Language Summary 9 DVD-ROM 9

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m Body movements and responses
9C p74
A surgeon /s3:d3~m/ is a doctor who does operations.
An operating theatre is the place where you have an operation .

Asthma /resmd/ is an illness which makes it difficult for you to
breathe.
A specialist is a doctor who knows a lot about one area of
medicine .

The A&E department is the part of a hospital where you go if
you have an emergency. (A&E =Accident and Emergency)
An allergy /reldd31:/ is a medical problem that some people cry laugh smile yawn
get when they eat, breathe or touch certain things .

A migraine is an extremely painful headache that/which can
also make you feel sick.
A ward is a big room with beds in a hospital where patients
receive medical treatment.
A surgery /s3:d3dn:/ is a building or an office where you can
go and ask a GP or a dentist for medical advice .

A GP is a doctor who/that gives medical treatment to people wave shiver blush stretch
who/that live in a particular area. (GP = general practitioner)

A prescription is a piece of paper that/which the doctor gives
you so that you can get the medicine you need.
An infection is a disease in part of your body that/which is
caused by bacteria or a virus.

TIP We can also say that we are allergic /dl'3:d31k/ to

something : My sister is allergic to nuts. scratch crawl frown sweat

m Collocations (3): the news 98

p72
pay off a debt
take part in a demonstration
meet a target
discover something new
protest ag8inst something accept/reject an offer
take somebody to hospital go on strTke
publish a report c all off a stri ke
a debt / det/ money which is owed to somebody else:
The company has huge debts. Also: be in debt
pay back money you owe to a bank, a person, etc.:
pay off
A lot of countries are finding it hard to pay off their debts.
a demonstration when a group of people stand or walk
somewhere to show that they disagree with or support
something : 30,000 people took part in the demonstration.
protest say or show that you disagree with something: A large
crowd were protesting against the war.
a t arget something you want to achieve: The company has
already met its sales target for the year.
discover find information, a place or an object for the first time:
Scientists have discovered a new way to predict earthquakes.
reject not accept: The workers rejected the pay offer.
a strike a period of time when people don't go to work
because they want more money, better working conditions, etc.:
The postal workers' strike is now in its fifth day.
call sth of f cancel something that was planned: The match
was called off because of bad weather.
TIP People who take part in a demonstration are called
demonstrators. People who protest against something are called
protesters.
TIP If you have an itch, you want to scratch it.
m Connecting words 9C
1
p75
Although / ;,:l'5du/ , even though / 1:vdn 5du/, despite,
in spite of and however are similar in meaning to but.
We use although, even though, despite and in spite of to
contrast two clauses in the same sentence: Although/
Even though we don't enjoy crying, it's actually good for us.
Despite/In spite of appearing rude, they could be yawning so
they can listen more closely to what you're saying.
We use however to contrast two sentences. We put a
comma ( , ) after however: Scientists have shown that people
are more likely to forgive you if you blush. However, people
might not forgive you so easily if you don't blush at all!
After despite and in spite of we usually use a noun or
verb+ing: In spite of this knowledge, ... ; Despite appearing
rude, ...
After although and even though we usually use a clause :
Although/Even though we don't enjov crying, ...
TIPS Even though is usually stronger than although.
We can put although, even though, despite and in spite of at
the beginning or in the middle of a sentence. We usually put
however at the beginning of a sentence.
In spoken English, we often use though / 5du/ instead of
although or even though. We usually put though at the end of
a sentence: A I enjoyed the film. B Me too. I didn't like the
ending, though.

,;
B Health problems, symptoms and
treatment 90 p76
health asthma an allergy hay fever flu a mi graine
problems an infection a vTrus fo.od poisoning a cold
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a runny nose a blocked-up nose wheezy
sneeze be sick throw up a sore throat / 8r ;:}ut/
symptoms
a temperature / tempr;:}tJ;:}/ a cough / kof/
a rash diarrhoea a stomach ache / stAm;:}ke1k/
antibiotics penici llin pai nkillers
treatment
paracetamol cough medicine
hay fever an illness with symptoms similar to a cold that is
caused by flowers or grass in the spring and summer.
a virus / va1r;:}s/ a very small living thing which can cause
illnesses, disease and infections.
fo.od poisoning when you eat some food that is bad and
makes you ill.
a runny nose when your nose produces liquid all the time,
usually when you have a cold .
a blocked-up nose when you can't breathe through your nose.
wheezy when you breathe noisily and with difficulty,
particularly when you have asthma or an allergy.
sneeze when you blow air down through your nose suddenly,
for example when you have a cold.
throw up (informal) be sick, vomit.
diarrhoea / dald'n ;:}/ when you have to go to the toilet all
the time.
a rash a group of small red spots on the skin, often caused by
allergies, that you want to scratch.
1
penicillin / pen;:} SI1;:}n/ a type of antibiotic.
paracetamol / prer;:}'si:t;:}mol/ a type of painkiller.
TIPS We can say I've got a stomach ache. or I've got
stomach ache. We can also say I've got a toothache. or I've got
toothache. and I've got a headache. but not I've got headache.
We can use be sick to mean 'be ill ' or 'vomit/throw up'.
In American English, be sick is more common than be ill:
Sorry, I can't come to work today. I'm ill. (UK) I'm sick. (US)
Sneeze is a noun and a verb. When a person sneezes, we
often say Bless you I.
hay fever
a sore throat
a temperature
painkillers cough medicine
a stomach ache
lrl;tdMfiM;-----------------
m Relative clauses with who, that, which,
whose, where and when 9A p71
We often use relative clauses to say which person, thing,
place, etc. we are talking about.
In relative clauses we use:
a who or that for people: The woman who I was sharing
a room with .... I'm the type of person that eats three
meals a day.
b that or which for things: The food that we usually eat
contains toxins which stay in our bodies.
c where for places: I was taken to the guest house where
everyone was staying.
d whose for possessives: The woman whose fasting
programme we were following . .. .
e when for times: This was also when I started getting
really hungry.
TIPS We usually use who for people (that is also correct).
We usually use that for things (which is also correct) .
We don't use what in relative clauses: The food Vlhat VIC
usuaNy eat ... . We can use what to mean 'the thing/things that':
Now I'm much more careful about what I eat. (=the things that
I eat).
LEAVING OUT WHO , THAT, WHICH
We can leave out who, that or which w hen it isn't the subject
of the relative clause.
Compare the relative clauses in these sentences:
A I'm the type of person that eats three meals a dav
In this sentence we must use that because it is the subject of
the relative c lause.
B The food (that) we usually eat contains toxins.
In this sentence we can leave out that because it is the object
of the relative clause (we is the subject).
TIPS We never leave out whose in relative clauses.
We can usually leave out where if we add a preposition at the
end of the relative clause: That's the cafe where I met my wife.
- That 's the cafe I met my wife in.
We can only leave out when if the time reference is clear:
Monday's the day (when) I play tennis .
That 's the man who That's the house where
stole my phone! I was born .
m Present Perfect Simple active and l;):tl11Qteli1! ----------------
passive for recent events 98 , p73
We use the Present Perfect Simple for giving news about
a What doctors say 90 p76

something that happened a short time ago, but we don't Now, what seems to be the problem?
say exactly when. How long have you been feeling like this?
World leaders have met to discuss the global economy Do you know if you're allergic to anything?
A new report on the environment has just been published. What have you eaten recently?
Come back if you're not feeling better in two days.
We make the Present Perfect Simple active with :
Have you been taking anything for them?
I/you/we/they+ 've, have or haven't + past participle
Have you got any other symptoms?
he/she/it + 's, has or hasn't + past participle
Right, let me have a look at you.
The UK has failed to meet its targets. I'm just going to take your temperature.
We haven't met our targets yet. Here's a prescription for some painkillers.
We make the Present Perfect Simple passive with :
I/you/we/they + 've, have or haven't + been + past
participle
m What patients say 90 p76
I'm not feeling very well.
he/she/it + 's , has or hasn't + been + past participle
I haven't been feeling very well recently.
At least forty people have been arrested. I've got stomach
a terrible
ache.
Some of the items still haven't been examined. My chest hurts.
We often use passive verb forms in radio and TV news I keep getting really bad headaches.
reports and newspaper articles. I can't stop sneezing.
When we say the exact time something happened, we must I'm allergic to penicillin.
use the Past Simple active or passive: Gareth Jones found Do I need some antibiotics?
How often
them?
should I take
the treasure five days ago.

Do I need to make another
appointment?
JUST, YET, ALREADY, STILL
We use I keep ... and I can't stop ... for things that happen
We use just to say something happened a short time ago.
lots of times. We don't want these things to happen.
We put just after the auxiliary: The ministers have just had a
meeting. A new report has just been published. After I keep ... and I can't stop ... we use verb+ing: I keep
waking up at night. I can 't stop sneezing.
We use yet to say something hasn't happened, but we
think it will happen in the future. We put yet at the end of the TIPS We can use -ache to talk about a pain in your head,
sentence or clause: We haven't met our targets yet. Why tooth, stomach, back or ear (headache, toothache, stomach
haven't we heard anything from the government yet? ache, backache, earache) : I've got a terrible headache.
We use already to say something happened some time in For other parts of the body, we use My ... hurts: My knee
the past, maybe sooner than we expected. We put already hurts. not I've got kneeache.
after the auxiliary: Experts have already examined most of the We can also say I've got a pain in my ... : I've got a pain
items. C02 has already been reduced by 2.7%. in my knee.
We use still to say something started in the past and
continues in the present. We put still before the auxiliary:
Some of the items still haven't been examined.

TIPS We don't use just or already in negative sentences:

I've just seen him. not I haven'tjust seen him.; The meeting has
already finished. not The meeting hasn't already finished.
We don't use yet in positive sentences: She hasn't told him
yet. Has she told him yet? but not She's told him yet.
We only use still in negative sentences with the Present
Perfect Simple: Some of the items still haven't been examined.
not Some of the items still have been ())(amined.