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BFC21103 aliza@uthm.edu.my
BFC21103 aliza@uthm.edu.my
All the notes, assignment or project, I will upload into
this foldersyou can download from that folders
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BFC21103 aliza@uthm.edu.my
IMPORTANT DATE..
7 OKTOBER 2016 (Jumaat)-taklimat industry
on drain
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BFC21103 Hydraulics
Chapter 1. Flow in Open Channel
September 2016
Learning Outcomes
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Open channel flow is flow of a liquid in a conduit with a free surface
subjected to atmospheric pressure.
Free surface
T
A y
B
Datum
Figure. Sketch of open channel geometry
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Tahan river
rapids
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Practical applications:
a. flow depth in rivers, canals and other conveyance conduits,
b. changes in flow depth due to channel controls e.g. weirs,
spillways, and gates,
c. changes in river stage during floods,
d. surface runoff from rainfall over land,
e. optimal channel design, and others
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1.1 Flow Parameters and Geometric Elements
a. Depth of flow y is the vertical measure of water depth.
Normal depth d is measured normal to the channel bottom.
d = y cos
For most applications, d y when 10%, e.g. cos 1 = 0.9998.
Free surface
Sw = water surface slope
So = bottom slope
Datum
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b. Flow or discharge Q is the volume of fluid passing a cross-section
perpendicular to the direction of flow per unit time.
Mean velocity V is the discharge divided by the cross-sectional area
Q
V
A
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c. Wetted perimeter P is the length of channel perimeter that is
wetted or covered by flowing water.
T = top width
B = bottom
width
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d. Hydraulic radius R is the ratio of the flow area A to wetted
perimeter P.
A
R
P
A y
P
B
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Table. Open channel geometries
Area Top width Wetted perimeter
Channel section
A T P
T
y By B B + 2y
B
Rectangular
T
1 y zy2 2zy 2y 1 z 2
z
Triangular
T
1 y By + zy2 B + 2zy B 2y 1 z 2
z
B
Trapezoidal
T
D2
D 2 sin2 Dsin D
2
y 8
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Circle
Activity 1.1
1m
2m
60
3m
Find:
(a) Top surface width T, flow area A, wetted perimeter P, and
hydraulic radius R.
(b) If Q = 2.4 m3/s, determine the state of flow.
(c) If longitudinal length L = 50 m, find the cost to construct the
channel. Given excavation cost = RM 3/m3 and lining cost =
RM 5/m2.
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(a) Top surface width T, wetted area A, wetted perimeter P and
hydraulic radius R.
1
z
0.5774
tan60
T B 2zy P B 2y 1 z 2
T 3 20.5774 2 P 3 22 1 0.57742
T 5.309 m P 7.619 m
A
A By zy 2 R
P
A 32 0.577422 8.309
R
7.619
A 8.309 m2
R 1.091 m
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(b) If Q = 2.4 m3/s, determine the state of flow.
Q 2.4
v 0.2888 m/s
A 8.309
V
Fr
gD
VR
Re
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(c) If the length of the channel is L = 50 m, find the cost to construct the
channel. Given excavation cost = RM 3/m3 and lining cost = RM 5/m2.
RM2129.42
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Area of lining Alining Pchannel L
Alining 3 2 3 1 0.57742 50
Alining 496.41 m3
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Additional Question for Assignment #1
1.5 m 1.5 m
1.2 m 2 1.2 m
3
0.3 m
Find T, A, P, R, and D
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Activity 1.2
1m A1
A2 A4
2m A3
2m
1m 2m 4m 3m
Find:
(a) Flow area A
(b) Wetted perimeter P
(c) Hydraulic radius R
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1.2 Types of Open Channel
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Rigid and mobile boundary channels
Rigid channels are channels with boundaries that is not
deformable. Channel geometry and roughness are constant
over time. Typical examples are lined canals, sewers and non-
erodible unlined canals.
Mobile boundary channels are channels with boundaries that
undergo deformation due to the continuous process of
erosion and deposition due to the flow. Examples are unlined
man-made channels and natural rivers.
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Canals
is usually a long and mild-sloped
channel built in the ground, which
may be unlined or lined with stoned
masonry, concrete, cement, wood
or bituminous material.
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Open-channel flume in laboratory
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Chute
is a channel having steep slopes.
Natural chute (falls) on the left and man-made logging chute on the right
on the Coulonge River, Quebec, Canada
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Drop
is similar to a chute, but the change in elevation is within a
short distance.
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Stormwater sewer
is a drain or drain system
designed to drain excess rain
from paved streets, parkinglots,
sidewalks and roofs.
Storm sewer
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1.3 Types and Classification of Open Channel Flows
Open channel flow
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a. Uniform flow
y
y
x
dy
Depth of flow is the same at every section along the channel, 0
dx
b. Non-uniform flow
y1
y2
dy
Depth of flow varies at different sections along the channel, 0
dx
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Time - how do the flow conditions change over time at a specific
section in an open channel system.
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c. Steady flow
y1 y2 y1 = y2
Time = t1 Time = t2
dy
Depth of flow is the same at every time interval, 0
dt
d. Unsteady flow
t3
t1
y1 t2 y1 y2 y3
dy
Depth of flow changes from time to time, 0
dt
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The flow is rapidly varied if the depth changes abruptly over a
comparatively short distance. Examples of rapidly varied flow
(RVF) are hydraulic jump, hydraulic drop, flow over weir and flow
under a sluice gate.
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RVF GVF RVF GVF RVF GVF RVF
Hydraulic
drop
Contraction
below the sluice
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1.4 State of Flow
The state or behaviour of open-channel flow is governed basically
by the viscosity and gravity effects relative to the inertial forces of
the flow.
VR
Re
The flow is laminar if the viscous forces are dominant relative
to inertia. Viscosity will determine the flow behaviour. In
laminar flow, water particles move in definite smooth paths.
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Effect of gravity - depending on the effect of gravity forces relative
to inertial forces, the flow may be subcritical,
critical and supercritical.
- Froude number represents the ratio of inertial
forces to gravity forces,
V
Fr
gD
where V is the velocity, D is the hydraulic depth
of a conduit and g is the gravity acceleration (g =
9.81 m/s2).
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Fr < 1 , the flow is in subcritical state V gD
Fr = 1 , the flow is in critical state V gD
Fr > 1 , the flow is in supercritical state V gD
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1.5 Regimes of Flow
A combined effect of viscosity and gravity may produce any one of
the following four regimes of flow in an open channel:
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Assignment #1
Q1. [Final Exam Sem I, Session 2010/2011]
Justify the difference between:
(a) uniform flow and non-uniform flow
(b) state of flow using Reynolds number Re and Froude number Fr.
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Q3. [Final Exam Sem I, Session 2006/2007]
Define
(a) Reynolds number
(b) Froude number
(c) Hydraulic radius
(d) Prismatic channel
(e) Uniform flow
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Q5. A triangular channel of apex angle 120 carries a discharge of 1573 L/s.
Calculate the critical depth.
- End of Question -
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THANK YOU
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