Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a computer or machine that has been

created to "think" like a human. The idea behind it is that human
reasoning can be understood and defined on the base of
input(your experiences) and output(your actions). When a human
makes a decision, they consider certain important variables. If
you can enter the variables into a computer with AI, you should
get a logical response.

A Brief History of AI:

The field of artificial intelligence as we know it today began in the
1940s. Alan Turing and neurologist Grey Walter and many others
like them, began to exchange ideas regarding the various
possibilities of intelligent machines and what would count as an
intelligent machine.

It wasn't until the 1950s, however, that the actual term 'artificial
intelligence' was coined by computer scientist John McCarthy.
Demonstration of the first running AI program, the Logic Theorist
(LT) written by Allen Newell, J.C. Shaw and Herbert Simon
(Carnegie Institute of Technology, now Carnegie Mellon
University). It was also in the late 1960s that the first mobile
decision making robot capable of various actions was made. Its
name was Shakey.

In 2000's, Interactive robot pets (a.k.a. "smart toys") become

commercially available, realizing the vision of the 18th cen.
novelty toy makers.

Cynthia Breazeal at MIT publishes her dissertation on Sociable

Machines, describing KISMET, a robot with a face that expresses
emotions.

Today's artificial intelligence hits on almost every aspect of

society, from the military and entertainment to your cell phone
and driverless cars, from real time voice translation to a vacuum
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that know where and how to clean your floor without you, from
your own computer to your doctor's office.

Proposed Forms of Artificial Intelligence:

Type I AI: Reactive machines

The most basic types of AI systems are purely reactive, and have
the ability neither to form memories nor to use past experiences
to inform current decisions. Deep Blue, IBMs chess-playing
supercomputer, which beat international grandmaster Garry
Kasparov in the late 1990s, is the perfect example of this type of
machine.

Type II AI: Limited memory

This Type II class contains machines can look into the past. Self-
driving cars do some of this already. For example, they observe
other cars speed and direction. That cant be done in a just one
moment, but rather requires identifying specific objects and
monitoring them over time.These observations are added to the
self-driving cars preprogrammed representations of the world,
which also include lane markings, traffic lights and other
important elements, like curves in the road. Theyre included
when the car decides when to change lanes, to avoid cutting of
another driver or being hit by a nearby car.

Type III AI: Theory of mind

We might stop here, and call this point the important divide
between the machines we have and the machines we will build in
the future.Machines in the next, more advanced, class not only
form representations about the world, but also about other agents
or entities in the world. In psychology, this is called theory of

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mind the understanding that people, creatures and objects in
the world can have thoughts and emotions that afect their own
behavior.

Type IV AI: Self-awareness

This is, in a sense, an extension of the theory of mind possessed

by Type III artificial intelligences. Consciousness is also called
self-awareness for a reason. (I want that item is a very
diferent statement from I know I want that item.) Conscious
beings are aware of themselves, know about their internal states,
and are able to predict feelings of others. We assume someone
honking behind us in traffic is angry or impatient, because thats
how we feel when we honk at others. Without a theory of mind,
we could not make those sorts of inferences.

Types of Artificial intelligence:

Activity Recognition:

Determining what humans or other entities such as robots are

doing. For example, a car that can see its owner approaching with
a heavy bag of groceries may decide to open an appropriate door
automatically.

Artificial Creativity:

AI applications in fields that are viewed as creative such as music,

art and design. Also applies to human-like abilities such as
including humor in a conversation.

Artificial Immune System:

Techniques of machine learning that mimic processes of immune

system learning and memory.

Automation

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Automation of decisions or physical tasks using machinery such
as robots.

Chatter Bot

An artificial intelligence that can talk to humans, often over text

chat. Typically designed to pass a Turing test.

Computer Automated Design:

Most computing is currently focused on automation and

calculation. Artificial intelligence may support expansion of this
role into areas that are thought to require creativity such
as design and architecture.

Decision Support System

The use of artificial intelligence to support human decision

making. For example, a tool that determines what information you
may need in a given situation .
Implications of Artificial Intelligence:

Positive Outcomes

Many positive outcomes in our society can result with the use of
artificial intelligence. Increased production and indirectly lowered
costs have already been witnessed in factories and production lines.
Jobs better suited for computers have decreased errors and
increased efficiency. One example of this is with detecting credit
card fraud. American Express has developed an "Authorization
Assistant" that uses artificial intelligence to determine whether a
purchase is out of character for a card member. This system is more
accurate than when done by a human and it saves time. This and
many infinite other possibilities exist for using artificial intelligence
to increase efficiency.

Another important area that artificial intelligence is projected to

improve concerns the lives of the elderly. Because of the demand
for adults to be fully involved in their work, the care for the elderly

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at home has diminished. Now the numbers needing nursing care
has risen.

Negative Outcomes

Along with any progress in technology are negative outcomes as

well. Because computers are more capable of producing accurate
results, they will potentially replace humans in jobs that are better
suited for them. This could mean that the workplace will no longer
be man's domain. Unemployment rates could go up. Humans could
soon lose their ground as dominant creature. Most drastic of
possibilities is complete destruction of the human race. If artificial
intelligence at the level of Moravec's Fourth Generation Robots is
created, these machines will have a "mind" of their own and could
potentially annihilate humanity.

At a more basic level, the use of artificial intelligence in everyday

tasks might produce laziness on the part of humans.Another issue
that might stir conflict is the need to restructure the legal system. If
artificial intelligence is as planned, a thinking human-like robot with
feelings and emotions, then the laws would need to be altered
encompassing the roles of robots in society. Would they be
responsible for their actions? Will they have the same rights as
humans?

REFRENCES
1. https://www.alleydog.com/glossary/definition.php?term=Artificial
%20Intelligence
2. http://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-artificial-intelligence-definition-
history.html
3. http://theconversation.com/understanding-the-four-types-of-ai-from-reactive-
robots-to-self-aware-beings-67616

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4. https://www.units.miamioh.edu/psybersite/cyberspace/aisurge/implications.sh
tml