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MigrationandUrbanization

MRabiulHaque
DPS,DU

Migration: Concept and Definitions

z Populationmobilityormovement includesallkindsofspatial
relocationfromroutinedailycommutingtopermanent
migrationthatoccurovervariousdistances,andinwhichthe
durationofmovesvariesfromafewhourstomanyyears.It
includesbothreciprocalflowsaswellastheconventional
lineartypeofmigration.
z Mobility involvesaspatialrelocationeitherwithoutchangeof
residence(suchascommuters)orwithchangeinplaceof
( ) g p
residence(bothtemporaryandpermanent)
z FollowingZelinsky(1975,225)populationmobilitycanbe
dividedintomigrationandcirculation.Thedistinctionis
usuallydrawnonthebasisofpermanentchangeofresidence.

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z MigrationasdefinesbyUNasachangeofresidencefromone
civildivisiontoanotherforaperiodofoneyearormore.
Thosemovementsforlessthanoneyearareregardedasnon
migratory.Manyempiricalstudiesdefinemigrantasaperson
whochangeshisresidenceforaperiodoftimesuchassix
monthsormore.
z Theessentialcharacteristicofmigration isthatitinvolvesa
changeofresidenceeithertemporarilyofpermanently.This
is one of the basic differences between a mover
isoneofthebasicdifferencesbetweena mover anda
and a
migrant.Thusallmigrantsaremoversbutsomemovers
suchascommutersandshorttermvisitors,shoppersetc.are
notmigrants.Theformerisverycommoninmarriage
migrationwhilethelatterismostlyrelatedtothemovements
ofworkingpeople.

z Circulation includesallkindsofmovementsencompassed
bythelevelpopulationmobilityexceptforpermanent
migration.OnecommondefinitionproposedbyZelinskyis
..a great variety of movements, usually shortterm,
repetitive, or cyclical in nature, but all having in common
the lack of any declared intention of a permanent or long
lasting change in residence.
z The critical distinction between migration
migration and circulation
circulation
the two major types of population mobility, denotes
whether or not a return to place of origin is involved.
z Therefore, a wide range of temporary migrants from short
term, seasonal to quasipermanent types who intend to
return or visit to their place of origins, are in fact
circulators
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NATUREANDCHARACTERISTICSOFMIGRATION

InternalMigration(forworkingpeople)
z Mostlycirculatoryinnature
z Predominantlymale
z Ruraltourbanstreampredominates
z Seasonalmigrationiseitherdisappearingorshifting
stream
z Seasonalmigrantsaremostlycomingfrompoorer
communities
Contd...

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InternationalMigration(Emigration)
z Predominantlymale
z Unskilledandsemiskilledlabourerspredominate
z Mostlycontractlabourmigration
z Recruitmentsmostlydonebyindividualcontactor
Recruitments mostly done by individual contact or
privaterecruitmentagents
z Statusinabroad:lowpaid,illegalanduncared

SPATIALPATTERNOFMIGRATION

InternalMigration
z ReducingRRtraditionalstream
z RUstreampredominatesandrising
z Migrantflowsaremostlytowardsbigurbancenters
z Dhaka,thecapitalcity,becomesaMeccaforthemigrants
International Migration (Emigration)
InternationalMigration(Emigration)
z LabourmigrantsaremostlyboundtotheMEandMalaysia
z Accesstodevelopedcountriesarelimited
z SilentemigrationtoIndia(alsoPakistan)isnotrecorded

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SELECTIVITYINMIGRATION

z Migrantsareselective
z Theyarenotrandomlyselected
z Theimportantselectioncriteriaare age,sex,lifecycle,
education,occupation,race,economicconditionetc.
z Theimportanceofselectioncriteriadependsvarymuch
onlocal,regionalandglobalsituationsoflabourmarket,
, g g ,
politicoeconomiccondition,demographiccontext,
technologicalsituationandofcoursetheimpactof
globalization

CAUSESOFMIGRATION:MAJORRURALPUSHFACTORS

z Increasingagriculturallandlessness
z Massivepauperization
z Risingun/underemployment
z Lowwage
z Increasingnumberofmarginalorparttimefarmers
z Skeweddistributionofresources(land&others)
z Scarcityofcreditfacility
z Caste and class complexities
Casteandclasscomplexities
z Risinginsecurity(life,property,investment,status)
z Riverbankerosion
z Inferioreducation
z Lackofappropriateandadequateemployment,especiallyforeducatedpeople
z Insecurity,lowwageandgenerallackoffemaleemployment
z Generallackofhealth,economicandrecreationfacilities

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TRENDS OF MIGRATION

InternalMigration

z Migrationisrisingasawayofearninglivelihood
z Thenumberoffemalemigrantsareincreasing
z Commutingasalternativetomigrationisflourishing
z R U circulation of working people i e non linear circulatory
RUcirculationofworkingpeoplei.e.nonlinearcirculatory
fashionofmigrationbecomesapermanentshape

InternationalMigration
z Stillmaintainsthetraditionalpattern
z Permanentemigrationtodevelopedregionswillincrease
z Thescopeforemigrationofprimarysectorworkerswill
increase
z Nontraditional routes will be opened in future
Nontraditionalrouteswillbeopenedinfuture
z RemittanceandinvestmentbyBangladeshiexpatriates
willincrease
z Populationpressurewillreduce
z Threatofreturnmigrationmayincrease

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PROSPECTSOFRUMIGRATION

z Citiesareconsideredastheenginesofdevelopment
z Urbancentersarealmostuniformlydistributed
z Largenumberofurbansettlements&ruralmarkets
z Highdensityofroadnetwork
z Smallcountrywithgoodspatialshape
z Favorablemigrationbehavior(circulatoryfashion)
bl b h ( l f h )
z RUcommutingcanbeaviablealternativetoRUmigration
z Exceptsomebigcities,mostoftheurbancentersarenotcrowdedand
haphazardlydeveloped
z Propermigrationandurbanizationpolicycanbenefitbothruralandurban
people

WHATISPLANNEDMIGRATION?

z Properredistributionofpopulationthroughmigration
z Spatialandsocialequitabledevelopment
z Migrantscanbeanagentforruraldevelopment
z Migrationhelpspovertyalleviation&womenempowerment
z Migrationreducepopn.pressure&shortageoflabour
z B l
Balancedurbanizationthroughplannedmigration
d b i ti th h l d i ti
z Benefitsbothruralandurbancommunities
z Helpschangesoflivelihoodswithtime
z Developmentthroughplannedurbanization

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COMMUTINGASANALTERNATIVETOMIGRATIONTODHAKACITY

StrengthenRUcommutingfacilitiesas
analternativetoRUmigrationto
DhakaMegacityasdidinmajorcities
inIndia.

Itwillreducemigrationpressureto
DhakaCityaswellashelpruralpeople
toimprovetheirsocioeconomic
condition.

BeingcentrallylocatedDhakaCity
couldhavebeenlinkedwith
surroundingvastareaswithcommuter
train(asseeninthismap).

Urbanization:ConceptandDefinitions

UrbanCentres/Areas/Settlements:
z In1991CensusofBangladeshthedefinitionofurbansettlementsareadoptedas
follows:
z AllplaceswithCityCorporation,MunicipalityorTownCommitteeand
Cantonment,ThanaorUpazila Headquarters,Industrialareasordevelopment
centersandnotifiedtownshavingdistincturbancharacteristicssuchasrailway,
tourist,administrative,educationalandbigmarketcenters.
Alltheseplaces/centerssatisfythefollowingcriteria:
z Anidentifiablecentralplacewhereamenitieslikemetalled
An identifiable central place where amenities like metalled roads,electricity,gas,
roads electricity gas
sewerage,watersupply,sanitationgarbagedisposal,communitycentres etc.
usuallyexist
z Whicharedenselypopulated
z Majorityofworkingpeopleengagedinnonagriculturalpursuits
z Wherecommunitysenseiswelldeveloped
z Whichhaveatleast5000populations.However,placeshavinglessthan5000
peoplearealsoconsideredasanurbancenteriftheyfulfillothercriteriaas
mentionedabove.

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Following urban areas are usually considered in census

surveys and they are categorized according to their functions
and population sizes.
z Megacity : City having more than 5 million population has been
d fi d as megacity.
defined it Dhaka,
Dh k th the capital
it l city,
it iis th
the only
l megacity
it
of Bangladesh. Dhaka megacity comprises of Dhaka City
Corporation, Narayanganj city, Bandar, Keranigonj, Uttara, Savar,
Tongi, Gazipur thans and cantonment area.
z Statistical Metropolitan Areas (SMA): They include Municipal
Corporations and the adjoining areas having urban characteristics.
At this moment there are three SMAs in the country. They are
Chittagong SMA, Khulna SMA and Rajshahi SMA.
z City: An urban center having 100,000 499,999 population is
termed as city. All of them are municipalities.
z Towns: These are urban areas that have less than 100,000
populations. They can be further divided into small towns and
medium sized towns or sometimes as secondary towns. Some
of these towns are municipalities as well.
Contd.

z Municipalities: These are incorporated and

administered by the government as urban areas under
the Paurashava Ordinance, 1977. Municipality is
statutory town.
z Thana Headquarters (Thana towns) : The mauzas
containing the thana and adjoining urban and sub-urban
areas constitute thana towns/headquarters.
z Other Urban Areas: These are non-municipal towns
which conform more or less to the urban characteristics
by definition.
definition Usually these are places of commercial,
commercial
industrial, educational and tourist importance.
z Urbanization: Percentage of total people living in urban
settlements in a country

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NATURE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF URBANIZATION

z

z Low level of urbanization

z Rapid growth of population and area
z Dense living (over crowding of people & housing)
z Primate city
z Small & mofassal towns are neglected
z Unequal distribution of land and housing
z Highly inadequate & unequal services/facilities
z Proliferation of slums & squatters
z Environmental deterioration (due to pollution)
z Traffic mismanagement (jams, slow, narrow lanes etc.)
z High incidence of diseases
z Violence, crimes & social tensions
z Unplanned and haphazard growth towns

SPATIAL PATTERNS OF URBANIZATION

z Regional/Spatial patterns
z Geographic causes of variation (location, distance,
physiography, rivers, hazards, geo-resources, etc.)
z Socio-economic causes of variation ( socio-economic
character of people, political influence, transport facility, etc.)
z Implication of relevant facilities and policies (industrial
policy, energy distribution, investment policy, financial and
marketing facilities etc.)
z Influence of overseas remittance (economic, political and
social or cultural influence)
z Impact of globalization ( competitive strength of individual city in
regional and global scale)

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GROWTH AND LEVEL OF URBANIZATION

z Components of growth (natural increase, migration,

areal expansion and change of definition of town)
z Factors for differential growth (geographic,
economic, social, political etc.)
z Level of urbanization
z Growth of Dhaka City

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NUMBER OF URBAN CENTRES BY SIZE CLASSES, 1901-1991

Population Size 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1974 1981 1991
of Urban Place

All size 48 48 50 58 59 63 78 108 491 522

Above 1 million - - - - - - - 1 2 2

100,000 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 5 11 18
999,999
50,000 - 99,999 - - - - 2 2 5 14 23 24

,
25,000 49,999
, - - 5 7 13 14 15 23 46 75

10,000 24,999 21 23 20 21 20 20 23 49 117 178

5,000 9,999 15 13 13 17 19 18 21 12 129 135

Less than 5,000 10 10 10 11 3 7 10 4 163 90

URBANIZATION IN BANGLADESH: POPULATION

SIZE AND GROWTH

Year Total Urban Percent of Urban Average Annual

Population Population Growth Rate (%)
1951 1819773 4.33 1.69
1961 2640726 5.19 3.75
1974 6273602 8.78 6.62
1981 13535963 15 54
15.54 10 63
10.63
1991 20872204 20.15 5.43
2001 28808477 23.39 3.27
Source: BBS, 1997, BBS, 2001

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POPULATION PROJECTION OF BANGLADESH 1981-2015

Year Total Rural Urban Urban Level of

Popn
Popn. Popn. Popn. growth urbanization
(m) (m) (m) (% p.a.) (share of urban
Popn. %)
1981 90.0 76.5 13.5 10.3 15.1
1985 100.0 83.1 17.5 6.5 17.4
1990 113.7 90.8 22.9 5.4 20.1
1995 126.8 97.4 29.4 5.0 23.2
2000 141.1 103.8 37.3 4.8 26.4
2005 155.8 109.4 46.4 4.4 29.8
2010 170.5 113.7 56.8 4.0 33.3
2015 184.6 116.7 67.9 3.6 36.8
Source:WorldBank.BangladeshEconomicandSocialDevelopmentProspects.Vol.II(ReportNo.509)April
1985.P.126,Table9.8.

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Population Growth Rate in Selected SAARC Megacities

8
7.1
Although Dhakas growth is projected to Dhaka
7
slow down, the rate remains very high, Karachi
highest among SAARC megacities
Annual Growth Rate (in %)

6
Kolkata
4.9
5 Mumbai
4.3 4.2
4 3.7
3.2 3.2 3.1
3
Average A

22
2.2
2
2 1.8 1.7

0
1985-95 1995-05 2005-15

Source: Cities in a Globalizing World 2001, UN

WHY VILLAGERS ARE ATTRACTED TO DHAKA CITY?

z Central location
z Better accessibility
z M
More income
i andd employment
l t opportunities
t iti
z Large size of population
z Moderate climate
z Better working environment
z Cosmopolitan character
z Lack of attraction to other cities
z Lack of migration control
z Lack of adequate rural development work
z Countrys largest concentration of
a) Administrative work, industry, business & commerce
b) Informal sector activities
c) Credit facilities and private investments
d) Education, health and cultural facilities
e) Transport and construction sector employment

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THE CITY OF DHAKA

z Where there is a way in but no permanent way-out
z Dhaka becomes a mecca for the rural out-migrants
z Its a home for the countrys power elites & rich people
z A city for earning livelihood of a wide range of people
z A place for haves and have-nots
z A centre of quality education
z A dream home for millions of people
z Ap place of work for highly
g y skilled and unskilled people
p p
z When you need taka (money) go to Dhaka
z A perfect place for rural seasonal unemployed and under-employed
people
z A secured place for female, low-caste and other minority ethnic
groups.

Slum Population as Percent of City Population

City Area Citypopulation2005 Slumpopulation Slumpopn.as%of
(insq.km) (Estd.) 2005 citypopulation

Dhaka (DMA) 306 9,136,182 3,420,521 37.4

Chittagong 177 4,133,014 1,465,028 35.4

Khulna 48 966,837 188,442 19.5

Rajshahi 51 489,514 156,793 32.0

Sylhet 27 356,440 97,676 27.4

Barisal 51 365,059 109,705 30.1

Total six cities 661 15,447,046 5,438,165 35.2

Source:SlumsofUrbanBangladesh:MappingandCensus,2005

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SLUM AND NON-SLUM POPULATION DENSITY

SIX CITY CORPORATIONS IN 2005

City corporation Slum density Non-slum density

(persons per km2) (persons per km2)

Dhaka Metropolitan Area 2,20,246 19,677

Chittagong City 2,55,100 15,543

Corporation

Khulna City Corporation 1,32,988 16,884

Rajshahi City Corporation 67,236 6,796

Barisal City Corporation 1,33,730 5,084

Sylhet City Corporation 1,54,741 9,630

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MOST CRITICAL ISSUES FOR DHAKA CITY

z Population size and density

z Severe shortage of public land
z Shortage of open space (park, playground etc.)
z Scarcity of high ground
z Traffic congestion
z Mass poverty
z High land value and house rent
z Poors and children are neglected
z Severe environmental problems (dust, wet, drainage
overflow, flood, water logging, unmanaged garbage and
sewage)
z Lack of coordination

PRESCRIPTIONS FOR HEALTHY URBAN

ENVIRONMENT FOR DHAKA MEGACITY
z Create adequate employments and other facilities in
and around rural regions (i.e. migrants origin place)
z Develop and encourage commuting as an alternative
to migration
z Develop small and medium size towns
z Decentralize urban services and facilities from
Dhaka Megacity to other urban centres
z Strengthen local government institutes
z Create metropolitan government for DC

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URBAN GOVERNANCE AND MANAGEMENT

z Needs institutional reforms, capacity building and

decentralization of responsibilities and resources to
local authorities.
z Participation of people including the poor and
women in the design, implementation and
monitoring activities.
z Strong coordination,
coordination cooperation and networking
between all departments and service sectors.
z For metropolis, create urban governor system

URBANIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT

z Urbanization and economic development are closely

related It can provide stimulus to development only
related.
if properly managed or planned. In fact, urbanization
is an index of development (economic/social).
z If badly managed, urbanization is accompanied by
adverse socio-economic and environmental
consequences.
z Therefore, what is needed is proper urban policies
so that we can have sustainable development
through urbanization.

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CONCLUDING REMARKS
z Both migration and urbanization is inevitable and
essential
z It is an indispensable part of our economy, employment &
development of our socio-economic status
z It is essential for poverty alleviation and women
empowerment
z Remittance is in fact reshaping our economy and
development
z We should,, therefore,, develop p appropriate
pp p policies
p for:
a) balanced urbanization
b) planned migration/emigration
c) strengthening rural-urban linkages
d) helping migrants
e) proper utilization of remittance

AnyQuestions?

ThankYou

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