F = 0, 3F a; T02 = 0, 8F = 1, 5F a.
2 2
M01 = M02 = M0 T01 = T02 = T0 . ,
(. 5.21, ).
3. , , -
.
(. 5.21, ).
. T .
(. 5.21, ). -
: YA = 0, 4032F , YB = 0, 6048F .
Mz .
(. 5.21, ). -
: zA = 1, 12F , zB = 1, 68F .
My .
4. , .
C,
. ( )
:
M = (1, 5F a)2 + (0, 78F a)2 + (0, 832F a)2 = 1, 88F a.
:
M
= [],
W
M 1, 88 10 103 0, 1
d 3 = 3 = 0, 0471 = 47, 1 .
0, 1[] 0, 1 180 106
669369 (. 1) d = 48 (Ra40).
:
1, 88 10 103 0, 1
max = = 170 ;
0, 1 0, 0483
[] max 180 170
= 100% = 100% = 5, 6%.
[] 180
4. (. 5.22)
,
P = 14 , = 32 /,
a = 70 , D1 = 210 , D2 = 90 ,
[] = 45 . Fr = 0, 36Ft ; Fa = 0, 12Ft .
.
m
Copyright & A K-C
5.3. 185
. 5.22 . 5.23
:
P = T .
. d 54, 7 .
5. d = 300
(. 5.23).
F ,
, a = 0, 4 , R = 0, 18 , [] = 80 .
. F 0, 79 .
m
Copyright & A K-C
.
-
.
.
,
.
:
2 EJmin
F = ,
(l)2
Jmin -
; E ; l ; -
,
.
-
. 6.1.
= 1/m, m (
) .
( , -
)
2 E
=,
2
= l/imin ; imin = Jmin /A
.
, -
,
.
,
:
E
.
100.
m
Copyright & A K-C
6. 187
. 6.1
( > ; <)
= a b;
3 = 310, 0 1, 14 ();
= 29, 3 0, 194 ().
[] :
[] = [] ,
(
, -
4). , < 1, 0.
-
:
= F/A [] .
, -
, [] .
-
:
F
= n =.
F
[n ] = 1, 7 . . . 3, [n ] = 5, [n ] = 3.
-
. ,
m
Copyright & A K-C
188 6.
, A -
. 1 = 0, 5.
:
F
1) A1 = ;
1 []
2) ,
imin 1 = Jmin /A;
3)
1 = l/imin 1 ;
4) 1 (. 4) .
1 1 = 0, 5 ,
,
1 + 1
2 .
2
, -
0,1.
i- < 0, 1,
.
i-
[] = i [] .
= F/Ai .
( ):
[]
= 100%.
[]
15%, 5%,
.
.
1.
d = 1 , -
l = 1 (. 6.2). E = 2 1011 .
1. . -
J d4 4 d 0, 01
i= = = = = 0, 0025 .
A 64d2 4 4
m
Copyright & A K-C
6. 189
= 1. :
l 11
= = = 400.
imin 0, 0025
.
2. :
2 E 3, 14 2 1011
=
= = 1234 .
2 4002
3. :
d2 3, 14 0, 012
= 1234
F = A = = 969 .
4 4
4.
n = 2:
F 969
F = = = 484, 5 .
n 2
2. -
l = 1 , ( = 1) (. 6.2),
F = 1000 .
[] = 160 .
n = 2, 5.
1. .
F
[] . =
A
2.
.
1 = 0, 5. :
F 1000
A1 = = 0, 125 104 2 ;
0, 5[] 0, 5 160 106
4A1 4 0, 125 104
d1 = = 0, 4 102 ;
3, 14 . 6.2
d
i1 = = 0, 1 102 ;
4
m
Copyright & A K-C
190 6.
l 11
1 = = = 1000.
i 0, 1 102
(. 4).
,
: 1 0.
2 = 0, 1:
F 1000
A2 = = 0, 625 104 2 ;
0, 1[] 0, 1 160 106
4A2 4 0, 625 104
d2 = = 0, 9 102 ;
3, 14
d2
i2 = = 0, 225 102 ;
4
l 11
2 = = = 445.
i2 0, 225 102
, -
. ,
,
.
-
.
:
F
F= .
n
:
2 EJ
, F=
(l)2 n
:
(l)2 n F
.J=
2 E
J = d4 /64 0, 05d4 ,
2 (1 1)2 2, 5 1000
4 (l) n F
d= 2
= 4 = 1, 262 102 = 12, 62 .
0, 05 E 0, 05 3, 142 2 1011
663669 Ra40 d = 13 .
m
Copyright & A K-C
6. 191
3. -
30 (. 6.3).
,
y z : Jy = Jz . 3,
[] = 160, 0 , l = 6 .
= 2. -
a [F ].
. 6.3
1. ( 824072) 30
:
Jz = 5810 4 , Jy1 = 327 4 ;
A = 40, 5 2 ;
iz = 12 ;
z0 = 2, 52 .
2. a
Jy = Jz .
:
1) y
y1 -
:
a 2
Jy = 2 Jy1 + + z0 A ;
2
2) z -
:
Jz = 2Jz .
m
Copyright & A K-C
192 6.
:
a 2
2 Jy1 + + z0 A = 2Jz ,
2
Jz Jy1 5810 327
a=2 2z0 = 2 2 2, 52 = 18, 24 .
A 40, 5
3. .
z. Jy = Jz , iz = iy ,
Jz 2Jz
iz = = = iz .
2A 2A
= l/iz = 2 6/0, 12 = 100.
(. 4)
= 0, 6.
[] = [] = 0, 6 160 = 96 .
[F ] = [] 2A = 96 106 2 40, 5 104 = 780 .
4. :
n = F /[F ].
2 EJ 3, 142 2 1011 2 5810 108
F = = = 1590 ,
(l)2 (2 6)2
n = F /[F ] = 1590/780 = 2, 04,
-
[n ] = 1, 7 . . . 3.
4.
F = 750 (. 6.4), l = 4, 5 ,
3, [] = 160, 0 .
= F/A [] .
A .
.
m
Copyright & A K-C
6. 193
. 6.4 . 6.5
1 = 0, 5,
F 750 103
A1 = = = 93, 75 104 2 = 93, 75 2 .
1 [] 0, 5 160 106
823972 (. 2) 50,
A = 100 2 , imin = 3, 23 .
l 0, 5 450
= = = 69, 7.
imin 3, 23
1 = 0, 81
(. 4).
. 2 = (1 + 1 )/2 =
(0, 5 + 0, 81)/2 0, 65;
F 750 103
A2 = = = 65, 1 104 2 = 65, 1 2 .
2 [] 0, 65 160 106
40: A = 72, 6 2 , imin = 3, 03 ;
l 0, 5 450
2 = = = 74, 3.
imin 303
= 0, 81 ( = 70) =
0, 75 ( = 80) = 74, 3:
0, 81 0, 75
3 = 0, 81 4, 3 = 0, 784.
10
m
Copyright & A K-C
194 6.
. 3 = (0, 65+0, 784)/2 = 0, 72;
F 750 103
A3 = = 65, 1 104 2 = 65, 1 2 .
3 [] 0, 72 160 106
40,
= 74, 3 = 0, 784.
. 4 = (0, 72 + 0, 784)/2 =
0, 752;
F 750 103
A4 = = = 62, 4 104 2 = 62, 4 2 .
4 [] 0, 752 160 106
36: A = 61, 9 2 ; imin = 2, 89 .
F 750 103
= = = 121 .
A 61, 9 104
.
:
= l/imin = 0, 5 4, 5/(2, 89 102) = 78.
(. 4)
0, 81 0, 75
= 0, 75 + 2 = 0, 762.
10
[] = [] = 0, 762 160 = 121, 9 .
, = 121 , [] = 121, 9 .
. , -
15%.
5.
27 l = 4 -
( = 1) (. 6.5), 3.
. F = 320 ; = 80 .
6. (-
= 0, 9)
m
Copyright & A K-C
6. 195
,
5 (l = 4 , = 1),
F = 320 , , 27 (.
5). ,
.
. d 11, 127 .
. -
2,18 .
m
Copyright & A K-C
, .
. -
M a
F = M a.
F = M 2 r,
M ; r
; .
-
. , ,
. ,
, , -
.
,
. ,
, ,
.
( , )
( , )
:
= k ; = k .
:
k = 1 + a/g;
k = 1 + 1 + 2H/ k = 1 + 1 + 2 /(g );
k = 2 /(g );
m
Copyright & A K-C
7. , . 197
k = J0 /(T ),
H , ;
; ,
; J0 -
; T ; g
.
, ( -
)
.
. -
0 = g/,
.
-
F = F0 sin t.
(F0 )
A = 2 ,
2 4n2 2
1 2 +
0 04
(F0 ) -
, F0 ; n -
,
.
-
-
.
(F0 )0
. A=
2n
. -
.
:
1)
( , ) -
m
Copyright & A K-C
198 7. , .
, 0
;
2) ( ) -
, , -
.
,
-
.
-
k = 1 + A/.
1. d = 2
l = 80 M = 8 -
(. 7.1).
, -
,
= 800 .
1. ,
:
d2
.
F =
4
2.
F = M 2 l.
3. ,
.
:
d2 n
= M 2 l, = ,
4 30
30 d2 30 800 106 3, 14 0, 0022
n= = =
4M l 3, 14 4 8 0, 8
= 189 /. = 3, 015 1 .
2. M = 150
l = 1, 6 ( 14, Wz =
81, 7 3 , Jz = 572 4 ) H = 1 (. 7.2).
,
0 . -
. E = 2 1011 .
m
Copyright & A K-C
7. , . 199
. 7.1 . 7.2
1. -
. Q = M g = 1500 g 10 /2 .
Mmax = Ql,
Ql 1500 1, 6
= = = 29, 4 .
Wz 81, 7 106
2.
. A
, .
Q
M = Qx; M1 = 1 x.
l
1 Ql3
= Qx2 dx = .
EJ 0 3EJ
:
1500 1, 63
= = 0, 00184 = 1, 8 .
3 2 1011 572 108
3. :
2H 2 0, 01
k = 1 + 1 + =1+ 1+ = 4, 48.
0, 0018
4. :
= k = 4, 48 29, 4 = 131, 5 ;
= k = 4, 48 1, 8 = 8, 05 .
5. :
0 = g/ = 10/0, 0018 = 74, 5 1 .
3.
M = 100 (. 7.3)
, a = 1 ,
d = 5 , E = 2 1011 .
1. -
F = gM .
m
Copyright & A K-C
200 7. , .
. 7.3 . 7.4
A 1
(. 3.1). :
7F a3
A = ;
3EJ
2 2F a3
A = .
EJ
2. ,
F = gM , J = 0, 05d4 :
3E 0, 05d4 3 2 1011 0, 05 0, 054
0 = g/A = 3
= = 16, 37 1 ;
7M a 7 100 13
E 0, 05d4 2 1011 0, 05 0, 054
2
0 = g/A = 3
= = 17, 68 1 .
2M a 2 100 13
4. M = 400 -
( 14)
l = 2 (. 7.4). -
= 100 1 ,
F0 = 100 .
. , -
.
m
Copyright & A K-C
7. , . 201
1. .
:
F = gM 10 400 = 4000 .
F l3 4000 23
=
= y(F ) = = 0, 583 103 .
48EJ 48 2 1011 572 108
0 = g/ = 9, 81/(0, 583 103) = 129, 7 1 .
, -
,
F0 l3 100 23
(F0 ) = y(F0 ) = = = 0, 0146 103 .
48EJ 48 2 1011 572 108
2. n = 0:
(F0 ) 0, 0146 103
A= 2 = = 0, 036 103 .
1 2 /0 1 1002/129, 72
3. . -
-
. M = F l/4.
-
Fl 4 103 2
= = = 24, 5 .
4W 4 81, 7 106
A 0, 036 103
k = 1 + =1+ = 1, 062.
0, 583 103
= k = 1, 062 24, 5 = 26 .
5.
( 30) (. 7.5, ),
, F = 40 , l = 3 ,
J = 7080 4 ,
E = 2 1011 .
1. . -
.
m
Copyright & A K-C
202 7. , .
. 7.5
B = B (F ) + XB (1).
(. 7.5, )
(. 7.5, ):
I : 0 x1 l/2; M = 0; M1 = 1 x1 ;
II : 0 x2 l/2; M = F x2 ; M1 = 1(l/2 + x2 );
l/2
5
EJB (F ) = F x2 (l/2 + x2) = F l3 ;
0 48
l/2 l/2
1
EJB (1) = x21 dx1 + (l/2 + x2 )2 dx2 = l3 ;
0 0 3
5
X = F.
16
2. (. 7.5, ). -
K
F (. 7.5, , ):
5
I : 0 x1 l/2; M = F x1 ; M1 = 0;
16
II : 0 x2 l/2;
5 5 11
M= F (l/2 + x2) F x2 = F l F x2 ; M1 = 1 x2 ;
16 32 16
l/2
5 11 7 7F l3
EJK = F l F x2 x2 dx2 = F l3 ; K = .
0 32 16 768 768EJ
m
Copyright & A K-C
7. , . 203
3. :
g 768EJ
0 = g/ = =
7 F l3
9, 81 768 2 1011 7080 108
= = 119 1 .
7 40 103 33
6. , -
3000 , a =
4 /2 , , [] = 70 .
. d 24, 7 .
7. -
[H] M = 200
.
3 . 16, [] = 160 . [H],
808040 ? E = 21011 ,
E = 8 .
. 44,4 98 .
8. 7 -
. -
.
1.
()
:
0 = g/.
2.
gM l3 9, 81 200 33
= y = = = 0, 633 103 .
48E J 48 2 1011 873 108
0 = 9, 81/(0, 633 103) = 124, 5 1 .
3. -
:
Rl 9, 81 200 0, 04
= = = 0, 766 103 .
E A 2 8 106 0, 08 0, 08
m
Copyright & A K-C
204 7. , .
R = gM/2 ,
; l = 40 ; A = 80 80
.
= y + = 0, 633 103 + 0, 766 103 = 1, 4 103 .
0 = 9, 81/(1, 4 103) = 83, 7 1 .
9. -
( 7)
,
n = 2 1 , = 135 1 ?
. 14,6 .
m
Copyright & A K-C
1
. 663669
Ra5 Ra10 Ra20 Ra40
1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,05
1,1 1,1 1,15
1,2 1,2 1,2 1,3
1,4 1,4 1,5
1,6 1,6 1,6 1,6 1,7
1,8 1,8 1,9
2,0 2,0 2,0 2,1
2,2 2,2 2,4
2,5 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,6
2,8 2,8 3,0
3,2 3,2 3,2 3,4
3,6 3,6 3,8
4,0 4,0 4,0 4,0 4,2
4,5 4,5 4,8
5,0 5,0 5,0 5,3
5,6 5,6 6,0
6,3 6,3 6,3 6,3 6,7
7,1 7,1 7,5
8,0 8,0 8,0 8,5
9,0 9,0 9,5
. , 110 ,
10n , 0,63; 6,3; 63; 630
. .
: Ra5 Ra10,
Ra10 Ra20, Ra20 Ra40.
m
2
Copyright & A K-C
. . 823972
,
1 , zz yy
h b s t A, 3
Wz , 3 Jz , 4 iz , Wy , 3 Jy , 4 iy ,
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
10 100 55 4,5 7,2 12,0 9,46 39,7 198 4,06 6,49 17,9 1,22
12 120 64 4,8 7,3 14,7 11,50 58,4 350 4,88 8,72 27,9 1,38
14 140 73 4,9 7,5 17,4 13,70 81,7 572 5,73 11,5 41,9 1,55
16 160 81 5,0 7,8 20,2 15,90 109,0 873 6,57 14,5 58,6 1,70
18 180 90 5,1 8,1 23,4 18,40 143,0 1290 7,42 18,4 82,6 1,88
18a 180 100 5,1 8,3 25,4 19,90 159,0 1430 7,51 22,8 114 2,12
20 200 100 5,2 8,4 26,8 21,0 184,0 1840 8,28 23,1 115 2,07
20a 200 110 5,2 8,6 28,9 22,7 203,0 2030 8,37 28,2 155 2,32
22 220 110 5,4 8,7 30,6 24,0 232,0 2550 9,13 28,6 157 2,27
m
22a 220 120 5,4 8,9 32,8 25,80 254,0 2790 9,22 34,3 206 2,5
Copyright & A K-C
24 240 115 5,6 9,5 34,8 27,30 289,0 3460 9,97 34,5 198 2,37
24a 240 125 5,6 9,8 37,5 29,40 317,0 3800 10,1 41,6 260 2,63
27 270 125 6,0 9,8 40,2 31,5 371,0 5010 11,2 41,5 260 2,54
27a 270 135 6,0 10,2 43,2 33,9 407,0 5500 11,3 50 337 2,8
30 300 135 6,5 10,2 46,5 36,5 472,0 7080 12,3 49,9 337 2,69
30a 300 145 6,5 10,7 49,9 39,2 518,0 7780 12,5 60,1 436 2,95
33 330 140 7,0 11,2 53,8 42,2 597,0 9840 13,5 59,9 419 2,79
36 360 145 7,5 12,3 61,9 48,6 743,0 13380 14,7 71,1 516 2,89
40 400 155 8,3 13,0 72,6 57,0 953,0 19062 16,2 86,1 667 3,03
45 450 160 9,0 14,2 84,7 66,5 1231,0 27696 18,1 101 808 3,09
50 500 170 10,0 15,2 100,0 78,5 1589,0 39727 19,9 123 1043 3,23
55 550 180 11,0 16,5 118,0 92,6 2035,0 55962 21,8 151 1356 3,39
60 600 190 12,0 17,8 138 108,0 2560,0 76806 23,6 182 1726 3,54
m
3
. . 824072
Copyright & A K-C
,
1 , zz yy
h b s t A, 3 z0 ,
Jz , 4 Wz , 3 iz , Jy , 4 Wy , 3 iy ,
5 50 32 4,4 7,0 6,16 4,84 22,8 9,1 1,92 5,61 2,75 0,954 1,16
6,5 65 36 4,4 7,2 7,51 5,90 48,6 15,0 2,54 8,70 3,68 1,080 1,24
8 80 40 4,5 7,4 8,98 7,05 89,4 22,4 3,16 12,80 4,75 1,190 1,31
10 100 46 4,5 7,6 10,90 8,59 174,0 34,8 3,99 20,40 6,46 1,370 1,44
12 120 52 4,8 7,8 13,30 10,40 304,0 50,6 4,78 31,20 8,52 1,530 1,54
14 140 58 4,9 8,1 15,60 12,30 491,0 70,2 5,60 45,40 11,0 1,700 1,67
14a 140 62 4,9 8,7 17,0 13,30 545,0 77,8 5,66 57,50 13,30 1,840 1,87
16 160 64 5,0 8,4 18,10 14,20 747,0 93,4 6,42 63,30 13,80 1,870 1,80
16a 160 68 5,0 9,0 19,5 15,30 823,0 103,0 6,49 78,80 16,40 2,010 2,0
m
18 180 70 5,1 8,7 20,70 16,30 1090,0 121,0 7,24 86,0 17,0 2,040 1,94
Copyright & A K-C
18a 180 74 5,1 9,3 22,20 17,40 1190,0 132,0 7,32 105,0 20,0 2,180 2,13
20 200 76 5,2 9,0 23,40 18,40 1520,0 152,0 8,07 113,0 20,50 2,200 2,07
20a 200 80 5,2 9,7 25,20 19,80 1670,0 167,0 8,15 139,0 24,20 2,350 2,28
22 220 82 5,4 9,5 26,70 21,0 2110,0 192,0 8,89 151,0 25,10 2,370 2,21
22a 220 87 5,4 10,2 28,80 22,60 2330,0 212,0 8,99 187,0 30,0 2,250 2,46
24 240 90 5,6 10,0 30,60 24,0 2900,0 242,0 9,73 208,0 31,6 2,600 2,42
24a 240 95 5,6 10,7 32,90 25,80 3180,0 265,0 9,84 254,0 37,20 2,780 2,67
27 270 95 6,0 10,5 35,20 27,70 4160,0 308,0 10,90 262,0 37,30 2,730 2,47
30 300 100 6,5 11,0 40,50 31,80 5810,0 387,0 12,0 327,0 43,60 2,840 2,52
33 330 105 7,0 11,7 46,50 36,50 7980 484,0 13,10 410,0 51,80 2,970 2,59
36 360 110 7,5 12,6 53,40 41,90 10820 601,0 14,20 513,0 61,70 3,100 2,68
40 400 115 8,0 13,5 61,50 48,30 15220 761,0 15,70 642,0 73,40 3,230 2,75
m
Copyright & A K-C
210
4
-
1, 2, 5
3, 4 320
0 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00
10 0,99 0,98 0,97 0,97 0,99
20 0,96 0,95 0,95 0,91 0,97
30 0,94 0,92 0,91 0,81 0,93
40 0,92 0,89 0,87 0,69 0,87
50 0,89 0,86 0,83 0,57 0,80
60 0,86 0,82 0,79 0,44 0,71
70 0,81 0,76 0,72 0,34 0,60
80 0,75 0,70 0,65 0,26 0,48
90 0,69 0,62 0,55 0,20 0,38
100 0,60 0,51 0,43 0,16 0,31
110 0,52 0,43 0,35 0,25
120 0,45 0,37 0,30 0,22
130 0,40 0,33 0,26 0,18
140 0,36 0,29 0,23 0,16
150 0,32 0,26 0,21 0,14
160 0,29 0,24 0,19 0,12
170 0,26 0,21 0,17 0,11
180 0,23 0,19 0,15 0,10
190 0,21 0,17 0,14 0,09
200 0,19 0,16 0,13 0,08
m
Copyright & A K-C
211
5
()
= E = G = E
N= dA = T= dA = Mz = ydA =
A A A
= Fxi = Mxi = Mzi
T Mz
= N/A = , = y,
J Jz
max = T /W max = Mz /Wz
max [] max [ ] max []
x x
N dx T dx
l = = y = Mz /(EJz ),
0 EA 0 GJ
x
Mz dx
y = = + 0 ,
0 EJz
x
Mz dx
y= dx+
0 EJz
+0 x + y0
li N N1 li T T1 li M M1
l = dx = dx = dx
i 0 EA i 0 GJ i 0 EJ
m
Copyright & A K-C
212
5
()
()
lmax [l] max [] max []
A = dA J = 2 dA Jz = y 2 dA
A A A
W = J /max Wz = Jz /ymax
m
Copyright & A K-C
213
(, . . .), ; = 1 103
(
) 1 = 57, 3
/3
/2
9, 81 /2 10 /2
2 ; 2 = 1 104 2 ;
2 = 1 106 2
3 ; 3 = 1 106 3 ;
3 = 1 109 3
4 ; 4 = 1 108 4 ;
4 = 1 1012 4
, (); = 1 103
; ;
/; /
/; /; /
, (); = 106 ;
= /2 ; = /2
m
Copyright & A K-C
1. . . . .: ,
1973.
2. . . . .: ,
1986.
3. . ., . ., . .
. .:
, 1970.
m
Copyright & A K-C
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1. . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.1.
() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.3. 25
1.4. , -
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2. . -
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
2.1.
() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
2.2.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
2.3. . -
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
2.4. . -
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
3. -
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
4.1. () 126
4.2. . . . . . . . . . . 132
4.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
4.3.1.
134
4.3.2. -
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
5.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
5.2. (). -
() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
5.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
7. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
m
Copyright & A K-C
-
Adobe Reader 11-
Windows, Mac OS, Android, iOS, Windows Phone
BlackBerry; 10"
. .
. . , . , . .
. .
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