TRANSFORMER

TEMPERATURE CONTROL
AND REAL TIME DISPLAY
MINI PROJECT REPORT

Submitted in partial fulfillment with the

requirements for the award of

degree of Bachelor of Technology in ELECTRICAL

AND ELECTRONICS

Of Cochin University of Science and Technology

by

ABHIJITH V J (19141001)

SARATH R (19141034)
THOMSON JOSE AKKARA (19141035)

Under the guidance

Of

Ms. Seena Assistant professor, Dept. of Electrical

Engineering

College of engineering Kallooppara

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 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND
ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING KALLOOPPARA
THIRUVALLA - 689603

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the report entitled TRANSFORMER

TEMPERATURE CONTROL AND REAL TIME DISPLAY submitted by ABHIJITH V

J(19141001), SARATH R (19141034), THOMSON JOSE AKKARA

(19141035) in partial fulfillment with the requirements for the award of the

Degree of bachelor of Technology in Electrical and Electronics Engineering of

Cochin University of Science and technology is a bonafide report of the project

presented by them under our supervision.

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Guide and Project Coordinator Head of the
Department

Ms. Seena Mr. Jaison

Assistant Professor Assistant Professor

Dept. of Electrical Engineering Dept. of Electrical

Engineering

College of Engineering, Kallooppara College of

Engineering, Kallooppara

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We owe our heartfelt gratitude to The GOD Almighty for all the blessings
he has showered upon us during this humble endeavor.

We take this opportunity to thank the Management of College of

Engineering, Kallooppara for extending us with adequate facility.

We would like to express thanks to our Principal Dr. Jacob Thomas V for
all the facilities extended to us in accomplishing the project.

We express our sincere thanks to Prof. Jaison James, HOD, Department of

EEE, for all his un-parallel guidance, relevant suggestions and motivation.

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 We are greatly indebted to our Project Guides Asst. Professors,
Department of EEE, for all facilities and support extended to us in accomplishing
this project.

Finally, we offer our deep felt gratitude to our lecturers, friends and
family members without whom this project wouldnt have been a reality.

Thanking you...

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 ABSTRACT
LM35 temperature sensor for real time temperature reading.

Arduino based micro-controller for real time management of fan, pump

and lcd display based on sensor reading.

16x2 lcd screen for temperature display of transformer and action of fan
and pump.

Cooling fan for initial cooling under raising temperature over 45degree
Celsius.

Pumping feature of coolant allows more dedicated cooling when

temperature rises above 50degree Celsius.

Transformer load cutoff feature for transformer safety above 60degree

Celsius and continuous cooling is also done.

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 CONTENTS
1. Introduction ............................................................................................
8

2. Proposed System............................................................................................
9

2.1 Block Diagram.................................................................................... 9

3. Implementation ............................................................................................ 10

3.1 Hardware Description.........................................................................10

3.1.1 Arduino................................................................................. 10

3.1.2 LCD Liquid Crystal Display.................................................11

3.1.3 Step Down Transformer........................................................14

3.1.4 High Speed Relay..................................................................15

3.1.5 Voltage Regulators................................................................12

3.1.6 Full Wave Rectifier................................................................16

3.1.7 Transistor..............................................................................16

3.1.8 Resistors...............................................................................16

3.1.9 Capacitors.............................................................................17

3.1.10 DC motor............................................................................ 18

3.1.11 Soil moisture sensor...........................................................19

3.1.12 Pump.................................................................................. 19

3.2 Circuit Diagram and Description........................................................20

3.3 PCB Design and Layout......................................................................21

3.3.1 PCB Fabrication and Assembly..............................................21

3.3.2 PCB Layout and Component Assembly.................................21

3.4 Software Description..........................................................................22

3.4.1 Arduino Software..................................................................22

3.4.2 OrCAD...................................................................................23

4. Result Analysis ............................................................................................ 23

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 4.1 Advantages........................................................................................
23

5. Conclusion and Future Scope of Development...............................................24

5.1 Conclusion..........................................................................................
24

5.2 Future Scope of Development............................................................24

6. Reference ............................................................................................ 24

APPENDIX A: Bill of Materials.........................................................................25

APPENDIX B: Program....................................................................................
26

APPENDIX C: Pin Configurations.....................................................................27

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1. INTRODUCTION

Transformer temperature control and real time display is a project that aims for
the modified digital control over the existing manual control of temperature
controlling system used in transformers, mainly in sub-stations and feeder
networks. The manual method does a cooling method either by continuous
running of a cooling fan without a regulation or checking the current transformer
temperature. Here, the project aims of utilizing a sensor feed back by the
temperature sensor to read the real time values and a digital micro-controller like
arduino to control the fan and cooling pump action along with a real time display
for user valuation.

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2. PROPOSED SYSTEM

2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

LM 35 ARDUINO 16*2
(temp UNO
(LCD
sensor) (MICROCONTROL display)

L293D
(MOTOR
DRIVER)

RELAY
COOLING COOLING
(load cut-
FAN PUMP off

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3. IMPLEMENTATION
3.1 HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

Followings are the main components of this project.

1. ARDUINO

2. LCD LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY

3. HIGH SPEED RELAY

4. COOLING FAN

5. COOLING PUMP

6. MOTOR DRIVER

7. TEMPERATURE SENSOR

3.1.1 ARDUINO
Arduino is an open-source platform used for building electronics projects.
Arduino consists of both a physical programmable circuit board (often referred to
as a microcontroller and a piece of software, or IDE (Integrated Development
Environment) that runs on your computer, used to write and upload computer
code to the physical board. The Arduino platform has become quite popular with
people just starting out with electronics, and for good reason.

Unlike most previous programmable circuit boards, the Arduino does not need a
separate piece of hardware (called a programmer) in order to load new code onto
the board you can simply use a USB cable. Additionally, the Arduino IDE uses a
simplified version of C++, making it easier to learn to program. Finally, Arduino
provides a standard form factor that breaks out the functions of the micro-
controller into a more accessible package.

The features of Arduino are as follows

Microcontroller : Atmega328
Input voltage : 7v-12v
Operating voltage : 5v CPU speed : 16 MHZ
Analog in/out : 6/0
Digital IO/PWM : 14/6
EEPROM : 1KB
SRAM : 2 KB
Flash : 32KB
UART : 1

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 USB : Regular

3.1.2 LCD - LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY

A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat-panel display or other electronic visual
display that uses the light-modulating properties of liquid crystals. Liquid crystals
do not emit light directly. LCDs are available to display arbitrary images (as in a
general-purpose computer display) or fixed images with low information content,
which can be displayed or hidden, such as preset words, digits, and 7-segment
displays as in a digital clock.

LCDs are preferred over seven segment LEDs and other multi segment LEDs. The
reasons being:

LCDs are economical

Easily programmable
Have no limitation of displaying special and even custom characters.
A 16*2 LCD is used to display value of voltage and status of your power supply in
this system.

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LCD MODULE

PIN DESCRIPTION OF LCD

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13
14
3.1.3 HIGH SPEED RELAY
Relay is used to turn on and turn off main power supply. Relay get control
signal from arduino microcontroller through a transistor. Diode is use in parallel
with coil pin of relay to avoid sparking in case of back emf. Because coil is made
of inductive material. Selection of relay depends on load of your home. For
example maximum load of your home devices is 10 ampere. So should use 10
ampere relay. Another important thing while selecting relay for this circuit is
switching speed of relay. Your relay speed should be as fast as possible. Because
more the switching speed of relay, more protection it will provide to your devices
by turning them on or off in minimum possible time.

RELAY CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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16
3.1. 4 COOLING FAN

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18
3.1.4COOLING FAN

3.1.5 COOLING PUMP

3.1.6 LM35 TEMPERATURE SENSOR

3.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM AND DESCRIPTION

description

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3.3 PCB DESIGN AND LAYOUT
The main process in the designing of PCB is the drawing of layout. Using
software like OrCAD or PROTEUS, we can do this. OrCAD PCB Designer is a
printed circuit board designer application, and part of the OrCAD circuit design
suite. PCB Designer includes various automation features for PCB design, board-
level analysis and design rule checks (DRC). The PCB design may be
accomplished by manually tracing PCB tracks, or using the Auto-Router provided.

3.3.1 PCB FABRICATION AND ASSEMBLY

PCB FABRICATION
The layout of PCB is drawn with help of software OrCAD. Then the print out
of the layout is taken on a butter paper. Then the layout is screen printed on
copper clad using paint. Then the screen printed copper clad is etched with the
help of ferric chloride solution. After etching process, the copper clad is washed
with water. Then the paint on the copper clad which was placed on it at the time
of screen printing is removed using turpentine. Again the board is washed with
water and after removing the wetness of the board, holes are drilled using a
hand driller.

Component Assembly and Soldering

The components are assembled on the PCB and soldered neatly without dry
soldering.

Cabinet Assembly and Wiring

Now the PCB is assembled into a suitable cabinet and inputs and outputs are
wired and brought outside as terminals.

3.3.2 PCB FABRICATION AND COMPONENT ASSEMBLY

3.4 SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION

3.4.1 ARDUINO SOFTWARE

Arduino is an open-source prototyping platform based on easy-to-use
hardware and software. Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a
sensor, a finger on a button, or a Twitter message - and turn it into an output -
activating a motor, turning on an LED, publishing something online. By sending a
set of instructions to the microcontroller on the board we can specify the works
to be done. To do so you use the Arduino programming language (based on
Wiring), and the Arduino Software (IDE), based on Processing.

The open-source Arduino Software (IDE) makes it easy to write code and upload
it to the board. It runs on Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux. The environment is

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written in Java and based on Processing and other open-source software. The
Arduino Software is easy-touse for beginners, yet flexible enough for advanced
users to take advantage of as well.

Open source and extensible software - The Arduino software is published

as open source tools, available for extension by experienced programmers. The
language can be expanded through C++ libraries, and people wanting to
understand the technical details can make the leap from Arduino to the AVR C
programming language on which it's based. Similarly, we can add AVR-C code
directly into your Arduino programs if you want to.

3.4.2 OrCAD
OrCAD is a proprietary software tool suite used primarily for electronic
design automation (EDA). The software is used mainly by electronic design
engineers and electronic technicians to create electronic schematics and
electronic prints for manufacturing printed circuit boards. The name ORCAD is a
portmanteau, reflecting the company and its software's origins: Oregon + CAD.
OrCAD PCB Designer is a printed circuit board designer application, and part of
the ORCAD circuit design suite. PCB Designer includes various automation
features for PCB design, board-level analysis and design rule checks (DRC). The
PCB design may be accomplished by manually tracing PCB tracks, or using the
Auto-Router provided. Such designs may include curved PCB tracks, geometric
shapes, and ground planes. PCB Designer integrates with OrCAD Capture, using
the component information system (CIS) to store information about a certain
circuit symbol and its matching PCB footprint.

4. RESULT ANALYSIS
The circuit was designed and was drawn using the software OrCAD. The
micro controller of Arduino was programmed. The circuit was analyzed section
wise. The circuit was set up on the PCB and the output was verified. LCD module
displayed various percentage of water content in the soil.

4.1 ADVANTAGS
Dedicated temperature sensing

Real time processing based on sensor reading

Display feature for temp: reading and analyzing for user.

Displays cooling system action and current system in use

Fan featuring natural air flow cooling

Coolant based pump set rotational cooling for dedicated fast cooling

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 Automated load cutoff featuring the protection of transformer under heavy
load and high temperature.

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5. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE OF DEVELOPMENT

5.1 CONCLUSION

In present days especially farmers are facing major problems in watering their
agriculture fields, its because they have no proper idea about when the power is
available so that they can pump water. Even after then they need to wait until
the field is properly watered, which makes them to stop doing other activities.
Here is an idea which helps not only farmers even for watering the gardens also,
which senses the soil moisture and switches the pump automatically when the
power is ON.

5.2 FUTURE SCOPE DEVELOPMENT

.

6. REFERENCE

www.wikipidea.com
www.arduino.cc
nevonprojects.com
microcontrollerslab.com

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 APPENDIX A

BILL OF COMPONENTS

Components Cost for one item

Arduino Board 450
Transformer 70
Regulators 8
Relay 20
LCD 250
Capacitors 6.5
Diode .50
Resistance 1
Sensor 145
Jumper wires 9
Copper clad 20
Transistor 2
D C Motor 50

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12);
int TempPin= A0;
int TempValue=0;

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int fanPin=06;
int pumpPin=05;
int relayPin=03;
void setup()
{
lcd.begin(16, 2);
pinMode(fanPin, OUTPUT);//Setting the fan pin as output
pinMode(pumpPin, OUTPUT);//Setting the pump pin as output
pinMode(relayPin, OUTPUT);//Setting the relay pin as output
}
void loop()
{
TempValue = analogRead(TempPin); // Getting LM35 value and saving it in variable
int TempCel = ( TempValue/1024.0)*500; // Getting the celsius value from 10 bit analog value
lcd.setCursor(0, 0); // Moves the cursor of the display to the TOP LEFT
lcd.print("TEMP: ");
lcd.print(TempCel);
lcd.print("C");

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if(TempCel >= 45 && TempCel <= 50 )//if temperature is between 45 and 49 fan will be on
{
digitalWrite(fanPin,HIGH);
digitalWrite(relayPin,LOW);
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print("FAN ON ");
}
else if(TempCel > 50 && TempCel <= 55)//if temperaature is greater than 50 pump will be on
{
digitalWrite(relayPin,LOW);
digitalWrite(fanPin,HIGH);
digitalWrite(pumpPin,HIGH);
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print("PUMP ON ");
}
else if(TempCel > 55 && TempCel <=85 )
{
digitalWrite(fanPin,HIGH);
digitalWrite(pumpPin,HIGH);
digitalWrite(relayPin,HIGH);
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print("LOAD SHUTDOWN ");
}
else
{
digitalWrite(fanPin,LOW); //temperature is less than 45 fan and pump will be off
digitalWrite(pumpPin,LOW);

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digitalWrite(relayPin,LOW);
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print("BALANCED ");
}
delay(1000);
}

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 APPENDIX C

PIN CONFIGURATION

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