electrical potential method and a microcomputer.
The experimental data were Damage mechanisms of
analysed from the viewpoint of the composite variability model of the fatigue crack
growth rate which had been proposed. The model parameters were estimated by
a new method proposed and by the one proposed previously. The result of data
analysis was compared with the previous result of 2024-T3 AI alloy. When
expressing C in the Paris equation de/dN = C(AK)rn as C = C'g~ where g and /
correspond to interspecimen variability end intraspecimen variability of C. respect-
ively, the coefficients of variation of g and I for HT60 were approximately of the
same magnitude as those for 2024-T3 AI alloy. On the other hand, the correlation
distance for intrespacimen variability was smaller for HT60 than for 2024--T3 AI
alloy. When s straight line Iog(da/dN) = IogCs + m s Iog(&K) was fitted to the
data of each specimen, ms end IogCs of each specimen followed normal distributions
approximately and strong negative correlation was found between ms and IogCs.
This property was quite similar to that for 2024-T3 AI alloy. Graphs. 21 raft;.
~ fatigue life prediction based on crack g r o w t h of 2 . 2 5 C r - M o steel
nge. Kadoya, Y., Gore, T., Kaneko, H. and Sakon, T.
J. Soc. Mater. Sci. Jpn M a y 1992 41, (464), 648-653 (in Japanese)
To improve creep-fatigue life prediction technology based on the crack growth of
2.25Cr-Mo steel casting, an investigation was carried out to predict the cycles to
failure of smooth specimens with the fatigue crack growth rate data obtained with
CT specimens, and to comprehend the crack growth behaviour with fatigue tests
and creep-fatigue tests. The results obtained are as follows. The microcreck growth
rate property of the casting material can be evaluated with the growth-rate data
obtained by the macrocrack growth tests with CT specimens. There is good
correlation between the behaviour of the main crack growth and the life ratio for
the surface crack growth behaviour. In addition, the crack initiates at a relatively
early stage of N/Nf = 0.15 and most of the life is occupied by crack growth. The
calculated growth curves of the micro surface cracks correspond comparatively well
with the observed crack growth behaviour. Thus, even when the crack propagation
life is considered to govern the total life, the cycles to failure of the specimen level
can be predicted accurately within a factor or two. Photomicrographs, graphs.
8 refs.
Estimation of l o w cycle fatigue process and life by the measurement
of magnetic Berkhausen noise. Furuya, Y., Shimada, H., Yamada, K.
and Suzuki, 7".
Hihakai Kensa (J. NDI) Apr. 1992 41, (4), 215-218 (in Japanese)
A magnetic non-destructive evaluation technique, the Barkhausen noise (BHN)
method, was applied to evaluation of the low-cycle fatigue process in structural
0.12% carbon mild steel (eg Fe-0.12C-O.65Mn-0.19Si-0.18P-0.06S), BHN is charac-
terized by its sensitivity to microstructure (is dislocation, anisotropy, surface defects,
etc) and local stress state (stress level and its direction); therefore, the BHN method
is expected to be able to detect the process of damage accumulation and failure in
fatigue. The changes of BHN with uniaxisi cyclic Ioadings were measured in the
low-cycle fatigue range, and it was found that the BHN voltage gradually decreased
with the increase of cyclic loading numbers, and the decrease rate of BHN enlarged
in proportion to the increases of applied load and fatigue life. Using the curve
which shows the relationship between normalized range of BHN voltage (~,V/&V1)
and cyclic number (N), the fatigue life (Nf) at the very early stage can be estimated.
Graphs. 9 refs.
Improvement of fatigue p r o p e r t y o f AI/CFRP h y b d d composite matadel
by residues stress c o n t r o l Haga, 0., Koyama, H., Kawada, K. and Ogawa,
J. Soc. Mater. Sci. Jpn M a y 1992 41, (464), 734-739 (in Japanese)
Two controlling methods for the residual stress of AS086-H18 of AI $305 CFRP
laminated materials were explained previously and the investigations were carried
out of how to change its static mechanical properties by these controls. The
relationship between stress controls and fatigue characteristics is investigated. The
effect of residual stress controls was revealed, especially on the fatigue characteristics.
The crack propagation rate was reduced with the decrease of residual stress in the
AI layers. Under a certain magnitude of mean stress and stress amplitude, it was
found that crack propagation in a test piece was completely stopped where residual
stress in the AI layers was converted from tension to compression. Even if residual
stress controls are not carried out, it was shown that this material is overwhelmingly
superior to monolithic AI alloy plates in fatigue resistance. From this fact, it is
shown that CFRP in the hybrid materials has a function to prevent crack propagation
in the AI layers. Graphs. 5 refs.
Fatigue tests of w i r e ropes by r o t a r y bending. Branca, F.P.
Wire Industry Feb. 1992 69, (2), 97-100
Results are presented for rotary bending fatigue tests of seven wire strand material
on a prototype fatigue machine built by the Department of Mechanics and
Aeronautics at the University of Rome. The unit is smaller than classical test units
and can achieve frequencies higher than conventional machines. Measurements of
strain and temperature were conducted and are presented. Failure times were
approx 100000 cycles. Results are positive and the technique is believed to have
application to wire rope. Graphs, photomicrographs. 20 refs.
Damage d e v e l o p m e n t in t i t a n i u m metal m a t r i x composites subjected
to cyril loading. Johnson, W.S.
N92-23422/5/XAB (1992) 25 pp
Several layups of SCS-6/Ti-15-3 composites were investigated. Fatigue tests were
conducted and analysed for both notched and unnotched specimens at room
temperature and elevated temperatures. Thermomechanicel fatigue results were
analysed. Tests results indicated that the stress in the 0 fibres is the controlling
factor in fatigue life. The static and fatigue strength of these materiels is shown to
be strongly dependent on the level of residual stresses and the fibre-matrix
interfacisi strength. Fatigue tests of notched specimens showed that crocks can
initiate and grow many fibre spacings in the matrix materiels without breaking
fibres. Fibre bridging models were applied to characterize the crack growth
behaviour. The matrix cracks are shown to significantly reduce the residual strength
of notched composites. The notch strength of these composites was accurately
predicted using a micromechanica-bssed methodology.
346
SCS-6/Ti-6AI-4V composite under
t h e r m a l - m e s h a n l c o l fatigue. Jeng, S.M., Yang, J.-M. and Aksoy, S.
Mater. ScL Eng. A 15 Aug. 1992 A156, (2), 117-124
The damage mechanisms of the unidirectional SCS-6/Ti-6AI-4V composites under
thermal-machanicsi fatigue loading and high temperature isothermal fatigue were
studied. The maximum cyclic temperature varied from 370 to 650 C and maximum
applied stresses ranged from 828 to 1180 MPa. The resulting thermal-mechanical
fatigue life for each condition was plotted against the maximum stress in the matrix.
The crack initiation and propagation mechanisms were identified, it was found that
matrix cracking with unbroken fibre bridging is the major damage mode for the
composites under thermsi-mechenicel fatigue and isothermal fatigue loading.
Furthermore, oxidation-assisted matrix cracking and oxidation pitting on the
fibre surface are the major damage mechanisms for high-temperature oxidizing
environments. Photomicrographs, graphs. 9 refs.
The effect of natal on multiaxial fatigue. Comparison of some criteria
application t o steel 30NCDIO (L'effot d'entallle on fatigue_ multkmiale:
validit6 c o m p a r i e de quelquso critbres application & I ' a d e r 30NCD16).
Dubar, L., Froustey, C. and Lasserre, S.
Rev. Fr. Mac. 1992 (1), 89-97 (in French)
An engineer who wants to design a mechanical component has three possibilities:
(1) to use empirical methods helping to design, most of the time, safe components,
but without optimizing them (these methods are simple end they need very few
mechanical characteristics); (2) to apply a criterion whose effectiveness has been
tested in a laboratory, if the fatigue limits under simple loading are known; (3) to
determine the reference fatigue limits under simple loading using an empirical
method and then to apply a multiaxial criterion adapted to the problem. Multiexial
fatigue tests results on notched specimens are not numerous. The possibilities 2
and 3 can be excluded owing to the uncertainty of the performance of the multiaxiel
criteria applied to notches. The aim of the programme of research is to compensate
for the lack of multiaxial results on notched specimens. At first, after a brief
presentation of an empirical method, some muitiaxial criteria are exposed to the
gradient method. Then, with the results obtained at the laboratory, the gradient
method and the criteria quoted are tested. Therefore, one may attempt to advise
the designer as to the best procedure of calculation to use according to the problem
encountered. Graphs, 10 refs.
Tests f o r w a r r a n t i n g the reliability of TGV c o m p o n e n t s (Des easels
pour assurer ia tRabilit6 d'orgenes de secorlt6 des TGV). Leluan, A.
Rev. Ft. Mac. 1992 (1), 77-88 (in French)
Among the various components of a TGV train which play a major pert on the
ground of safety, the testing procedure and the methodology used for testing in
operation two essential components are detailed. These must be run according to
the following specifications: weight reduction suited for high velocities; high
distance covered (in the order of 10 million km as regards lifetime); reliability, to
cope with safety end profitability requirements. The bogie box calls for three more
test sequences: stationary tests, meant for wear and tear analysis; wear end tear
testing, to qualify the design and manufacture of the box; operation in real running
conditions. Axle boxes, box frame and cartridge bearing with conical gear lubricated
with grease must carry vehicles travelling at up to 300 km h-l; they should call
only for maintenance procedures every 1.3 million km. The grease and rolling gears
are qualified by means of testing on specialized test beds, and later by a progressive
operation under a real vehicle.
Monitoring the in-service bshaviour of the Foyle Bridge. Sloan, T,D.,
Thompson, A., Kirkpatrick, J. and Boyd, J.W.
Struct. Eng. 7 Apr. 1992 70, (7), 130-134
An automatic, remotely controlled system for monitoring the in-service behaviour
of the Foyte Bridge has been developed. Results of both static and dynamic test
Ioadings of the structure are described. Preliminary results of the beheviour of the
bridge under a variety of wind-loed conditions are reported. Graphs, spectra. 6 refs.
Stress analysis and life expectancy of rolling mill housings. Guo, R.-M.
Iron Steel Eng. Aug. 1992 69, (8), 45-53
Rolling mill housing life can be estimated by a combination of the cumulative
damage technique end Goodman line relationship. An approximate method, using
average equivalent stress, has also been developed to determine the upper and
lower bounds for housing life. These methods can be applied to all machine
elements subjected to cyclic loads. Date are given for carbon- and low-alloy-steels.
Graphs. 4 refs.
Life diagnostic system f o r holier feed w a t e r p u m p shaft in fossil-fuel
power plants. Hayaehi,M., Ueyama, Y. and Haahimoto, Y.
Mater. Eva/. M a y 1992 SO, (5), 616-621
Boiler feed water pump shafts are subjected to severe thrust loads and cyclic
bending moments. Three sophisticated non-destructive inspection methods that are
sensitive to fatigue damage have been developed end packaged es a system with
a specially designed mechanical scanner for the pump shaft. The system has been
applied to actual pump shafts in a factory during in-service inspection. Good results
have been obtained, especially in detecting corrosion pits and short cracks by
image processing.
Almen strip as process control f o r shot peening. Champaigns, J,
Shot Peener, The Spring 1992 6, (1), 1-5
The five dominant process variables in shot peening are shot size, shot velocity,
shot exposure time, shot flow rate end shot impingement angles. Measuring these
five variables is not sufficient to assure peening consistency. Proper use of the
Almen strip will enhance peening consistency. Sensitivity analysis can be used to
relate peening intensity to product fatigue life. Sensitivity analysis can also be used
to relate each of the five dominant process variables to peening intensity. A
technique for reading intensity is described. Graphs. 7 refs.
Int J Fatigue July 1993