INTRODUCTION -devoted his time during his reign in enjoying immense wealth

Divided into two distinct sovereign states: and power

North Korea -died in the battle
Democratic Peoples [throne was empty ]
Republic of Korea OHGA - ruling committee consist of five ruling ministers
Capital: Pyongyang GUMUL - governor of Baek-Min Seong
Government: Communist [FOUGHT WITH WU HWA-CHUNG]
Religion: Buddhism and Confucianism JANG-DANG SEONG (capital of Gojoseon)
South Korea [Gumul defeated Wu Hwa-Chung]
Republic of Korea [Gumul was declared Gumul Dangun by the Ohga]
Capital: Seoul He changed the state name to: "GREAT BUYEO"
Government: Democratic Republic [Gumul died]
Religion: Christianity, Buddhism and Confucianism GOYEOLGA - FINAL DANGUN, abdicated the throne
Language [The throne was left on the hands of the Ohga. Many generals
Known as Hangul in South Korea left and built their own empires]
Known as Chosongul in North Korea [Rebellions started]
Created by King Sejong The Great in 1446 GENERAL HAE-MOSU
Land of the Morning Calm - remained loyal to the empire
Korean name Choson derives from Chinese name - pacified numerous rebellions
Chaoxian, -secretly built a palace at Baek-Ak Mountain Fortress (former
Chao means dawn, Xian means calm or fresh capital of Gojoseon)
Prehistoric Korea [Brought the Ohga in the new palace and they proclaimed him
Paleolithic as "Dangun"]
Began 600,000 years ago "BUKBUYEO" -new kingdom
People lived in caves DONGBUYEO - developed in the East of Bukbuyeo, near the
Used bones and horns to catch wild beasts and fishes land of Okjeo
Neolithic GO URU
8000 BC - 4th Dangun of Bukbuyeo (died) his brother
Used ground stone implements and earthware with comb- HAE BURU
shaped figure -5th Dangun of Bukbuyeo
People gathered in clans and formed societies -engaged with political and military conflicts with GO
Bronze Age DUMAK (member of the royal family) [Power struggle
10th century BC occurred resulting to Go Dumak's victory]
Introduced a type of bronze sword known as Pipa -fled to Gaseopwon where he established DONGBUYEO
Engaged in agriculture and began rice farming [Submitted to Bukbuyeo to avoid conflicts with Go Dumak]
Early History -he found a golden frog-like child under a large rock
GOJOSEON GEUMWA
2333 BC "golden frog"
Founded by Dangun Wanggeom -crown prince
(son of the god Hwanung and a bear who turned into a [Hae Buru died then he became the king]
woman) -met YUHWA (daughter of Habaek) [sunlight impregnated
First developed with the Liaoning district as its center her and laid an egg]
King Chun JUMONG
4th BC - faced the Yan nation -hatched egg
They were weakened by the attacks from Yan -resented by Yuhwa's seven sons
Its territories were taken over by -ran away to Jolbon Buyeo (where he later on established
Wiman Joseon Goguryeo
Wiman was tasked to protect the borders of Gojoseon but DAESO
took opportunity to seize control and declare himself a king -eldest son of Geumwa became next king
The nation was confronted with aggression from Han KING DAEMUSIN
China, which ensued into a year-long battle -3rd ruler of Goguryeo
Its capital, Wanggom-song fell, and Gojoseon came to an -attacked Dongbuyeo and killed King Daeso
end. [Dongbuyeo fell and its territory was absorbed into Goguryeo]
PROTO-THREE KINGDOMS JOLBON BUYEO
BUYEO -incipient Goguryo or its capital city
PUYO / FUYO -continuation of Bukbuyeo during the reign of Dongmyeong
-Located in today's North Korea and South Manchuria (5 th Dangun)
ORIGIN: [Dongmyeong died]
GENERAL WU HWA-CHUNG bandit leader GO MUSEO DANGUN
[UPRISING] (6 th Dangun of Bukbuyeo)
DANGUN MULLI - Gojoseon's 43rd Dangun [gave Jolbon to KING CHUMO (direct descendant of Hae
-unprepared Mosu)]
SO SEO-NO
(second daughter of Go Museo)
-given to Jumong
JUMONG
(7 th Dangun of Buyeo)
[many rebelled against him]
[He united all the rebellious tribes and renamed the state
GOGURYEO]
(Buyeo, Okjeo, Dongye)
CULTURE: Agricultural people (vast plain area)
Sanguo Zhi (Chronicles of Three Kingdoms) manners and
customs, Complex social structure, Named officials titles
after animals
SAMHAN (a.k.a. Proto-Three Kingdoms Period) refers to the
ancient confederacies of Mahan, Jinhan , and Byeonhan in
central and southern Korean Peninsula . By 4 th century,
Mahan was absorbed into Baekje kingdom. Jinhan Silla.
Byeonhan Gaya confederacy (all later annexed by Silla).
Sam means three Han means great or leader. silver, pearls, and textiles while China sent weapons, silk, and
Samhan technology
-Introduction of Iron. (They manufactured and exported iron
armor and weapons throughout Northeast Asia.)
-The introduction of iron technology also facilitated growth in
agriculture. At this time the modern-day Jeolla area appears to
have emerged as a center of rice production. Samhan
relations
- China exchanged titles or gifts for "tribute." Official seals
identified each tribal leader's authority to trade with the
commandery.
- . Han dynasty coins and beads in exchange of local iron or
raw silk.
- Japan ;Japanese bronzeware for Korean iron.
Mahan confederacy
-largest & earliest developed confederacy; (bronze artifacts
indicate that it might be the earliest among the three hans. One
statelet absorbed the others and became the center of Baekje
kingdom. Location: SW of Korean peninsula.
-arised from confluence of Gojoseon migration and Jin
federation. King Jun of Gojoseon in northern Korea, having
lost the throne to Wiman, fled to the state of Jin in southern
Korea. Baekje began as a member statelet but later overtook
all of Mahan and became one of the three kingdoms of korea.
-Mahan kings originally called themselves King of Jin.
-Iron culture
-Accdng to San Guo Zhi, Mahan is consisted of 54 stateles of
up to ten thousand families each.
Jinhan confederacy
-Jinhan: loose confederacy of chiefdoms around 1st century
BCE to 4 th century CE in Southern Korean Peninsula:
consists of 12 statelets of 600-5000 families each.
-Jinhan arose out of the confusion and migration following the
fall of Gojoseon and establishment of Chinese commanderies
in the northern part of Korean peninsula.
-Religion is shamanistic.
-Rice dominated agriculture; produce livestock such as horses,
cattle, chickens.
Byeonhan confederacy
-a.k.a Byeonjin; existed from around the beginning of the
Common Era to the fourth century in the southern Korean
Peninsula. Loose confederacy of chiefdoms from 1st century
BCE to 4th century CE in southern Korean Peninsula. 12
statelets that later gave rise to Gaya confederacy, subsequently
annexed by Silla.
-descended from Jin state of southern korea; refugee migration
and cultural transmission continued to transform the region.
-increase in military activity and weapons production (eg. Iron
arrowheads) (earned reknown for the production of iron)
-gained reputation as a center of stoneware manufacture)
-language and culture is the same as Jinhans (archaeological
artifacts show little difference)
THREE KINGDOMS
GOGURYEO (37 BC 668AD)
Ruled in Southern Manchuria & Northern Korea
First to be influenced by Chinese civilization & culture
(because its close to mainland China)
Adopted Chinese writing system, Wuzhu coins / Oshuchon,
architecture, belief systems, poetry
Strongest & most advanced
frequent trading partners with the former exporting gold,
writing materials in return
Religion : Buddhism
Capital : Jian (Early Capital) > Kungnaesong > Pyongyang
Founder : Ko Chumong (Jumong) a refugee from Buyeo ;
forced to leave by his step brothers from his mother Yuhwa; a
concubine of Geumwa
Kings:
1. King Taejo (Taeojadae)
Taejo means Grand Ancestor; 6 th king
Establishment of royal hereditary system
controlled foreign relations and the military
allowed the conquered tribes to retain their chieftains, but
required them to report to governors related to Goguryeo's
royal line and pay heavy tribute
utilized their increasing resources to continue expanding to
the northwest
2. King Kogukchon (Gogukcheon) 9th king
Centralised and hierarchical aristocracy
Established Jindae law a system where peasants could
borrow grain from the state in times of famine (and so avoid
enslaving themselves to the local aristocratic land owners)
3. King Gogugwon 16th king
Faced devastation by the Murong Xianbei (nomadic
Mongols) people and Baekje who attacked Goguryeo
Temporarily moved capital to Pyongang because
Kungnaesong was sacked & destroyed
At the latter, Goguryeo formed alliance with Silla against
Baekje allowing brief stability
Death: Killed by King Kunchogo of Baekje in the attack of
Pyongyang
4. King Gwanggaeto the Great
Broad Expander of Domain; 19 th king
Era Name: Yeongnak / Yongnak which means Eternal
Rejoicing / Supreme King
Beginning of Goguryeo's greatest period
Defeated Baekje and the Xianbei
Aided Silla due to incursions by Baekje
Dominated Northern Korea, most of Manchuria, portion of
Mongolia
Death: Unknown Illness; 39 y/o
Gwanggaeto Stele
Erected in 414 by Jangsu of Goguryeo at Jian as a memorial
to his deceased father.
 Bears an inscription composed of 1,775 Chinese characters,
is over six meters in height
5. King Jangsu (Changsu)
- 20 th king; son of King Gwanggaeto
- Goguryeo continued to prosper and
- Pyongyang replaced Kungnaesong as the capital
- Diplomatic relations were maintained with China
- Attacked Hansong, the Baekje capital; Executing its king
- controlled 90% of ancient Korea
6. King Bojang / Pojang
- 28 th and last king
- continued battle against Silla, in alliance Baekje
- was a puppet King, giving a veneer of legitimacy to Yeon
Gaesomun's
(a military leader) military rule
- Many natural disasters
- captured by Tang and put him in charge of the Liaodong
commandery
- Continued to cause trouble for Tang, fermenting rebellions in
an attempt to revive Goguryeo
Both the Baekje and Goguryeo kingdoms were swept aside
and became Chinese provinces leaving Silla to dominate the
Korean peninsula for the next three centuries.
Downfall : Silla-Tang Alliance
Samguk Sagi (Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms)
historical record of the 3 Kingdoms undertaken by Kim Busik
written in classical Chinese
Samguk Yusa ( Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms) is
a collection of legends, folktales and historical accounts
relating to the Three Kingdoms of Korea
CONTRIBUTIONS:
Wall painting
Tomb murals
DIET:
Rice (Steamed)
Barley
Beans
Maegjeok seasoned meat
BAEKJE (Paekche)
(October 18 B.C.E. August 660 C.E.) originally named
Sipje (The Ten Vassals)
Baekje and Goguryeo both claimed descent from Buyeo , a
state established in present-day Manchuria around the time of
Gojoseon 's fall. Goguryeo eventually defeated and absorbed
Buyeo. Jumong became King Dongmyeongseong, and had
two sons, Onjo and Biryu, by a new queen Soseono. When
Yuri later arrived in Goguryeo, Jumong promptly made him
the crown prince. Realizing Yuri would become the next king,
Onjo and Biryu decided to head south with their people, along
with ten vassals.
Onjo of Baekje, the son of Goguryeo's founder Jumong,
founded Baekje near present-day Seoul called Wiryeseong
while Biryu settle in Michuhol (present-day Incheon), against
the vassals' advice. Michuhol made settlement difficult, while
the people of Wiryeseong lived prosperously. In shame, Biryu
committed suicide, and his people moved to Wiryeseong,
where King Onjo welcomed them and renamed his country
Baekje ("Hundred Vassals").
King Goi (234286)
-Baekje became a full-fledged kingdom, continuing
consolidation of the Mahan confederacy.
-King Goi may have first established patrilineal succession.
-The eight clans: Sa, Yeon, Hyeop, Hae, Jin, Guk, Mok, and
Baek, fielded powerful nobles in the Sabi era
-Central government officials fell into 16 ranks , the six
members of the top rank forming a type of cabinet, with the
top official being elected every three years.
- In the Sol rank, the first (Jwapyeong) through the sixth
(Naesol) officials constituted political, administrative, and
military commanders.
- In the Deok rank, the seventh (Jangdeok) through the
eleventh (Daedeok) officials may have headed each field.
- Mundok, Mudok, Jwagun, Jinmu and Geuku from the
twelfth to the sixteenth, may have been military
administrators. Officials in the rank of Sol dressed in purple,
the rank of Deok dressed in red, and Mundok and below wore
blue court clothing.
King Geunchogo (346375)
During Geunchogo's reign, the territories of Baekje included
most of the western Korean Peninsula (except the two
Pyeongan provinces), and in 371, Baekje defeated Goguryeo
at Pyongyang. Baekje continued substantial trade with
Goguryeo, and actively adopted Chinese culture and
technology. Buddhism became the official state religion in
384.
-Established good diplomatic relationship with Wa of Japan
and Eastern Jin Dynasty of China
King Gaero (455-475)
-Concentrated power on the royal family
-Baekjes capital Hanseong/Wiryeseong fell to King Jangsu of
Goguryeo
King Munju (475-477)
-New capital was established at Ungjin (Gongju)
King Seong (523-554)
-central govenment was re-organized into 22 administrative
departments/bu
-Relocation of capital from Ungjin to Sabi (Buyeo county)
King Uiji (641-660)
*Continuous attacks on Silla
- Silla allied with Tang dynasty of China = 50,000 army of
Silla-Tang vs 5,000 of Baekje
- They attacked Sabi and took control of Baekje
- Uija fled to Ungjin but surrendered (Sent to Tang capital)
LATER BAEKJE
In 663, Baekje revival forces and a Japanese naval fleet
convened in southern Baekje to confront the Silla forces. The
Tang dynasty also sent 7000 soldiers and 170 ships. After five
naval confrontations that took place in August 663 at
Baekgang, considered the lower reaches of Tongjin river, the
Silla-Tang forces emerged victorious.
Kyon-Hwon - peasant leader that tried to restore Baekje but
was defeated by Later Goguryeo.
SILLA (57 B.C-936 A.D)
Old name: Saro
Capital: Kumsong (Gyeongju)
Founder: King Hyeokgeose a.k.a Park Hyokkose (He gave
birth to one of themost common family names in Korea which
is Park)
-Southern part of Korean Peninsula along Nagdong River
-One of the worlds longest sustained dynasties (almost 1,000
years)
-Ruled by Park, Seok and Kim families
Government
 Hwabaek-council of aristocrats deliberates the most -a.k.a. Kara or Karak; was a confederation which ruled
important administrative decisions such as declaration of wars central-southern Korea during the 3 kingdoms period.
Hwarang-Aristocratic military elite of Silla -(Peninsula is dominated by Gayas more powerful
Social Classes neighbouring kingdoms of Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla.)
BONE-RANK SYSTEM or Golpum System -Gaya, often the forgotten entity in this period, was rich in iron
-based on birth ore.
1) Sacred Bone (pinakamataas)- only a portion of the royal -Prospered due to its fertile agricultural lands, maritime trade,
Kim family, possibly those considered to have royal blood on and rich iron ore deposits.
both sides -Royal family dominated the hierarchical aristocracy:
2) True Bone (yung nasa gitna)- rest of the royal family, as governed the provinces dominated by a farming peasantry.
well as the Bak and Seok families of Gyeongju -Gaya culture influenced Japan
3) Head rank (pinaka-last)- The head rank class was the largest -Consists of 6 tribes. Most powerful tribes are Tae Kaya and
and itself divided into six subclasses. These were numbered Kuya tribes, with the latter later known as Pon Kaya
with ordinary people belonging to class one, two, and three. (Original).
The aristocracy belonged to levels four, five, and six. -Capital: Pon Kaya
Kings (and queens) under Silla Culture : rich in tombs. (over 1000 tombs have been
Kingdom identified at Pon Kaya alone.)
1. King Naemul Relations : Japan & China. Japan,
-Maripkan-The Great Chief (Scholars continue to debate whichculture more influenced the
2. King Chijung other)
-Changed the name Saro to Silla There are some nationalistic bias that claim that Gaya is a
- King instead of Maripkan Japanese colony.
-Monarchy More certain is that iron was the most important Gaya export
-great agricultural yields to Japan. Early relations with Han China is evidenced by 1st-
3. King Beopheung (a.k.a Pophung) century CE Chinese coin finds at Pon Kaya and by the
-Buddhism presence of the sloping kiln used by Gaya potters.
-promulgated laws and regulations Religion: Shamanism, Buddhism .
-introduced bone-rank system There many pottery vessels contain residues of food offerings
4. King Muyeol suggesting shamanistic beliefs, Some examples of royal
-abolished bone-rank system crowns imitate trees and antlers, again suggesting links with
5. Queen Seondeok shamanism. In addition, a mural in a Gaya tomb at Koa-dong
-first female sovereign has the typical motifs seen in Buddhist art such as lotus leaves
6. Queen Jindeok and clouds.
-second reigning queen Downfall: Gaya states were constantly harassed by Silla and
SILLA BATTLED CONSTANTLY OVER THE Baekje kingdoms and never had the opportunity to form a
CENTURIES WITH THE NEIGHBOURING more centralized state which political stability might have
KINGDOMS OF GOGURYEO, BAEKJE, & permitted.
THE GAYA CONFEDERATION -Baekje became more territorial and attacked Gaya lands.
Sillas advantage: mountains -Silla expanded and Gayas alliance with Baekje did no good
1) Silla formed alliance with Goguryeo to rebuff Japanese- at all: Pon kaya was conquered and destroyed.
Baekje army in 400 CE -The Gaya confederation was no more.
2) But when Goguryeo became more territorially ambitious, NORTH-SOUTH STATES PERIOD
Baekje and Silla formed long-lasting partnership between 433 UNIFIED SILLA (LATER SILLA)
and 553 CE. -668 AD-935 AD
3) Relationship between Baekje and Silla turned sour when -Unification of 3 Kingdoms
Silla occupied parts of the lower Han river valley. In 554 CE, -Basis for an independent national government and natural
at the battle of Kwansan-song, Silla defeated Baekje. As a culture throughout Korean Peninsula
result, Silla had access to the western coast and the Yellow -high level of civilization & economic development
Sea. -Korean arts and Buddhism flourished
4) Goguryeo and Baekje formed alliance to conquer Silla. -Confucianism entered Unified Silla this time
Silla allied itself with Tang Dynasty of China to conquer -Woodblock printing
Goguryeo and Baekje. (Still, Silla won) -Development of calendars
5) Silla had no intention of allowing China to keep these gains -Bulguksa Temple
though, and while the Tangs were pre-occupied with a rising FALL OF SILLA
Tibet, the Silla armies battled the Chinese forces remaining in Two strong rebels emerged inside the kingdom
Korea. o Kyon-hwon-Later Baekje Kingdom
-Battle at Maesosong and Kibolpo brought victory and Silla o Kung-yu-Later Goguryeo Kingdom (aka
was the sole master of Korea. Majin Kingdom)
-Gold-bronze crowns BALHAE
-Jewelry, belts, shoes, and cups made of thin-sheet gold -founded by Dae Jo-yeong (Tae
GAYA dynasty Choyong). a general of the semi-nomadic Malgal (Mohe) tribe
of eastern Manchuria.
-The population was originally formed by exiles from the old -husbands can move to their wives family home
Goguryeo kingdom -women can divorce and keep children
-kingdom in Machuria; important regional power w/c -can inherit equal to male siblings
interacted peacefully with its neighbors: Unified RELATIONS WITH CHINA
Silla Kingdom (Korea) and Tang (china). SONG DYNASTY
-cultural successors to the earlier Goguryeo (established close ties)
- Balhae was squeezed between two powerful neighbours, Request: help them deal with the Khitan and Jin
the Unified Silla Kingdom and China, but this did not [Goryeo refused due to fear of being involved in wider
prevent it from pursuing a vigorously independent foreign regional conflict]
policy. For example, Dae Jo-yeong's successor Mu (r. 719-737 Instead TRIBUTE was paid to China state-sponsored and
CE) conquered the Hamhung plain and Hamggyong coastal private trade
area from the Silla. This necessitated the latter building a CHINA: silk, books, spices, tea, medicine and ceramics
series of fortifications to protect its northern frontier. GORYEO: gold, silver, copper, ginseng, porcelain, pine nuts
ARTS & CULTURE and hanji paper
-The Balhae kingdom reached the height of its prosperity CULTURAL TIES:
under Dae Insu STATE ADMINISTRATION ( modeled on
-Rice was difficult to cultivate in the colder climate, and so the Chinese approach)
most common crops were barley, millet and beans. CHINESE LITERATURE (very popular)
Unfortunately, there are very few surviving artefacts or CIVIL SERVICE EXAMINATION
literature from the period, but we do know that the arts CONFUCIAN PRINCIPLES
flourished, notably Balhae poetry, uch was the prosperity and RELIGION:
artistic accomplishment in Balhae that in China the state BUDDHISM (introduced from China)
became known as the 'Flourishing State East of the Sea'. -many temples and monasteries were being built
-collapsed in 10 th century; attacked by Mongolian Khitan -practiced not only by the elite (which often times send their
tribe. son to study in a monastery to become a monk) but by the
LATER THREE KINGDOMS lower classes as well
GORYEO BUDDHIST TEMPLE MONASTERIES
KORYO 918 CE to 1392 CE -royal patronage
ORIGIN -land estates
WANG KON (KING TAEJO) -exemption from tax [became wealthy]
Great Founder -own armed forces (from the warrior monks or general
-declared himself as king populace)
-eager to rekindle the former glories of Goguryeo COINAGE
Capital: SONGDO (Modern Kaesong) -used Chinese currency
northern city TANG DYNASTY
[kingdom was far from being secure] (imitated their coins made of iron and copper) heavy coin of
KHITAN (QIDAN) TRIBES Qianyuan period
(tribes in the north) Qianyuan zhongbao > Konwonchungbo
-stubborn to Goryeos expansionist policies (late 10 th and -no identifying mark
early 11 th century CE) [Khitan counter attacked twice and -square center hole
briefly took Songdo] [3 rd battle in 1033, Goryeo won and UNBYONG (Hwalgu)
they built a WALL stretching right across the Northern Korea (silver vases used as alternative for coins)
border] -shaped as the Goryeo empire
GOVERNMENT: -official state seal
MONARCH (centralized government) -consult to small HANJI PAPER
council of senior administrators (finest paper in the world)
CLASS SYSTEM: -made from mulberries
ARISTOCRATS SAGYONG (Illuminated Manuscripts)
LOCAL MAGISTRATES (Buddhist contribution)
(large estate owners with their private army; they could be so -sutras/ sermons attributed to Buddha
powerful in places where the centralized government was -scrolls and folded books
absent) -written by monk-scribes
PEASANTS -indigo hanji paper using bright dyes like silver and gold
(skilled artisans who manufacture ceramics, weapons and art PAINTINGS:
objects ) FRESCOES AND SILK WALL HANGINGS
SLAVES (made iw Buddhist monks)
(prisoners of war, debtors and criminals) -bodhisattvas and water flowers
-status are decided by ones birth SCULPTURE: Marble, stone, terracotta and metal
-entrance examinations for state schools system are limited to Example:
those in the higher social ranks Figures of Buddha as Maitreya (the coming Buddha)
WOMEN : Treated equally as men; as important as the male CELADON WARE
line (unlike the contemporary culture of China) (most celebrated creation)
greenware fz King > Yangban > Chungin (Middle class govt employees) >
-smooth glaze Sangmin (Peasants, laborers; taxed) > Cheonmin (Slaves)
-fine inlaid designs(sanggam) lotus flower, cranes clouds Kings :
KOREAN CELADONS 1. King Sejong / Yi Do
most prized ceramics in the world - 4th king
MAEBYEONG - Distinguished linguist
(tall elegant jar with bulbous neck) - Scientific instruments were invented
*Celadons were first introduced in Korea from China during (Sun dial, water clock, rain gauge; court music)
9th century [no surviving temples because most of them are - Musical instruments
made of wood] - invented the Korean Script Hangul
MURYANGSUJEON at Pusok temple in Hangul means great language; Korean phonetic
Yongju alphabet
Hall of Eternal Life 2. King Yeongjo / Yi Geum
-one of the oldest wooden structures surviving in Korea - Confucianization was at its height, as well as the economic
STONE LANTERNS recovery from the wars
(pairs of lion, columns or octagon platforms) - Reduced the military service tax by half & ordered the
KING KONGMIN + mongolian wife Noguk variance be supplemented by taxes on fisheries, salt, vessels
(best preserved tomb) and an additional land tax
-near Kaesong - regularized the financial system by adopting accounting
tiger and sheep = yin and yang [ruling elite, corruption, social system
unrest] - educate the people by distributing important books (Book of
KING UIJONG Agriculture)
-built lavish palaces and water parks - First to take action against Roman Catholic activities
-conflicts between sects (KYO was being favored) Silhak school of learning to solve administrative problems
[Military staged a coup] 1. King Kojong / Yi Hui
MYEONGJONG ( brother) - 26th king (last); 1st emperor of Korea
-replaced Uijong - Heungseon Daewongun his father; ruled as regent for him
puppet sovereign until Gojong reached adulthood
[Coups, assassinations, state rebellions] - main proponent of isolationism
PROBLEM: 13 th century Mongol Tribes - persecution of Catholics
OGEDEI KHAN - forced to abdicate by the Japanese
(invaded Korea) Contributions:
-forced Goryeo to move its capital to Kanghwa Island (elite Korean Tea Ceremony
were safely moved) Korean Gardens
The rest of the population: Faced 6 fortresses, trading harbors, and palaces
Mongol invasions in 3 decades Sundial (1st in Asia)
[Military leader was assassinated and king was reinstalled to Water-powered clock (world's first)
full power] Trades:
IN EXCHANGE FOR: Traded brocades, jewelry, ginseng, silk, celadon porcelain
Providing ships for Mongol invasions in Japan Had vigorous trade with the Arabians, Japanese, Chinese, and
Princes lived as hostages in Beijing Manchurians
Some kings married Mongolian princesses TIMELINE
JOSEON / CHOSON DYNASTY Seven-Year War
- Last and longest-lived imperial dynasty; 1592 : Invasion from Japan. Because Korea refused the
500 years passage of Japanese troops to conquer China. Although
- Adopted Confucianism as its political ideology that focused Chinese troops helped repel the invaders, the country was
on morality, education, and social order. devastated.
- Allied with reform-minded Confucian scholars. Toyotomi Hideyoshi shogun during Momoyama period
- Established close relationships with the neighbouring Ming who led invasion
dynasty of China Admiral Yi Sun Shin invented
- Scholarship flourished Turtle Warship (Kobukson) which was the 1 st Warship in
Capital : Hanyang (now Seoul) world history.
Founder : Gen. Yi Song-Gye (DN: King 1627: Invasion from by Manchu tribes of
Taejo which means The Great Progenitor) Manchuria. Because Korea refused to acknowledge the
A military commander of the Goryeo dynasty. sovereignty of the empire of Later Chin. Many cultural assets
redistributed the land throughout the various levels of were lost, and the power of the central government was
officialdom severely weakened
- New law ensured all men would serve mandatory military 1780: Arrival of French Missionaries introducing Christianity
service. again
Yangban scholar-officials that created a new aristocracy. The Treaty of Kanghwa (1876) unequal treaty; concluded
Two Orders: Military & Govt at the insistence of Japan
Caste System Defined Korea as an independent state
 Establishment of diplomatic relations with not only Japan
but also China
Ended Joseon's status as a tributary state of Qing dynasty
and
Opened 3 ports to Japanese trade
Granted Japanese many of the same rights in Korea that
Westerners enjoyed in Japan such as extraterritoriality.
China lobbied for Korea to open up to trade with the West,
especially the United States, for the first time. The country
soon became an arena for competition among the powers.
Japanese influence in the area became predominant, especially
after the Japanese victory in wars with China (the Sino-
Japanese War) and Russia (the Russo-Japanese War).
Proclamation of Empire (1897) by King Kojong
KOREAN EMPIRE (1897-1910)
1) As a result of the Sino-Japanese War (18941895), the 1895
Treaty of Shimonoseki was concluded between China and
Japan. *Treaty of Shimonoseki abolition of traditional
relationships Korea had with China.
2) October 8, 1895- Assassination of Queen Min, wife of King
Gojong
Reason: Queen Min advocated ties between Korea and Russia
in attempt to reduce Japanese influence in Korea.
3) 1895-1897- King Gojong Sanctuary in Russian Embassy
4) 1897- Kim Gojong returned to Gyeongun Palace
5) PROCLAMATION OF KOREAN EMPIRE
-October 1897
-Greater Korean Empire
-Joseon Dynasty was renamed Korean Empire
-Birth of a powerful dynasty
-King Gojong became Emperor Gojong, the first imperial head
of state (First Emperor of Korea)
-The imperial government aimed to become a strong and
independent nation by implementing domestic reforms,
strengthening military forces, developing commerce and
industry, and surveying land ownership.
Declaration of Korean Empire: To free Korea from
entanglement with China, Japan, and Russia. In short, Koreas
independence from others.
6) 1905- Russian influence was strong in the Empire until
being defeated by Japan in the Russo-Japanese War (1904
1905).
Korea effectively became a protectorate of Japan on
November 17,
1905-----Japan-Korea Treaty of 1905
7) 1907- Gojong was forced to abdicate after Japan learned
that he sent secret envoys to the Second Hague Conventions to
protest against the protectorate treaty, leading to the accession
of Gojong's son, Emperor Sunjong. (The Hangue Secret
Emissary Affair)
8) 1909- An Jung-geun assassinated It Hirobumi, former
Resident-General of Korea.
9) 1910-The assassination of Ito Hirobumi prompted the
Japanese to ban all political organizations and proceed with
plans for annexation. (Japans annexation of Korea)
DIVISION OF KOREA
Japanese Colonial Rule
(1910-1945)
Sino-Japanese War - an anti-foreign and anti-japanese act
>Japan vs China
> Tonghak Rebellion- triggered the involvement of China and
Japan
A religious movement for social change on the aspect of a
national peasant rebellion against the prevailing system and
the foreign influence that plagued korea
> Tonghak : founded by Choe
Che-u- incorporated the elements from Taoism, buddhism, neo
Confucianism, traditional Korean shamanism and Catholicism.
>Tonghak means Eastern Learning
>The Korean government panicked and appealed to China for
support. Yuan Shikai and 3000 soldiers landed in Asan Bay
near Seoul.
>The Japanese also sent a force of 7000 troops to Korea to
protect its interests. In reality, Japan was looking for an
excuse to combat Chinese influence in Korea.
>Chinas defeat
2. Treaty of Shimonoseki: which ended the war in 1895
excluded Chinese influence from Korea, leaving Japan in a
position to control Korea.
3. Russo -Japanese War:
>Russia vs. Japan
>King Kojong sought closer ties with Russia, declaring
himself the Emperor of the Korean Empire
4. The Treaty of Portsmouth (1904-1905)
The Russians conceded Japans dominion over Korea
5. Japan Korea Treaty of 1910
Aug 22, 1910 - Yi wanyong and Japanese resident-general
Terauchi Masatake signed the treaty of Japans annexation of
Korea
6. Japan thought of Korea as a future possession:
>Mostly for enrichment of Japan, for their economy (because
Japan needed to feed its growing population and needed an
export market for its products)
>Japan is a small island country, so they had to gain more land
by conquering other countries
>Steady market for Japanese exports
>As a granary to feed the rising Japanese population
>Protection from an expanding Russia (An empire was seen as
key to modernisation and power. Japan also wanted to prevent
Western powers from controlling Korea like Russia and the
USA) & (Japan feared Russian expansionism in North-East
Asia.) &(strengthening its army and police)
7. Terauchi Masatake (1852-1919)
1st Japanese governor general of korea, Japanese minister of
army
strengthened the police by the notorious Kenpei, the
Japanese gendarmerie
the kenpei numbered 2,369 Japanese and 4065 Korean
helpers, ordered all political and social organizations of korea
must be dissolved
nationalized rice paddies and wood used by the peasants
The governor- general prohibited:
-political activities, preventing to exercise, freedom, speech,
press and assembly
-in Aug 1911- koreans were discouraged to receive higher
educ and from studying humanities and social sciences,
including their own history and geography
encouraged to learn the Japanese language
public schools increase, nationalistic private schools
decreased
deprived of own land
took advantage of koreas economy and natural resources
forest in Korean lands
burned history and geography books
 The History of the Korean Peninsula (1915) one of the Zaibatsu such as mitsui, mitsubishi, noguchi were invited to
books burned korea to produce military supplies
8. March 1st Movement 12. 1945- Japan surrendered
1919: March 1st Movement/Samil Independence Movement Korea recovered its independence
(began in Seoul) The Japanese surrendered to the Allies on
Goal: Korean Independence August 15, 1945, which ended World War
Intellectual leaders: Song Chinu(1890-1945), Kim Songsu II, led to a time of great confusion and turmoil in Korea.
(1891-1955), Hyon Sangyun *Chaebol: originated in South Korea
Massive street protest of the oppressive rule of Japanese by a *Zaibatsu-4
group of korean leaders(one is kim songsu) KOREAN WAR
*they didnt get their goal: Korean Independence Conflict between the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea
The Japanese used a policy of massacre to discourage those (North Korea) and the Republic of Korea (South Korea) in
potentially willing to fight for independence. which at least 2.5 million persons lost their lives. Korean War
Koreans struggled to survive from starvation and military (June 25 1950 - July 27 1953)
repression. Forgotten War
9. 1n 1920- Admiral Saito Makoto, the new governor general, Also called Yuk-Ee-Oh(6.25) / Han-guk Jeonjaeng (South
announced a set of measures that supposedly favored the Korea)
Korean people: Fatherland Liberation War (North Korea)
Korean -language daily newspapers emerged during the How it started:
1920: North - communist
-Dong-A Ilbo South- anti-communist
-Chosun -Ilbo North invaded South in 1950
Schools increased Leaders:
Respect to Korean traditions and freedoms Kim Il Sung -North
10. 1936- Minami Jiro- new governor general appointed in Syngman Rhee - South
August 1936 implemented Naisen ittai (japan and korea as one After the WW2, Japan surrendered Korea to US and USSR
body) Country was split by the 38th Parallel
living conditions were miserable as food and necessary Causes/Reasons:
goods were rationed -Domino theory
People were forced to wear wartime uniforms: mompei for -US wanted to undermine communism
girls, black cadet uniforms for male -communist/capitalist tensions proxy war. Used Korea as a
1938 under Minami all schools must use only Japanese in pawn
education and speak only Japanese -US evacuation of troops
Newspapers were shut down: -Syngman Rhee boasted of invading the
Dong A Ilbo & Chosun Ilbo North
Japanese as their national language Who were mainly involved?
adopt Shinto North and South Korea, Soviet Union
1939: Japanese surnames (USSR), United Nations forces (led by US) and China
Teishintai- comfort women Key events:
1939--Korean workers were sent to mainland japan and other - June 25 1950 - North Korea invaded
southern pacific islands as forced labor in the mining, South Korea
construction and shipbuilding industries. They forced Koreans - June 27 1950 - America persuaded UN to support South
to work in Japanese factories and made them soldiers to the Korea
front - June 29 1950 - Seoul fell to North Korea Peoples Republic
11. Modern aspects of Korea emerged under being a territory Negotiations
of Japan - 1951 - first peace talks between America, North Korea,
These included rapid urban growth which made Korea South Korea, and China
predominantly agricultural, the expansion of commerce and - After 2 years, they reach agreement on an armistice to end
the introduction of mass culture such as radio and cinema. the UN peace action in Korea without a formal peace treaty.
Under Kim Il Sung, Japan promoted, metal, chemical and - Until now, Korea remains divided at the 38th parallel (or aka
textile industries in Korea, for agricultural emphasis. Japanese DMZ Demilitarized zone)