International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Research Technology (IJEART)
ISSN: 2454-9290, Volume-1, Issue-6, December 2015
Global attractivity and positive almost periodic
solution of a multispecies discrete mutualism
system with time delays
Hui Zhang
Abstract In this paper, we consider an almost periodic
multispecies discrete Lotka-Volterra mutualism system with
time delays. We first obtain the permanence and global
attractivity of the system. By means of an almost periodic
functional hull theory and constructing a suitable Lyapunov
function, sufficient conditions are obtained for the existence of a
unique strictly positive almost periodic solution which is
globally attractive. An example together with numerical
simulation indicates the feasibility of the main results.
Index TermsAlmost periodic solution, Mutualism system,
Discrete, Global attractivity
I. INTRODUCTION
Recently, investigating the almost periodic solutions of
discrete and continuous population dynamics model with time
delays has more extensively practical application value(see
[119] and the references cited therein). In this paper, we are
concerned with the following multispecies discrete
Lotka-Volterra mutualism system with time delays
where {ai(k)}, {bi(k)}, {cij(k)} and {dij(k)} are bounded
nonnegative almost periodic sequences such that
By the biological meaning, we will focus our discussion on
the positive solutions of system (1.1). So it is assumed that the
initial conditions of system (1.1) are the form:
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper to
investigate the global stability of positive almost periodic
solution of multispecies discrete Lotka-Volterra mutualism
system with time delays. The aim of this paper is to obtain
sufficient conditions for the existence of a unique globally
attractive almost periodic solution of the systems (1.1) with
57
initial condition (1.2), by utilizing an almost periodic
functional hull theory and constructing a suitable Lyapunov
functional and applying the analysis technique of papers [3,
12, 13].
The remaining part of this paper is organized as follows: In
Section 2, we will introduce some definitions and several
useful lemmas. In the next section, we establish the
permanence of system (1.1). Sufficient conditions for the
global attractivity of system (1.1) are showed in Section 4.
Then, in Section 5, we establish sufficient conditions to
ensure the existence of a unique strictly positive almost
periodic solution, which is globally attractive. The main result
is illustrated by an example with a numerical simulation in the
last section.
II. PRELIMINARIES
First, we give the definitions of the terminologies involved.
Definition 2.1([20]) A sequence x: ZR is called an
almost periodic sequence if the -translation set of x
is a relatively dense set in Z for all > 0; that is, for any given
> 0, there exists an integer l() > 0 such that each interval of
length l() contains an integer E{, x} with
is called an -translation number of x(n).
Definition 2.2([21]) Let D be an open subset of Rm, f : Z
D Rm. f(n, x) is said to be almost periodic in n uniformly
for x D if for any > 0 and any compact set S D, there
exists a positive integer l=l(, S) such that any interval of
length l contains an integer for which
is called an -translation number of f(n,x).
Definition 2.3( [22]) The hull of f, denoted by H(f), is
defined by
for some sequence {k}, where S is any compact set in D.
Definition 2.4 Suppose that X(k) = (x1(k), x2(k), ,
xn(k)) is any solution of system (1.1). X(k) is said to be a
strictly positive solution in Z if for kZ and i = 1, 2, , n
Now, we state several lemmas which will be useful in
proving our main result.
Lemma 2.1( [23]) {x(n)} is an almost periodic sequence if
'
and only if for any integer sequence { k i }, there exists a
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 Global attractivity and positive almost periodic solution of a multispecies discrete mutualism system with time delays

'
subsequence { ki } { k i } such that the sequence {x(n+ ki )}
Substituting (3.7) into system (1.1), for kK+i, it follows
converges uniformly for all nZ as i . Furthermore, the
that
limit sequence is also an almost periodic sequence.
Lemma 2.2( [24]) Assume that sequence {x(n)} satisfies
x(n) > 0 and Thus, as a direct corollary of Lemma 2.3, according to (3.4)
and (3.8), one has
for nN, where a(n) and b(n) are non-negative sequences
bounded above and below by positive constants. Then where

Lemma 2.3( [24]) Assume that sequence {x(n)} satisfies

Letting 0, it follows that

and x(N0)>0, where a(n) and b(n) are non-negative sequences

where
bounded above and below by positive constants and N0N.
Then

Then, (3.4) and (3.10) show that system (1.1) is permanent.

III. PERMANENCE
In this section, we establish the permanence result for
system (1.1).
Theorem 3.1 System (1.1) with initial condition (1.2) is
permanent, that is, there exist positive constants mi and Mi(i =
1, 2, , n) which are independent of the solutions of system
(1.1), such that for any positive solution (x1(k), x2(k), , condition (1.2). We first introduce a definition and prove a
xn(k)) of system (1.1), one has:
Proof. Let (x1(k), x2(k), , xn(k)) be any positive solution
of system (1.1) with initial condition (1.2). From the first
equation of system (1.1) it follows that
The proof is completed.
IV. GLOBAL ATTRACTIVITY
In this section, by constructing a non-negative Lyapunov-
like functional, we will obtain sufficient conditions for global
attractivity of positive solutions of system (1.1) with initial
theorem which will be useful to obtain our main result.
Definition 4.1 A solution (x1(k), x2(k), , xn(k)) of
system (1.1) with initial condition (1.2) is said to be globally
attractive if for any other solution (x1(k), x2(k), , xn(k))
of system (1.1) with initial condition (1.2), we have

Lemma 4.1 For any two positive solutions (x1(k),

x2(k), , xn(k)) and (x1(k), x2(k), , xn(k)) of system
(1.1) with initial condition (1.2), we have for k 2

By using (3.1), one could easily obtain that

Substituting (3.2) into the first equation of system (1.1), it

follows that

Thus, as a direct corollary of Lemma 2.2, according to (3.3),

where
one has

For any small positive constant > 0, from (3.4) it follows

that there exists a positive constants K > 0 such that for all k >
K and i = 1, 2, , n,
xi(k) Mi + . (3.5) Proof. For i = 1, 2, , n, we can have from system (1.1)
For k K+i, from (3.5) and system (1.1), we have

Thus, by using (3.6) we obtain

58 www.ijeart.com
 International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Research Technology (IJEART)
ISSN: 2454-9290, Volume-1, Issue-6, December 2015

Since

where i(k) lies between xi(k) and xi (k), i = 1, 2, , n, it

follows that

that is

By Theorem 3.1, there are constants Mi > 0, and a positive

Since integer k0 such that for k > k0, 0 < xi(k), xi (k) Mi, i = 1,
2, , n. Then from (4.8) and (4.9) we can obtain that for k
k0 + 2 ,

and for k2

Secondly, let

By a simple calculation, we can obtain

Using the Mean Value Theorem, we get

here Ai(s), Bi(s) are defined by (4.2). Then from (4.3)-(4.5),

we can easily obtain (4.1). The proof is completed.

Theorem 4.1 Assume that in system (1.1) with initial

condition (1.2), there exist positive constants i(i =1, 2, , n)
and > 0 such that
Thirdly, let

where

Then we can derive

Then for any two positive solutions (x1(k), x2(k), , xn(k))
and (x1(k), x2(k), , xn(k)) of system (1.1) with initial
condition (1.2), we have

Proof. Firstly, let

From (4.1), we have that for k 2,

Now we set

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 Global attractivity and positive almost periodic solution of a multispecies discrete mutualism system with time delays
Then from (4.8)-(4.13), we have that for k k0+2 ,
Now we define a Lyapunov-like discrete functional V (k) by
It is easy to see that V(k0+2)<+. Calculating the difference
of V(k) along the solution of system (1.1) with initial
condition (1.2), we have that for k k0+2,
where Ei and Fij are defined by (4.7).
Then we have that
which implies
That is
and then
It means that (x1(k), x2(k), , xn(k)) is globally attractive.
This completes the proof of Theorem 4.1.
V. ALMOST PERIODIC SOLUTION
In this section, we will study the existence of a globally
attractive almost periodic sequence solution of system (1.1)
with initial condition (1.2) by means of an almost periodic
functional hull theory and constructing a suitable Lyapunov
function, and obtain the sufficient conditions.
Let {m} be any integer valued sequence such that m
as m. According to Lemma 2.1, taking a subsequence if
necessary, we have
Then we get a hull equation of system (1.1) as follows:
By the almost periodic theory, we can conclude that if
system (1.1) satisfies (4.6), then the hull equation (5.1) of
system (1.1) also satisfies (4.6).
By Theorem 3.4 in [26], we can easily obtain the lemma as
follows.
Lemma 5.1 If each hull equation of system (1.1) has a
unique strictly positive solution, then the almost periodic
difference system (1.1) has a unique strictly positive almost
periodic solution.
Theorem 5.1 If the almost periodic difference system (1.1)
satisfies (4.6), then the almost periodic difference system (1.1)
admits a unique strictly positive almost periodic solution,
which is globally attractive.
Proof. By Lemma 5.1, we only need to prove that each hull
equation of system (1.1) has a unique globally attractive
almost periodic sequence solution; hence we firstly prove that
each hull equation of system (1.1) has at least one strictly
positive solution (the existence), and then we prove that each
hull equation of system (1.1) has a unique strictly positive
solution (the uniqueness).
Now we prove the existence of a strictly positive solution
of any hull equation (5.1). By the almost periodicity of {a i
(k)}, {bi (k)}, {cij(k)} and {dij(k)}, there exists an integer
valued sequence {m } with m as m such that ai (k +
m) ai (k), bi (k + m) bi (k), cij(k + m) cij(k), dij(k
+ m) dij(k), as m for kZ. Suppose that X(k) = (x1(k),
x2(k), , xn(k)) is any solution of hull equation (5.1). By the
proof of Lemma 2.2 and 2.3, we have
And also
Let be an arbitrary small positive number. It from (5.2)
that there exists a positive integer k0 such that mixi(k) Mi
+ , k k0, i = 1, 2, , n. Write Xm(k) = X(k + m) = (x1m(k),
x2m(k), , xnm(k)), for all k k0 + m,m Z+. We claim
that there exists a sequence {yi(k)}, and a subsequence of {k},
we still denote by {k} such that xim(k) yi(k), uniformly in k
on any finite subset B of Z as m, where B = {a1, a2, . . . ,
ap}, ahZ(h = 1, 2, . . . , p) and p is a finite number.
In fact, for any finite subset BZ, when m is large enough,
m + ah >k0, h = 1, 2, . . . , p. So
that is, {xi(k+m)} are uniformly bounded for large enough m.
Now, for a1B, we can choose a subsequence {(1)m } of
{m} such that {xi(a1+(1)m)} uniformly converges on Z+ for m
large enough.
Similarly, for a2B, we can choose a subsequence {(2)m }
of {(1)m } such that {xi(a2 + (2)m )} uniformly converges on Z+
for m large enough.
Repeating this procedure, for ap B, we can choose a
subsequence {(p)m} of {(p1)m} such that {xi(ap+ (p)m)}
uniformly converges on Z+ for m large enough.
60 www.ijeart.com
 International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Research Technology (IJEART)
ISSN: 2454-9290, Volume-1, Issue-6, December 2015
Now pick the sequence {(p)m } which is a subsequence of
{m}, we still denote it as {m}, then for all kB, we have n
xi(k+m)yi(k) uniformly in kB, as m.
By the arbitrary of B, the conclusion is valid.
Define Q Q , where
i 1
i i

Combined with

Let be an arbitrary small positive number. It follows from

(5.5) that there exists a positive integer K > 0 such that
gives

Therefore, for k<K, i = 1, 2, , n

We can easily see that Y(k) = (y1(k), y2(k), , yn(k)) is a

solution of hull equation (5.1) and mi yi(k) Mi + , i = 1,
2, , n, for k Z. Since is an arbitrary small positive
number, it follows that mi yi(k) Mi, i = 1, 2, , n, for k
Z, that is

Hence each hull equation of almost periodic difference

system (1.1) has at least one strictly positive solution.
Now we prove the uniqueness of the strictly positive
solution of each hull equation (5.1). Suppose that the hull
equation (5.1) has two arbitrary strictly positive solutions It follows from (5.3) and above inequalities that
(x1(k), x2(k), , xn(k)) and (y1(k), y2(k), ,yn(k)).
Like in the proof of Theorem 4.1, we construct a Lyapunov
functional so lim V * ( k ) 0 . Note that V(k) is a non-increasing
k

function on Z, and then V(k)0. That is xi (k) =yi (k), i = 1,

where 2, , n, for all kZ, Therefore, each hull equation of
system (1.1) has a unique strictly positive solution.
In view of the above discussion, any hull equation of
system (1.1) has a unique strictly positive solution. By Lemma
2.2-2.3 and Theorem 4.1, the almost periodic difference
system (1.1) has a unique strictly positive almost periodic
solution which is globally attractive. The proof is completed.

VI AN EXAMPLE AND NUMERICAL SIMULATION

In this section, we give the following example to check the
feasibility of our result.
Example Consider the following almost periodic discrete
Lotka-Volterra mutualism model with delays:

Calculating the difference of V(k) along the solution of the

hull equation (5.1), like in the discussion of (4.14), one has

From (5.4), we can see that V(k) is a non-increasing function

on Z. Summing both sides of the above inequalities from k to
0, we have

Note that V(k) is bounded. Hence we have

which implies that

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 Global attractivity and positive almost periodic solution of a multispecies discrete mutualism system with time delays

By simple computation, we derive

Then
FIGURE2: Dynamic behavior of x2(k) of system (6.1) with
the initial conditions (x1(k), x2(k), x3(k)) = (0.015, 0.019,
0.011) and (0.034, 0.022, 0.028), k = 1, 2, 3, 4 for k [1, 100]
and k [500, 550], respectively.
Also it is easy to see that the condition (4.6) is verified.
Therefore, system (6.1) has a unique strictly positive almost
periodic solution which is globally attractive. Our numerical
simulations support our results (see Figs.1-3).

FIGURE3: Dynamic behavior of x3(k) of system (6.1) with

the initial conditions (x1(k), x2(k), x3(k)) = (0.015, 0.019,
0.011) and (0.034, 0.022, 0.028), k = 1, 2, 3, 4 for k [1, 100]
and k [500, 550], respectively.
FIGURE1: Dynamic behavior of x1(k) of system (6.1) with
the initial conditions (x1(k), x2(k), x3(k)) = (0.015, 0.019,
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
0.011) and (0.034, 0.022, 0.028), k = 1, 2, 3, 4 for k [1, 100]
and k [500, 550], respectively. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests
regarding the publication of this paper, and there are no
financial interest conflicts between the authors and the
commercial identity.

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Hui Zhang is a lecturer of Xian Research Institute of High-tech

Hongqing Town. His major is almost periodicity of continuous and discrete
dynamic system.

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