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Basic components:
- IR Source - Monochromator
- Sample cells - Detectors
- Readout devices

IR Sources
Low intensity radiation, 2-15 m.
Use bigger slit but it will effect resolution of wavelength.
Nernst glower : consist of rare-earth oxides.
Globar : made of silicon carbide but less intense,
satisfactorily for wavelength longer than 15m.

Globar

Nernst glower

Monochromators Filters in Monochromator

To focus radiation at the entrance and exit slit
To restrict unwanted radiation.
Made up from lenses or mirrors.
Use dispersing medium (monochromators);
prism and diffraction grating.
Filter is used to select a specific wavelength.
There are several types of filters:
a) narrow band-pass filters
made up of glass, contain chemicals that
absorb unwanted radiations.
b) sharp-cut filters
absorb all radiation to specific wavelengths
c) interference filters
consist of two layers of glass, inner surface
consist of thin metal, deposited and inner
layer made from quartz or calcium fluoride.

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Samples Cells
Various cells used for IR.
Fixed cell such as NaCl is commonly used & must be
protected from moisture.
Silver chloride used for aqueous samples.
The shorter the path length, the more difficult for IR to
be produced.
Repolished windows are not advisable for quantitative
analysis.
FTIR Spectrum
When molecules absorb energy in the infrared region of
the spectrum they vibrate (bonds stretch and bend)
The precise value of the energy they absorb depends on
the particular bond, and to a lesser extent on the other
groups attached to the two atoms forming the bond.
When infrared radiation is passed through a sample, the
spectrum shows the characteristic absorptions, which
confirm that a particular bond is present in the
molecule.
Some absorptions, e.g. those due to C-H, are not
particularly useful as they are shown by most organic
compounds. However, others give a very clear indication
of a particular group.
FTIR Spectrum
Infra Red Spectra Correlation Charts
Provide information
about various
functional groups.
Shows the base
values for
absorption of bonds.
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Instrumentation
Detector & Readout Devices
Must be able to transduce heat to electrical signal.
Commonly used : Thermocouple and Balometers.
Other detector : Photon detectors - highly sensitive
& rapid measurements.
Readout devices similar applications as other
equipments.
Thermocouple Photon detectors
FTIR Spectrum
In addition to these particular absorptions, infrared
spectra also possess a 'fingerprint' region. This is a
characteristic pattern between about 1400 and 400
cm-1, which is specific to a particular compound.
It is often possible to identify an unknown sample by
comparing the fingerprint
region with a library of
spectra of known samples.
FTIR Spectrum
Most functional groups absorb above 1500 cm-1.
The region below 1500 cm-1 is known as the "fingerprint
region".
Every molecule produces a unique pattern here, so if an
unknown sample produces a spectrum which matches
that of a known compound, the sample can be
confirmed to be that compound.
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FTIR Spectrum FTIR Spectrum

Interpretation of Infrared Spectra Interpretation of Infrared Spectra
To obtain a more detailed interpretation of an IR Single Bonds to Hydrogen
spectrum it is necessary to refer to correlation
charts & tables of infrared data.
The four primary regions of the IR spectrum :
Bonds to H Triple bonds Double bonds Single Bonds
O-H single bond CC C=O C-C
N-H single bond CN C=N C-N
C-H single bond C=C C-O
2300 2000 cm-1
3700 2500 cm-1 1900 - 1500 cm-1 1400 - 650 cm-1

Fingerprint Region

FTIR Spectrum FTIR Spectrum

Interpretation of Infrared Spectra Interpretation of Infrared Spectra
Double Bonds Triple Bonds

Single Bonds (not to Hydrogen)

FTIR Spectrum FTIR Spectrum

Interpretation of Infrared Spectra Interpretation of Infrared Spectra
Bending Vibrations Alkanes combination of C-C and C-H bonds
Show various C-C stretches & bends between 1350-1470
cm-1 (m).
C-H stretch between 2800 3000 cm-1 (s).
e.g. : IR Spectra of n-hexane

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FTIR Spectrum FTIR Spectrum

Interpretation of Infrared Spectra Interpretation of Infrared Spectra
Alkenes addition of the C=C and vinyl C-H bonds (=C-H)
C=C stretch occurs at 1620-1680 cm-1 & becomes IR Spectra of Alkenes
weaker as substitution increases.
vinyl C-H stretch occurs at 3000-3100 cm-1
e.g. : IR Spectra of hexene

Note : the bonds of alkane are still present!

FTIR Spectrum FTIR Spectrum

Interpretation of Infrared Spectra
Alkynes - addition of the CC and vinyl C-H bonds
CC stretch occurs between 2100-2260 cm-1.
C-H occurs at 3200-3300 cm-1 (s).
Interpretation of Infrared Spectra
The previous slide highlights the differences between
the IR spectra of alkane, alkene & alkyne.
Note that C-C single bond has lower stretching
frequency than a C=C double bond which in turn
vibrates at lower energy than CC triple bond.

alkane alkene alkyne

Note : the bonds of alkane are still present..!!

FTIR Spectrum FTIR Spectrum

Interpretation of Infrared Spectra Interpretation of Infrared Spectra
Aromatic Compound

Note : IR vibration of O-H is greater than N-H which in turn

is greater than C-H.

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FTIR Spectrum FTIR Spectrum

Interpretation of Infrared Spectra Interpretation of Infrared Spectra
Alcohol Amine

FTIR Spectrum FTIR Spectrum

Interpretation of Infrared Spectra Interpretation of Infrared Spectra
Carbonyls
Aldehydes
Carbonyls give a strong, sharp peak in the wavenumber
range 1670 to 1780 cm1.

Ketones

FTIR Spectrum FTIR Spectrum

Interpretation of Infrared Spectra Interpretation of Infrared Spectra
Ethers

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Applications of FTIR
Primary Use of IR methods

Identification of molecular structure.

Determination of molecular structure.
Confirmation of molecular structure ;
Frequently used in conjunction with
techniques of mass spectrometry and NMR
spectroscopy.