Matter and Energy

Chapter 3
Zumdahl
 Matter
anything that has mass and volume

mass: amount of matter

in an object

volume: amount of space an object

occupies
 States of Matter
Bose-Einstein (BE) condensate: very low
temperature state almost at absolute zero
Solid: definite shape, definite volume
does not flow; is rigid
Liquid: indefinite shape, definite volume
flows; takes shape of container
Gas: indefinite shape, indefinite volume
flows; takes shape/volume of container
Plasma: super-heated gas; found in stars
 Phase Changes
Matter moves from one state/phase to another
boiling/
melting/ liquefaction evaporation/ vaporization

SOLID LIQUID GAS

crystallization/ freezing/ condensation

solidification
 Phase Changes
Matter moves from one state/phase to another

sublimation

SOLID GAS

deposition
 Properties of Matter
Physical Property: can be observed or
measured without altering the identity of the
material
extensive properties: depend on amount of
matter present
ex: mass, volume, length
intensive properties: do not depend on
amount of matter present
ex: melting point, color, density
Chemical Property: ability of a substance to
undergo a change that alters its identity
ex: flammability, ability to rust
 Changes of Matter
Physical Change: any change in a property of
matter that does not result in a change in identity
ex: phase changes, cutting, dissolving
Chemical Change: any change in which one or
more substances are converted into different
substances with new characteristic properties;
identity is altered
also known as a chemical reaction
ex: burning, tarnishing, neutralization
 Indicators of Chemical Reaction
Evolution (giving off) of heat and light
exothermic: releases heat energy
endothermic: absorbs heat energy

Production of a gas
bubbles and/or fumes

Formation of a precipitate
precipitate: a solid that falls out of solution

Color change
 Energy
ability to do work
kinetic energy: energy of motion
potential energy: energy of position or
composition
Law of Conservation of Matter and
Energy (E = mc2): matter and energy can
neither be created nor destroyed;
however, they can be converted from one
form to the other
 Classification of Matter

Matter

Pure
Mixture
Substance

Homogeneous Heterogeneous Element Compound

 Mixtures
Can be separated into their component
parts with a physical change
Homogeneous: same composition
throughout
also known as a solution
ex: brass, salt water, air
Heterogeneous: non-uniform composition
ex: granite, sand, salad
 Pure Substances
3 qualifying statements:
1. Every sample of a given pure substance
has exactly the same characteristic
properties.
2. Every sample of a given pure substance
has exactly the same composition.
3. A pure substance cannot be separated into
other substances without changing its
identity and chemical properties.
 Pure Substances
Compounds:
a pure substance that can be decomposed into
its constituent elements only by a chemical
change
ex: Sodium Chloride (NaCl), Water (H2O)

Elements:
a pure substance that cannot be decomposed
by chemical change
ex: Sodium (Na), Chlorine (Cl),
Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O)