Vanessa Sanchez

March 3, 2017

Anatomy 2nd

Lafferty

Nervous System Lab Report

This lab report is all focused on the nervous system and the nerve impulses that are
transmitted along the nerve fibers. The central nervous system is made up of the brain and
spinal cord, it is addressed in table 1, figure 1, figure 3 and also table 3. The peripheral nervous
system consisting of the nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord is found in figure
2, table 2, figure 4 and also figure 5. The neurotoxin chart (table 1) shows what each of the
neurotoxin does when they enter the body. They affect the nervous system in ways that can
cause paralysis to other animals or humans. In figure 1, which is the sheep brain, shows the
structures. The functions of the sulcus and gyrus are the fissures and bumps you see on the
brain. The cerebrum basically is the whole brain, controlling how you feel and all of your motor
functions. Pons is kind of like a message station for the brain, and the cerebellum receives the
information. What helps you breath and your heart keep on beating is the medulla oblongata,
and the thalamus helps control the motor functions. Figure 2 shows the same sheep brain, but
with the cranial nerves being labeled. Each of the twelve cranial nerves are important, ranging
from recognizing odors with the olfactory bulb to providing motor functions with the hypoglossal
nerve. In the cranial nerve assessment (table 2) it explains each of the cranial nerves. It gives
an explanation of whether the nerve is sensory, motor, or both and also we tested if the nerve
worked In figure 3, the spinal cord shows are the cervical nerves, also including some of the
nerves from the arm. The picture after that, figure 4, shows the spinal nerves of the mink, the
thoracic nerve leading down to the leg, which you will find the siatic nerve with much smaller
nerves branching off. In table 3, there is a reflux lab. We used a reflex hammer to test different
parts of our body and record the effect after being hit with the hammer. What was being tested
with every reflex is also shown in the table. Lastly we have a sheep eye(figure 5), the layers
arranged in order. The sheep eye is considered one of the special senses because it has one of
the organs specialized to it, and the sense for the eye is vision. The eye was separated and put
into this order because that is how light first hits the eye, then the image is transforming to an
electrical impulse that is carried to the brain. All of these labs have something to do with the
nervous system, whether it is the central nervous system or the peripheral nervous system and
how they send signals to the brain and affects our senses in different ways.

Table 1- This table explains the types of neurotoxins that are found in certain animals, also
including what each of the toxins does to affect the body in a negative way when inside.
Type of Neurotoxin Effect of Neurotoxin

Maculotoxin Venom version of Tetrodotoxin. Effective by

blocking the propagation of nervous impulses
in myelinated peripheral nerves- causing
voluntary muscle paralysis
 Latrotoxin Affects the neuromuscular endplates and
synapses of the CNS. Opens the cation
channels: the consequence is influx of
calcium. Buildup of calcium causes
permanent blockage in the synapse.

Bungarotoxin When exposed to the bungarotoxin, motor

nerve terminal boutons are destroyed and
leaves only a synaptic gutter filled with
Schwann cell processes.

Tetrodotoxin Binds to the voltage-gated sodium channels

and blocks the passage of sodium ions

Apamin Specifically binds to a particular classification

of Ca+2- activated K+ channels.

a blocker of Ca2+-activated K+ channels, on

Charybdotoxin motor nerve terminals.

Conotoxin Blocks a specific type of calcium channel that

has been involved in chronic neuropathic
pain, caused by damage to the nervous
system.

Figure 1- The picture above shows the structure of a sheep brain. It names all of the parts on
the brain, and above in the paragraph shows the function of each structure labeled above.
Figure 2- The pictures above shows all 12 of the cranial nerves in the sheep brain. Each of the
nerves has its own function mostly relating to one of the five senses.

Table 2- The table below shows each of the cranial nerves that are shown in figure 2. The table
explains where the nerve innervates, whether it is motor, sensory, or both and also the results of
each of the cranial nerves.

Cranial Nerve Motor or Where does Test Results of Assessment

Sensory or the nerve performed tests of Nerve
Both? innervate? Function

Olfactory Sensory Lining- upper Smell Coffee Positive Normal

nasal cavity

Optic Sensory Vision Read eye Positive Normal

chart

Oculomotor Motor Orbits the Follow finger Positive Normal

eye move around

Trochlear Motor External eye Follow finger Positive Normal

muscle downward

Trigeminal Both Pons Touch cotton Positive Normal

to eye, jaw
closed

Abducens Motor External eye Follow finger Positive Normal

muscle side to side

Facial Both Lower, side Smile, open Positive Normal

of face mouth,show
 teeth

Vestibulococ Sensory Ganglia near Tuning for Positive Normal

hlear vestibule hearing, walk
in straight
line

Glossophary Both Lining of Speak, Positive Normal

ngeal pharynx and swallow
tonsils

Vagus Both Chest and Speak, Positive Normal

abdomen swallow

Accessory Motor Soft plate Turn head, Positive Normal

pharynx and shrug
larynx shoulders

Hypoglossal Motor Tongue and Stick tongue Positive Normal

mouth out and move
it

Figure 3- The picture above labels the spinal cord of the mink and all of the nerves.
Figure 4- This picture shows 10 of the spinal nerves on the mink. The spinal nerves carry motor,
sensory, and also autonomic signals between the spinal cord and the body. The sympathetic,
femoral, and the obturator nerves are found by the spinal cord and the tibial, common peroneal,
sciatic, muscular branch, hemorrhoidal, pudendal, and the posterior femoral were all found in
the leg of the mink.

Table 3- the table below shows the reflexes that were tested, including what part of the body it
was tested on. Also it shows the reaction of the reflux in one of the columns. A + means that
the body reacted, and the more + there is, the greater reaction that happened.

Test Left Right Results Varyinig

Conditions

Biceps + + Jacket on

Triceps ++ ++ Jacket on

Brachioradialis + + None

Hoffmanns ++ ++ None

Patellar ++ ++ None

Achilles + + None

Babinski + + Thick sock

Glabellar +++ +++ None

Abdominal ++ ++ None

Components of Name of Reflex Tests for

Reflex Arc

Neurons Spinal Cord Biceps C5 C6

Afferent CNS Triceps C7 C8

Efferent Brachioradialis C5 C6

Interneuron Hoffmanns Pyramidal tract

Patellar L2 L3 L4

Achilles S1 S2 tracts

Babinski S1 S2
Figure 5- This picture is the sheep eye in all of its layers. This is the order in which light hits,
starting from the cornea.