AB

Community, Citizenship, and Environment

Anatomy and Physiology
Crash Course Vocab/Qs/Notes
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uBGl2BujkPQ&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtOAKed_MxxWBNa
Pno5h3Zs8

Video 1: Intro to A&P

Anatomy: the study of the structure and relationships between body parts.
Physiology: the science of how those parts come together to function, and keep that body alive.
Anatomy is what your body IS, physiology is what your body DOES
How did the process of learning anatomy come about/how was it discovered? In the second
century a greek philosopher Claudius Galenus learned the most he could about humans by
doing vivisections on pigs. Leonardo Da Vinci, started doing actual dissections of humans and
drawing what he found, until he was made to stop by the pope. Once we hit the 17th and 18th
centuries, certified anatomists were allowed to do super strict human dissections. In 1832
Britain passed the Anatomy Act where they provided students executed human bodies of
murderers.
Cadaver: a corpse that was volunteered and meant to be dissected for science and learning.
What is function follows form? Within an organism, structures are formed in direct correlation
to what they are made to do

Atoms: the basic unit of a chemical unit

Cells:the smallest structural and functional unit of an organism
Tissues: a collection of morphologically similar cells and associated intercellular matter acting
together to perform specific functions. The four basic types of tissue is muscle, nerve,epithelial
and collective.
Organs:a part of an organism that is typically self-contained and has a specific vital function,
such as the heart or liver in humans.
Organ systems: a group of organs that work together to perform one or more functions.
Body: the physical structure of a person or an animal, including the bones, flesh, and organs.
Homeostasis: the tendency toward a relatively stable equilibrium between interdependent
elements
Survival is all about maintaining balance!

Anatomical position: the erect position of the body with the face directed forward, the arms at
the side, and the palms of the hands forward
Parasagittal plane: a parasagittal plane divides the body into unequal left and right portions.
Coronal (frontal) plane: any vertical plane that divides the body into ventral and dorsal
Transverse (horizontal) plane:a plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts.
Axial: relating to or situated in the central part of the body ie axial skeleton
Appendicular: relating to or denoting an appendage or appendages.
anterior/ventral:nearer the front, especially situated in the front of the body or nearer to the
head.- of, on, or relating to the underside of an animal or plant; abdominal.
posterior/dorsal: further back in position; of or nearer the rear or hind end, especially of the body
or a part of it.-of, on, or relating to the upper side or back of an animal, plant, or organ.
superior/cranial: further above or out; higher in position.- of or relating to the skull or cranium.
inferior/caudal: low or lower in position.-of or like a tail.
Medial: situated near the median plane of the body or the midline of an organ.
Lateral: of, at, toward, or from the side or sides.
Proximal: situated nearer to the center of the body or the point of attachment.
Distal: situated away from the center of the body or from the point of attachment.

Reflection on what you learned/what stood out as important from this video: For the intro
video to the video series, it was more of a reflection of things i already knew. I really liked how
he explained everything, it was really interesting and refreshed my memory.

Video 2: Tissues, Part 1

Amoeba: rugged no frills life form- do everything in the same place in the same cell
Tissues (see above): the fabric of your body
The type of tissue defines its function
Nervous tissue: control and communication
Muscle tissue: movement
Epithelial tissue: cover and protect the body
Connective tissue: provide support
Cell is to words as Tissues are to ___sentences
Histology: the study of our tissues
Why did it take so long to start studying small cells and tissues? We didnt have microscopes
Why do you have to use a microscope and stain to see a tissue sample under a microscope?
You have to preserve it and slice it into this pieces and stain it to show different contrasts. And
need the microscope to see it.
What are nervous tissues two main jobs? Sensing stimuli and sending electrical impusles
through the body
Neurons: the specialized building blocks all over your body. They sense stimuli
Dendrites: collect signals to send to the other cells in the body
Axon: carries messages to other muscles and neurons
Glial cells: provides support and protection and tethers them to blood cells.
Muscle tissue is well vascularized. What does this mean? Has a good blood supply
Skeletal muscle tissue: the tissue that connects to your skull and other bones in your skeleton to
give you functions such as making facial expressions
Cardiac muscle tissue: muscles in your heart that do involuntary movement only found in your
heart. Stiped. Only has one nucleus
Smooth muscle tissue: lines the walls of most of your blood vessels and hollow organs.

Reflection on what you learned/what stood out as important from this video: The one thing
from this video that really stood out to me was learning about the connective tissue. Before, I
didnt know how many different things connective tissues did for your body. It was also really
interesting to learn about the diseases that go along with connective tissue.

Video 3: Tissues, Part 2: Epithelial Tissue

Epithelial tissue keeps everything in your body in order!!!
Proper epithelium: covers and lines your inner and outer body
Glandular epithelium:forms your glands and secretes hormones and other substances
Epithelial tissue covers both __the inside______ and ___the outside_______ of your body.
Avascular: doesnt have blood supply
Squamous: flat cells, look like fish scales
Cuboidal: absorb nutrients, provide secretions, stretched
Columnus: tall and thick, cushion underlying cells.
What does he mean by cells are expensive, and how does this translate to where you can find
certain cells? They take a lot of time and energy and raw materials to make. On your outer arm
and skin you lose squamous cells.
Describe simple vs stratified vs pseudostratified. Stratified has a lot of layers on top of each
other, like bricks. Pseudostratified cells are mostly one layer. Cells have different shapes and
sizes
Polar: distinct cells
Apical side: upper side
Basal: inner surface
Selectively permeable: allows some level of absorption, filtration, and excretion of substances.
Endocrine glands: secrete hormones right into your bloodstream or to nearby cells
Exocrine glands: secrete their juices into tubes or ducts that lead to the outside of the body.

Reflection on what you learned/what stood out as important from this video: The one thing I
remember being really interesting to me during this video was the glandular tissue, I had no
clue what it was. I liked learning about the different substances and hormones.
Video 4: Tissues Part 3: Connective Tissue

Proper connective tissue:find in ligaments and protecting your skin

Cartilage: bind support and protect your organs and give you a skeleton so you can move with
purpose
Bones: bind, support and protect your organs and give you a skeleton so you can move with
purpose
Blood: transports your hormones, nutrients, and other material all around your body
Fat: proper connective tissue which provides insulation and fuel storage.
Mesenchyme:a loose and fluid type of embryonic tissue
Vascularity: blood flow
Extracellular matrix: non-living material
When you see connective tissue up close, it looks and acts like __jello !
Ground substance: a watery, rubbery unstructured material, that fills in the spaces between
cells and protects the cells.
Fibers: provide support and structure to the ground substance
Collagen fibers: strongest and most abundant type of fiber
Elastic fibers: form branching framework, they stretch and recoil like rubber bands
Reticular fibers: short, finer collagen fibers, have sponge like networks
Immature cells end in - blast, and are called stem cells.
Chondroblasts: the blast cells of cartilage
Osteoblasts: the blast cells of bone
Mature cells end in - cyte
Macrophages: guard cells, eat bacteria and even your own dead cells.
Marfan syndrome: a genetic disorder of the connective tissue

Reflection on what you learned/what stood out as important from this video: My favorite things
from this video was learning about the vascular system and the osteoblasts. I had some prior
knowledge of the vascular system and thought it was really interesting, but learning about the
cells in the bone was the most interesting for me.

Video #5: Types of Connective Tissue

Whats the reason people started cooking meat? To break down the connective tissues
Why cant you pull skin off a living chicken? The living skin is anchored by connective tissue
Loose connective tissue: has fewer fibers, more cells, and more ground substance
Dense connective tissue: has more fibers is used in ligaments and to connect bones and tissue
together.
Areolar tissue: the most common loose connective tissue found all over your body.
Adipose tissue: Is mostly cells, a fat storer and insulate the body against heat loss.
Reticular tissue: what holds your blood in place in many of your organs.
Regular tissue: has bundles of collagen fibers, they provide great resistance to tension.
Irregular tissue: fibers are thicker and arranged erratically, found where tension is found going
many different ways.
Elastic tissue: provides support and elasticity.
Hyaline cartilage: the most common type of cartilage, provides support.
Elastic cartilage: has more elastic fibers than hyaline cartilage.
Fibro cartilage: the shock absorbers.
Osseous tissue: calcified connective tissue
Spongy: found mainly in flat bones, uses the extra room to store bone marrow.
Compact: stores calcium, has no extra room forms the external part of your bones.
What is the ground substance of blood? Your blood plasma
What is your bloods main job? Delivering goods. I.e cells, hormones etc.
What is blood composed of? Erythroscytes, leukocytes, and platelets.

Reflection on what you learned/what stood out as important from this video: I really liked this
section, they went more in depth about diseases that affect the connective tissue and I was
really interested in it. I really liked learning about how important your connective tissue is, and
the examples used in the videos were my favorite.

Video #6: The Integumentary System, Part One- Skin Deep

What is your largest organ? Your skin
What are the main jobs of your skin? To protect you from infection, extreme temperature,
maintains your balance of fluids.
Epidermis: the top layer of your skin
Dermis: does most of the work like, sweating, circulating blood, and feeling.
Hypodermis: is fatty tissue
Keratinocytes: the building blocks of the tough, fibrous protein keratin
How many skin cells do you lose in a day? You lose millions of them everyday
Melanocyte: a spider shaped cell that synthesizes melanin
Langerhans cells: the cells that ingest the unwanted invaders
Merkel cells: combine with nerve endings to create a sensory receptor for touch
Thick skin: the tougher skin on the palms of your hands and the bottoms of your feet has five
epidermal layers
Thin skin: covers everything else with only four epidermal layers
Stratum corneum: the outermost layer and also the roughest
Stratum lucidum: the clear layer
Stratum granulosom: looks grainy the cells are more compressed and layered.
Stratum spinosum: the fourth layer, closer to the part where cell regeneration and mitosis
happens.
Stratum basale: the deepest layer, is like a cell factory, what connects the epidermis to the layer
of skin below it
Papillary layer: they form friction ridges, that help us grip things.
Reticular layer: made up of dense irregular tissue
What does hypodermis do? Provides insulation, energy storage, shock absorption, and is the
anchor to the skin.

Reflection on what you learned/what stood out as important from this video: This wasnt one
of my favorite sections but I did learn a lot. The most memorable part for me was learning
about the skin and how its the biggest organ in your body. I thought it was cool to learn about
the fact that its job is to protect your body.

Video #7: The Integumentary System, Part Two- Skin Deeper

What are some not so fun things your integumentary system can do to you? Give you acne,
make you smell
Whats the first basic job of your integumentary system? To work as a protective barrier.
Whats the deeper job? To sense the things around you
Corpuscles: register all the different sensations you associate with touch.
How much blood is in your skin? About 5% of your entire blood volume
Why do we sweat? To regulate your body temperature
Why do blood vessels constrict away from skin and then come back? To keep your vital organs
warm, when theyre all warmed up the vessels start to relax and let the blood go back to the skin
Why are there different types of colored melanin and what does it mean? Blue skin (cyanosis)
may indicate heart failure, poor circulation, severe respiratory issues. Yellow skin (jaundice) may
indicate liver disorder. Red skin (erythema) may indicate fever, inflammation, or allergy.
What are the two types of sweat glands and how are they different? Eccrine glands are more
abundant in your palms forehead and foot soles, and apocrine glands only have about 2,000 of
them that start maturing during puberty.
What do oil glands do? Soften and lubricate your skin.

Reflection on what you learned/what stood out as important from this video: This was a cool
video, I learned that sweating is used for regulating your body temperature and that your
blood vessels constrict to keep your vital organs warm. I think this was one of the sections i
learned the most from.
REFLECTION:
After watching the Crash Course videos that correlated with the slideshows and notes
you took, what were the pros and cons of each type of learning?

TOPIC/MEDIA: PROS: CONS:

Digestive System Slideshow
and Qs/Vocab
The answers are right in
front of you, you have to
write the answers down
yourself which helps me
remember more. And you
can move at your own pace
It can take a longer amount
of time to finish it, because
you have to keep up the
pace with reading

Digestive System Crash He explains it to you, so Its hard to remember some

Course Video you dont have to read just of the things he says
watch because he talks so fast
and gives a lot of
information in a short
amount of time

Respiratory System You can read at your own It can get repetitive
Slideshow and Qs/Vocab pace, and reread things
easily

Respiratory System Crash He explains it with things He talks really fast and its
Course Video that are easy to understand hard to keep up
by comparing the body to
everyday things

Go back over your answers and notes for each of the topics and videos you watched and
list some of the most interesting/applicable knowledge about A&P that you learned for
each. (I put a space under each section on this document and the other, so you can go
back and do this reflective work). You can look back over any videos and
slideshows/notes you want to in order to complete this last part of the project.