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..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(b) Name a
(ii) Name the substance that reacts with ethene to make ethanol.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................... [4]
Total / 8
IGCSE QUESTIONS SET X (Alkane, Alkene and Alcohol/Bonding, Formulae)
B9 Ethene is an important starting material for the production of chemicals such as ethanol, ethanoic
acid and ethane-1,2-diol. Ethene, C2H4, is manufactured by the cracking of long chain
hydrocarbons such as dodecane, C12H26.
.......................................................................................................................................... (1)
(b) Draw a dot and cross diagram for ethene. You only need to draw the valence (outer shell)
electrons.
.......................................................................................................................................... (1)
(c) Ethene can also be converted into a compound that contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
A sample of the compound was analysed and found to contain 0.72 g of carbon, 0.18 g of
hydrogen and 0.96 g of oxygen.
Show that the empirical formula of the compound is CH3O.
(3)
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................... (2)
(e) Ethanol reacts with hot acidified potassium dichromate(VI) to form ethanoic acid.
(i) Describe the colour change that occurs during this reaction and draw the structure of
ethanoic acid.
(ii) Ethane-1,2-diol has the structure drawn below.
H
H
H
H O C C O H
Suggest the structure of the product of the reaction between ethane-1,2-diol and hot
acidified potassium dichromate(VI).
(3)
Total / 10
IGCSE QUESTIONS SET X (Alkane, Alkene and Alcohol, mole and calculations from equations)
B10 All members of the carboxylic acid homologous series contain the CO2H group.
The table shows the formula of the
first three members of this homologous series.
(a) Name the unbranched carboxylic acid that has four carbon atoms per molecule.
(1)
(b) Give the formula of the sixth member of the carboxylic acid homologous series.
(1)
(c) Ethanol, C2H5OH, reacts with ethanoic acid to make ethyl ethanoate.
Draw the structure of ethyl ethanoate.
(1)
(d) Name a reagent that can be used to convert ethanol into ethanoic acid.
reagent that can be used to convert ethanol into ethanoic acid.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) Ethanol and concentrated ethanoic acid react to form the ester ethyl ethanoate.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
(iii) The reaction between ethanol and ethanoic acid can reach dynamic equilibrium.
What is meant by the term dynamic equilibrium?
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [4]
(d) Ethanoic acid is a weak acid. It reacts with magnesium giving a gas and a magnesium salt.
(i) What is meant by the term weak acid?
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
Total / 11
IGCSE QUESTIONS SET X (Alkane, Alkene and Alcohol)
1 Ethanol, CH3CH2OH, is a liquid fuel. Ethanol can be manufactured either from glucose, C6H12O6, or
from ethene.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[4]
..........................................................................................................................................
(1)
(e) Magnesium reacts with ethanoic acid to make magnesium ethanoate and hydrogen.
Write the equation for this reaction. Use the equation to calculate the mass of
magnesium needed to react completely with 50 cm3 of 1.0 mol/dm3 of ethanoic acid.
(3)
(f) Suggest why the reaction between magnesium and 1.0 mol/dm3 ethanoic acid is
much slower than the reaction between magnesium and 1.0 mol/dm3 hydrochloric acid.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
(2)
..........................................................................................................................................
(1)
Total / 10
IGCSE QUESTIONS SET X (Alkane, Alkene and Alcohol, Bonding)
2 The structures shown below are of the first two members of an homologous series known as the
cyclopropanes.
H H H H
C C
H
H C C H H C C C H
.......... [1]
H ....
.... (ii) Deduce the
H .... general formula for the
.... cyclopropane
H .... homologous series.
....
H .... ..............................
.... ..............................
H .... ..............................
.... ..............................
co .... ...... [1]
mp ....
oun .... (b) Cyclopropanes react in
dD .... a similar way to alkanes
co .... such as methane.
mp ....
oun .... (i) Write a chemical
dE .... equation for the
.... complete combustion
Members of an .... of compound D.
homologous series ....
have a general .... ..............................
formula. .... ..............................
.... ..............................
(a) (i) State .... ..............................
one other .... ...... [2]
characteristic of ....
an homologous .... (
series. ....
compound F
IGCSE QUESTIONS SET X (Alkane, Alkene and Alcohol)
3 The table shows the formula of the first three members of the alcohol homologous series.
alcohol formula
methanol CH3OH
ethanol C2H5OH
propanol C3H7OH
(a) Deduce the general formula for the alcohol homologous series.
.......................................................................................................................................... (1)
(b) Name the products of the complete combustion of methanol.
.......................................................................................................................................... (1)
(i) Write an equation for the production of ethanol from ethene and state the conditions
under which the reaction takes place.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
(2)
Calculate the maximum mass of ethanol that could be made from 36 tonnes of glucose.
(3)
(iii) Explain why ethanol made from ethene is a non-renewable fuel but that made from
glucose is a renewable fuel.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
(2)
(1)
[Total: 10]
IGCSE QUESTIONS SET X (Alkane, Alkene and Alcohol, Bonding)
(a) Describe how aqueous bromine can be used to distinguish between a sample of ethane and a
sample of ethene.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
ii) Suggest the type of reaction by which compound D reacts with chlorine.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) Name and draw the structure of an alkene that is an isomer of compound D.
name ...............................................................................................................................
structure
[2]
Total / 7
IGCSE QUESTIONS SET X (Alkane, Alkene and Alcohol)
H H
H H H H H H
H C C H
H C C C C H C C CO2H
H C C H
H H H H H
H H
Cl H H H H
H H H
Cl C Cl H C C C C H
H C C C CO2H
H H H H
F
H H H
compound D compou
(a) Which two compounds have the same molecular formula?
nd E
.............................................................. and ................................................................[1]
......................................................................................................................................[1]
......................................................................................................................................[1]
......................................................................................................................................[1] [Total:
4]
[2]
[1]
(d) Write both the name and the molecular formula of an alkene molecule containing four
carbon atoms.
name ................................................................................................................................
[2] [Total: 7]
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) A molecule of the alcohol hexanol contains six carbon atoms. Write the formula of
hexanol.
................................................................ [1]
(i) Write an equation for the reaction between ethene and steam.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
[3]
Total / 10
IGCSE QUESTIONS SET X (Alkane, Alkene and Alcohol)
7 This question is about alkanes.
80
60
40
20
boiling
point/C
0
20
40
60
80
-100
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
(ii)
[3]
(d) Combustion of petrol in a car engine also produces pollutants.
Name two pollutants, other than carbon monoxide, which are produced in car engines.
test tube B
flask A
...............................................................................................................................[3]
opt
im
(b) A hydrocarbon has the formula C8H16. um
Explain why this is not an alkane. (or
be
.......................................................................................................................................... st)
co
......................................................................................................................................[1] ndi
tio
(c) In some parts of the world, butane is used as a fuel for room heaters. If these are ns
faulty, incomplete combustion occurs and carbon monoxide is produced. for
the
(i) What causes incomplete combustion? rea
cti
................................................................................................................................... on
an
(ii) Construct an equation to show that incomplete combustion of butane produces da
carbon monoxide and water only. wo
rd
................................................................................................................................... eq
uat
(iii) State why carbon monoxide is hazardous. ion
for
................................................................................................................................... the
rea
................................................................................................................................... cti
on.
[3]
(a) Describe how this apparatus can be used to produce ethanol.
Your answer should include the names of the substances added to flask A, the
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................[3]
Ca
(b) Suggest what could be added to test-tube B to identify the gas produced. lcu
lat
[1] e
the
..................................................................................................................................[1] tot
al
(c) Ethanol can be used as a fuel. en
The enthalpy change of combustion for 1 mole of ethanol is erg
1367 kJ. Write an equation for the complete combustion of y
ethanol. rel
ea
se
d
by
the
co
mp
let
e
co
................................................................................................................................... mb
ust
ion of 23 g of ethanol.
[3]
[2]
(d) Ethanol can be manufactured by the catalytic addition of water vapour to ethene.
H O - H
Draw the structures of ethene and ethanol. [3]
[2]
Explain why ethene undergoes addition reactions.
...................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................. [2]
[10 marks]
IGCSE QUESTIONS SET X (Alkane, Alkene and Alcohol)
4 This table shows some information about two homologous series; the alkanes and the acid chlorides.
(a) Name the acid chloride with the highest boiling point.
........................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Deduce the name of the acid chloride with the formula C2H5COCl.
......................................................................................................................................... [1]
......................................................................................................................................... [1]
..........................................................................................................................................
(ii) Would you expect the products of complete combustion of the acid chlorides to be the same
as in (i)? Explain your reasoning.
......................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 5 marks]
IGCSE QUESTIONS SET X (Alkane, Alkene and Alcohol, Bonding & Chemical calculations)
B9 Both ethanoic acid and butanoic acid are found in some plants and bacteria.
(a) Draw the structure of butanoic acid showing all atoms and bonds.
..........................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) Explain:
..........................................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) how you could show that butanoic acid is a weak acid.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c) Butanoic acid can be converted into an ester by heating it with an alcohol and a few drops of
concentrated sulphuric acid.
A sample of an ester contains 0.18 g of carbon, 0.03 g of hydrogen and 0.08 g of oxygen. The
relative molecular mass of the ester is 116.
Calculate both the empirical and molecular formulae of this ester.
(3)
(d) Ethanoic acid can be produced by the bacterial fermentation of glucose, C6H12O6. During this
process glucose is first oxidised to ethanol.
(i) Write an equation for the fermentation of glucose to form ethanol and carbon dioxide.
..........................................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) State the reagents and conditions required for ethanol to be oxidised to ethanoic acid in the
laboratory.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
(2)
IGCSE QUESTIONS SET X (Alkane, Alkene and Alcohol, Crude Oil, Polymerization)
4 Catalytic cracking is carried out by oil companies to produce high grade petrol.
The process is carried out using an aluminium oxide catalyst. The
reaction is a type of thermal decomposition.
(a) Explain the meaning of
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(ii) catalyst.
...................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................[2]
(c) The table shows some of the products obtained by cracking 100g of different fractions
under the same conditions.
fraction
cracked hydrogen methane ethene petrol
ethane 10 5 75 2
paraffin 1 15 30 23
diesel 0 6 20 17
...................................................................................................................................
(ii) Calculate the amount of paraffin fraction needed to make 600g of methane.
(iii) Complete the equation for the cracking of ethane to produce hydrogen and ethene.
(i) Complete the equation below to show the structure of two units in the
poly(ethene) molecule.
...............................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) State the name given to this type of polymerisarion.
...............................................................................................................................[2]
Total / 12
IGCSE QUESTIONS SET X (Alkane, Alkene and Alcohol, Crude oil, Polymerisation)
(a) Match the substances in the boxes on the Ieft with the descriptions in the boxes on the
right. The first one has been done for you.
[3]
(b) Which one of the foIIowing wouId be Ieast IikeIy to be obtained from the fractionaI
distiIIation of petroIeum? Put a ring around the correct answer.
[4]
[4]
Total /12
IGCSE QUESTIONS SET X (Alkane, Alkene and Alcohol, separation and analysis)
(a) What method can he use to separate the solids from the solution?
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) The student takes a drop of the green solution and puts a spot of it onto a piece of
chromatography paper.
From the diagrams below choose the letter for the most suitable piece of apparatus for
this task.
A B C D
the solvent,
the original position of the spot of green solution,
the chromatography paper.
[3]
(ii) How many different pigments were present in the plant leaf?
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(d) The structure of some organic compounds found in plant leaves are shown below.
A B C D
H H H O H H O H H
C C H C C H C C C H C C O H
H H H O H H H O H H H
............................................................................................................................. [1]
test .............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
............................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 12]
IGCSE QUESTIONS SET X (Alkane, Alkene and Alcohol, Structure, Crude Oil)
carbon
atom
(a) (i) State one difference in structure between Buckminsterfullerene and diamond.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) State the type of bonding between the carbon atoms in diamond.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(e) Coal is a fuel containing carbon.
When coal is burnt, carbon dioxide is produced.
Explain how the increase in carbon dioxide concentration in the atmopshere affects the was
worlds climate.
from
...........................................................................................................................................
resp
...........................................................................................................................................
plan
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
gase
(f) Coal also contains small amounts of sulfur.
dige
Explain how burning coal leads to acid rain.
anim
...........................................................................................................................................
from
...........................................................................................................................................
phot
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
s in
(g) Methane is a fuel.
gase
(i) Which one of the following is a natural source of methane?
Tick one box. fore
[1]
(ii) Draw a diagram to show the arrangement of the electrons in a molecule of methane, CH .
4
Nam
Use e
for an electron from a carbon atom one
for an electron from a hydrogen atom othe
alka
ne.
...........................................................................................................................
[1]
[1]
[Total: 13]
IGCSE QUESTIONS SET X (Alkane, Alkene and Alcohol, Crude Oil, Polymerization)
(a) State the name of the gas given off during fermentation.
4 Ethanol, C2H5OH, is formed when yeast ferments a solution of glucose in water.
......................................................................................................................................[1]
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[2]
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[3]
(d) Draw the structure of ethanol to show how the atoms and bonds are arranged.
[1]
catalyst
C2H4 + H2O C2H5OH
steam ethanol
(i) Choose a word from the list below which best describes this reaction.
Put a ring around the correct answer.
...............................................................................................................................[1]
...............................................................................................................................[1]
(iv) The other reactant is steam. The steam is made by boiling water.
What is the boiling point of water?
...............................................................................................................................[2]
(f) State one use of ethanol.
......................................................................................................................................[1]
(g) State the names of the products formed when ethanol burns.
A B C
H H H H H
O
C C H C C O H H C C
H H H H H O H
D E
H H H
H H O
H C C N C C
C
H H H O H
H C H
H C H
H
[1]
(b) Which two of these compounds contain a carboxyIic acid functionaI group?
[1]
[1]
(d) Draw the structure of the product formed when compound A reacts with bromine.
400
300
concentration
of gas/parts 200
per million carbon dioxide
(ppm)
ethene
100
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
days
(i) Between which two days does the rate of ethene production increase most rapidIy?
[1]
(ii) What is the name given to the process in which carbon dioxide is produced by
Iiving organisms?
(iii) Carbon dioxide concentration over 350 ppm has an effect on ethene production by
the fruits.
[1]
(iv) Ethene gas spreads throughout the fruit by a random movement of moIecuIes.
Ripening of strawberries is sIowed down by passing a stream of nitrogen over the Sug
fruit. ge
[1]
What is an enzyme?
[2]
filter paper
R S T U R S T U
solvent
[1]
.. [1]
Total / 13
IGCSE QUESTIONS SET X (Alkane, Alkene and Alcohol, Bonding & Mole Calculations)
6 The compound shown below is the first member of the alkane homologous series.
H
H C H
H
(a) State two characteristics of a homologous series.
[2]
(b) Name and draw the structure of the next member of the alkane homologous series.
name
structure
[2]
ethene C2H4
Br Br
dibromoethane H C C H
H H
CH4 H C H
[6]
H
(d)
Cal
cula
te
the
relative molecular mass of dibromoethane.
[1]
[Total: 11]
IGCSE QUESTIONS SET X (Alkane, Alkene and Alcohol, Crude Oil, Polymerization)
hydrogen 50
methane 30
carbon monoxide 7
carbon dioxide 4
nitrogen 4
ethene 3
oxygen 2
[1]
[1]
[1]
(b) Describe a test you can use to distinguish between ethene and methane.
test
(c) Molecules of ethene can react with each other to make poly(ethene).
[1]
H H H H H CH3 H H
C C C C C C C C
H H H H H H
n n n
[1]
(d) Ethene can be manufactured by breaking down hydrocarbons into smaller molecules
using high temperatures and a catalyst.
State the name given to this type of reaction.
[1]
(e) A liquid is also formed when coal is heated in the absence of air.
This liquid contains a high percentage of ammonia.
test
result [2]
[1]
(f) Coal contains a small amount of sulphur.
Explain why burning coal is harmful to the environment.
[2]
Total / 14
IGCSE QUESTIONS SET X (Alkane, Alkene and Alcohol, Chromatography)
CH3 CH3
C
C H
CH2
HO CH2 CH
C
CH3 CH
2
(a) Put a ring around the alcohol functional group in this formula.
[1]
[1]
(c) State the names of the two products formed when lavandulol is burnt in excess oxygen.
and [2]
(d) Lavandulol can be extracted from lavender flowers by distillation using the apparatus
shown below. The lavandulol is carried off in small droplets with the steam.
lavender
flowers
and water lavandulol
water
heat
[1]
[1]
chromatography paper
(i) Put an X on this diagram to show where the mixture of pigments was placed at the
start of the experiment.
[1]
[1]
(iii) Draw a diagram to show how the chromatography apparatus was set up.
On your diagram label
the solvent
the origin line
[1]
(iv) During chromatography, the solvent evaporates and then diffuses throughout the
chromatography jar.
What do you understand by the term diffusion?
[1]
(v) Ethanol can be used as a solvent in chromatography.
Draw the formula for ethanol showing all atoms and bonds.
[1]
(vi) Which of the following statements about ethanol are true?
Tick two boxes.
It is a carboxylic acid.
It is an unsaturated compound.
[1]
Total / 13
IGCSE QUESTIONS SET X (Alkane, Alkene and Alcohol, Crude Oil, Polymerization)
1 Cut the grass into small pieces and crush the grass by grinding with sand and ethanol.
2 Decant the liquid.
3 Investigate which colours are present in the green solution.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) Outline how the student could carry out instruction 3. You may draw a diagram to help
you answer this question.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]
[Total: 6]
IGCSE QUESTIONS SET X (Alkane, Alkene and Alcohol)
Step 1 Slice an orange and put the slices into a beaker and cover them with water. Boil
the water for 10 minutes.
Step 3 Add one measure of yeast to the juice when it has cooled.
airlock
bottle
heater
......................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Why was the juice cooled before adding the yeast?
......................................................................................................................................[1]
......................................................................................................................................[1]
(d) Explain why it was important to keep the temperature of the mixture in the bottle at
30C40C.
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[2]
(e) Explain why an airlock was used.
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[2]
(f) The bubbles of gas coming through the airlock in one minute were counted over several days.
The results are shown on the graph.
50
40
30
number of bubbles /
20
minute
10
0
2 4 6 8 10
time / days
...............................................................................................................................[2]
...............................................................................................................................[1]
(iii) Give two reasons why the fermentation may have stopped.
1. ...............................................................................................................................
2. ...........................................................................................................................[2]
Total / 12
IGCSE chemistry SET X (Organic compounds)
2 The diagram shows a biogas digester. Animal and vegetable waste is fermented by bacteria.
The gas produced is a mixture of mainly carbon dioxide and methane.
gas out
gas holder
gas
animal and solid residue
vegetable
waste
fermentation
chamber
(a) State the name given to the energy-releasing process in which organisms use food and
produce carbon dioxide.
[1]
[1]
(iii) Describe the arrangement and motion of the molecules in methane gas.
arrangement
motion [2]
(iv) State the name of the homologous series to which methane belongs.
[1]
(v) Which one of the following compounds belongs to the same homologous series as
methane?
Tick one box.
[1]
(c) Which one of the following equations A, B, C or D describes fermentation?
A CH4 + H 2O CO + 3H2
[1]
(d) Many of the reactions occurring in the biogas digester are catalysed by enzymes.
[1]
[1]
(e) The solid residue from the biogas digester can be used as a fertiliser.
State the names of two non-metallic elements found in fertilisers which are needed
for plant growth.
and [2]
IGCSE chemistry SET X (Organic compounds)
green leaves
(a) Vines are attacked by a fungus that ruins the grapes. In 1882 it was discovered that
spraying the vines with Bordeaux mixture killed the fungus.
The fungicide, Bordeaux mixture, contains water, calcium hydroxide and copper(II)
sulphate.
(i) Name the raw material from which calcium hydroxide is made.
..................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) The mixture contains four ions. Complete the list of ions.
Cu2+, OH , ......................... and ............................. [2]
(iii) A different fungicide can be made by the reaction between an excess of aqueous
ammonia and a copper(II) salt. Describe the observations for this reaction.
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[3]
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[4]
(c) The grapes are crushed to extract an aqueous solution of glucose. This solution is
fermented to make ethanol. Explain why each of the following is necessary.
(i) yeast
...............................................................................................................................[1]
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[2]
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[2]
(d) Plants can make esters as well as sugars. The formula of a typical ester is drawn
below.
Deduce the names of the organic acid and of the alcohol from which the ester could
have been made.
O
CH3 CH2 CH2 C
O CH2 CH2 CH3
alcohol ...........................................................................................................................[2]
(a) Two of the methods of making alkenes are cracking and the thermal decomposition of
chloroalkanes.
CH3CH2CH=CH2 CH3C=CH2
|
CH3
(i) Explain why they are isomers.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(ii) Give the name and structural formula of another hydrocarbon that is isomeric with
the above.
name ......................................................
structural formula
[4]
(c) Give the name of the product when but-1-ene reacts with each of the following.
(d)
steam ......................................................... Alken
es
hydrogen .................................................... can
polym
bromine ...................................................... [3] erise.
(i) Deduce the name and structural formula of the monomer from the structure of the polymer.
structural formula
(ii) Draw the structure of the polymer formed from the following monomer.
(iii) Describe the pollution problems caused by the disposal of polymers in landfill sites and by
burning.
...............................................................................................................................[2]
burning ......................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[1]
7 The fractional distillation of crude oil usually produces large quantities of the heavier fractions.
The market demand is for the lighter fractions and for the more reactive alkenes. The heavier fractions
are cracked to form smaller alkanes and alkenes as in the following example.
C8H18 + [1]
(ii) The cracking of octane can produce isomers with the molecular formula C4H8.
Draw the structural formulae of two of these isomers.
[2]
(b) (i) Give the essential condition for the reaction between chlorine and butane.
[1]
[1]
(iii) This reaction produces a mixture of products. Give the names of two products that contain
four carbon atoms per molecule.
and [2]
(c) Alkenes are more reactive than alkanes and are used to make a range of organic chemicals.
Propene, CH3CH=CH2, is made by cracking. Give the structural formula of the addition product
when propene reacts with the following.
(i) water
[1]
(ii) bromine
[1]
(d) Propene reacts with hydrogen iodide to form 2 - iodopropane.
CH3CH=CH2 + HI CH3CHICH3
lactic acid
(a) Suggest two advantages that PLA has compared with a polymer made from petroleum.
[2]
CH3 O CH3
O CH C O CH
[1]
Lactic acid molecules can form this group because they contain both an
.. [2]
(c) When lactic acid is heated, acrylic acid is formed.
H H H H
H C C COOH C C
H OH H COOH
(i) Complete the word equation for the action of heat on lactic acid.
(ii) Describe a test that would distinguish between lactic acid and acrylic acid.
test
(iii) Describe a test, other than using an indicator, which would show that both
chemicals contain an acid group.
test
resul
[2]
[Total: 13]
IGCSE chemistry SET X (Organic compounds)
2 The hydrolysis of complex carbohydrates to simple sugars is catalysed by enzymes called
carbohydrases and also by dilute acids.
(a) (i) They are both catalysts. How do enzymes differ from catalysts such as dilute
acids?
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
2 6 6 12 6
carbohydrate.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) Draw the structure of a complex carbohydrate, such as starch. The formula of a simple
sugar can be represented by HO OH .
[3]
(i) In the experiment illustrated below, samples are removed at intervals and tested
with iodine in potassium iodide solution.
pipette to
remove samples
hot water
0 deep blue
10 pale blue
30 colourless
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [3]
(ii) If the experiment was repeated at a higher temperature, 60 C, all the samples
stayed blue. Suggest an explanation.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 10]
IGCSE chemistry SET X (Organic compounds)
CH3 CH 2 CH CH 2
H H
H H
C C
C C
H H
H H
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
[1]
(iii) Describe a test which would distinguish between but-1-ene and cyclobutane.
reagent ....................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [3]
(b) Describe how alkenes, such as but-1-ene, can be made from alkanes.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
hydrogen, ....................................................................................................................[1]
steam. .........................................................................................................................
H H
H
H C C C
H
H H
H
(a) The equation for the complete combustion of propane is given below. Insert the
two missing volumes.
(b) Propane reacts with chlorine to form two chloropropanes with the formula C3H7Cl.
...............................................................................................................................[1]
...............................................................................................................................[1]
(c) The two chloropropanes react with sodium hydroxide to form different alcohols.
(i) These alcohols are isomers. Using the propanols as an example explain the term
isomer.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[3]
(ii) Fractional distillation can separate the two propanols. Suggest a reason why
this method is effective.
...............................................................................................................................[1]
(iii) Oxygen can oxidise propanol to propanoic acid. Name another reagent
that will bring about this reaction.
...............................................................................................................................[1]
(iv) Propanol and propanoic acid react to form an ester. Give the name and structural formula of
an ester.
name ........................................................................................................................
structural formula
[3]
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[2]
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[2]
5 Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons. They show structural isomerism. Alkenes take part in
addition reactions and form polymers.
structu
(a) Structural isomers have the same molecular formula but different structural formulae.
Give an example of structural isomerism. e of
[2]
[3]
(b) Ethene reacts with each of the following. Give the name and structural formula of each
product.
(i) steam
structure of product
[2]
(ii) hydrogen
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[2]
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[2]
(iii) Poly(dichloroethene) is used extensively to package food. Draw its structure. The
structural formula of dichloroethene is drawn below.
H Cl
C C
H Cl
[2]
(d) Steel may be coated with another metal, eg zinc or chromium, or with a polymer, eg
poly(chloroethene), to prevent rusting.
(i) Suggest a property of poly(chloroethene) that makes it suitable for this purpose.
...............................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Explain why the steel will rust when the protective coating of chromium or polymer is
broken.
...............................................................................................................................[1]
(iii) When the protective layer of zinc is broken, the steel still does not rust.
Suggest an explanation.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[2]
IGCSE chemistry SET X (Organic compounds)
4 Esters occur naturally in plants and animals. They are manufactured from petroleum. Ethyl
ethanoate and butyl ethanoate are industrially important as solvents.
...............................................................................................................................[1]
[1]
(iii) Ethyl ethanoate can be made from ethanol and ethanoic acid. Describe how these
chemicals can be made.
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[2]
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[2]
(iv) Name two chemicals from which butyl ethanoate can be made.
...............................................................................................................................[1]
(b) The following equation represents the alkaline hydrolysis of a naturally occurring ester.
(i) Which substance in the equation is an alcohol? Underline the substance in the
equation above.
[1]
(ii) What is the major use for compounds of the type C17H35COONa ?
...............................................................................................................................[1]
O O
...............................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Complete the following to give the structures of the two monomers from which the above
polymer could be made.
[2]
(d) Esters are frequently used as solvents in chromatography. A natural macromolecule was
hydrolysed to give a mixture of amino acids. These could be identified by
chromatography.
..................................................................................................................................[1]
..................................................................................................................................[1]
(iii) Explain why the chromatogram must be sprayed with a locating agent before the amino
acids can be identified.
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[1]
(iv) Explain how it is possible to identify the amino acids from the chromatogram.
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[2]
IGCSE chemistry SET X (Organic compounds)
(a) The table below gives the names, formulae and boiling points of the first members of
the series.
o
name formula boiling point / C
(ii) Deduce the formula of the alkene which has a relative molecular mass of 168.
Show your working.
[2]
(b) Describe a test that will distinguish between the two isomers, but-2-ene and cyclobutane.
test
(i) What class of organic compound is formed when an alkene reacts with water?
[1]
(ii) Predict the structural formula of the compound formed when hydrogen chloride
reacts with but-2-ene.
[1]
[2]
IGCSE chemistry SET X (Organic compounds)
6 The alcohols form a homologous series. The first four members are methanol, ethanol, propan-1-ol
and butan-1-ol.
(a) One characteristic of a homologous series is that the physical properties vary in a predictable
way. The table below gives the heats of combustion of the first three alcohols.
butan-1-ol CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-OH
(i) The minus sign indicates that there is less chemical energy in the products than in
the reactants. What form of energy is given out by the reaction?
[1]
[1]
C2H5OH + O2 + [2]
(iv) Determine the heat of combustion of butan-1-ol by plotting the heats of combustion of the first
three alcohols against the number of carbon atoms per molecule.
number of carbon atoms per molecule
1 2 3 4
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
heat of 1700
combustion /
kJ / mol 1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
2500
2600
2700
2800
[2]
name [2]
[2]
[2]
(iii) Which condition, high or low pressure, would give the maximum yield of methanol?
Give a reason for your choice.
pressure
reason [2]
(d) For each of the following predict the name of the organic product.
[1]
[1]
[Total: 20]
[1]
7 Butan-1-ol is used as a solvent for paints and varnishes, to make esters and as a fuel.
Butan-1-ol can be manufactured from but-1-ene, which is made from petroleum.
Biobutanol is a fuel of the future. It can be made by the fermentation of almost any form of biomass -
grain, straw, leaves etc.
(a) But-1-ene can be obtained from alkanes such as decane, C10H22, by cracking.
[2]
(ii) Complete an equation for the cracking of decane, C10H22, to give but-1-ene.
C10H22 [2]
(iii) Name the reagent that reacts with but-1-ene to form butan-1-ol.
[1]
(b) (i) Balance the equation for the complete combustion of butan-1-ol.
(ii) Write a word equation for the preparation of the ester butyl methanoate.
[2]
(c) The fermentation of biomass by bacteria produces a mixture of products which include biobutanol,
propanol, hydrogen and propanoic acid.
(i) Draw the structural formula of propanol and of propanoic acid. Show all the bonds.
propanol
propanoic acid
[2]
[1]
(d) How could you show that butanol made from petroleum and biobutanol are the same
chemical?
[1]
[Total: 13]
IGCSE chemistry SET X (Organic compounds)
(a) Which one of the following is a raw material used to make ethanol?
air
rock salt
sea water
[1]
. ............................................................................................................................................
. ............................................................................................................................................
. ............................................................................................................................................
. ............................................................................................................................................
. ........................................................................................................................................[3]
(c) Ethanol has many uses.
. ........................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 6]
IGCSE chemistry SET X (Organic compounds)
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................[3]
[Total: 3]
IGCSE chemistry SET X (Organic compounds)
......................................................... [1]
(ii) How many atoms are there in one molecule of propane, C3H8?
......................................................... [1]
(b) Propane reacts with oxygen to make carbon dioxide and water.
Which one?
propane
oxygen
carbon dioxide
water
The flame now contains a black solid and carbon monoxide gas.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 5]
IGCSE chemistry SET X (Organic compounds)
0 C
40 C
100 C
400 C
crystallisation
electrolysis
evaporation
filtration
fractional distillation
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
H C O H
[Total: 5]
IGCSE chemistry SET X (Organic compounds)
H H H H H H
C C H C C C C H
H H H H H H
compound A compound B
H H H H H H H
H C C C C H C C C H
H H H H H H
compound C compound D
(a) (i) One of the compounds has the molecular formula C4H8.
Which one?
Choose from A, B, C or D.
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................ [1]
1 ................................................................................................................................................
2 ......................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 5]
IGCSE chemistry SET X (Organic compounds)
Bung
Fermenting jar
At the end of the process, the fermenting jar contains a mixture of ethanol and water.
distillation
electrolysis
filtration
saponification
(b)
Write about two different uses of ethanol.
...................................................................................................................................................
H HC
C
H H
dehydration
displacement
hydration
saturation
[Total: 5]
IGCSE chemistry SET X (Organic compounds)
4 (a) Look at the equations. They show what happens when methane burns.
O
H O
O O H H
H C H + C +
O O O
H O
H H
(i) Write down the name of one of the reactants in the equation.
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 4]
IGCSE chemistry SET X (Organic compounds)
air lock
water
bung
fermenting jar
yeast and
glucose solution
Explain why.
...........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
Explain why.
...........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
Explain why.
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) The fermenting jar contains a mixture of ethanol and water at the end of the process.
distillation
electrolysis
filtration
saponification
[1]
Pentanol is an alcohol.
A molecule of pentanol contains five carbon atoms.
............................................................................................................................................ [1]
[Total: 6]
H H H H H
H C C C H H C C H
H H H H H
compound A compound B
H H H H
C C C C
H H H H
n
compound C compound D
(a) Which one of the compounds has 8 atoms?
Choose from A, B, C or D.
Choose from A, B, C or D.
Choose from A, B, C or D.
[Total: 4]
air lock
solution A
yeast
a temperature between 25 50 C
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................ [2]
H H
H C C O H
H H
5]
7 The fractional distillation of crude oil usually produces large quantities of the heavier fractions.
The market demand is for the lighter fractions and for the more reactive alkenes. The heavier fractions
are cracked to form smaller alkanes and alkenes as in the following example.
[1]
C8H18 C4H10 + C4H8
octane butane butenes
C8H18 + [1]
(ii) The cracking of octane can produce isomers with the molecular formula C4H8.
Draw the structural formulae of two of these isomers.
[2]
(b) (i) Give the essential condition for the reaction between chlorine and butane.
(ii) What type of reaction is this?
[1]
(iii) This reaction produces a mixture of products. Give the names of two products
that contain four carbon atoms per molecule.
and [2]
(c) Alkenes are more reactive than alkanes and are used to make a range of organic chemicals.
Propene, CH3CH=CH2, is made by cracking. Give the structural formula of the addition product
when propene reacts with the following.
(i) water
[1]
(ii) bromine
[1]
(d) Propene reacts with hydrogen iodide to form 2 - iodopropane.
CH3CH=CH2 + HI CH3CHICH3
Formula formula
C2 H 6 ____________
(c) Methane is a gas (boiling point -162oC). However, it is normally transported as a liquid
(L.P.G or liquid petroleum gas). Can you explain why? 2
Is called propene? 1
CnH2n+2 1
CnH2n 1
Give the name and molecular formula of the second member of each of the
homologous series in (ii). 2
Give a chemical test by which you could distinguish the two hydrocarbons named in
(c). 2
(i) (ii)
Why does Brazil produce nearly all its alcohol by this process? 2
What gas, mainly produced from cracking, is the starting material to make
ethanol? 1
Questions
(1)
a) Write displayed formulae for butane and hexane. 4
(2)
a) How do alkanes and alkenes react with halogens? Give balanced symbol equation to explain
your answers. 6
c) What could you predict about the reaction of methane with fluorine? 2
(3)
a) Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons. What do you understand by the term saturated? 2
b) Undecane is an alkane with II carbon atoms.
ii. What physical state (solid, liquid or gas) would you expect undecane to be in at room temperature? 2
(4)
b) Write the balanced symbol equation for the reaction between the hydrocarbon and bromine.
2
c) Write the balanced symbol equation for the complete combustion of the hydrocarbon in oxygen. 2
d) The hydrocarbon was mixed with hydrogen and passed over a hot nickel catalyst. Write an equation for the 3
(5)
a) Propane-1-ol 2
b) The compound formed when propane-1-ol is dehydrated by passing its vapour over hot
aluminum oxide2
(7)
a) A unit of alcohol is 10 cm3 of pure alcohol. how many units are there in:
i. Half of 750 cm3 bottle of white wine containing 12% alcohol by volume
ii. 3 pints of beer containing 4% alcohol by volume(1 pint = 568 cm3)
(7)
c) Write word and balanced symbol equations for each of the reactions in a) and b)
4
(8)
Identify substances G to M in the following reactions.
b) heat
calcium hydrogen carbonate H+I+J 3
c)
sugar K+L 3
Questions:
(1)
a) State the conditions for the manufacture of ethanol by the hydration of ehtene. 1
b) Give two advantages of this way of producing ethanol over the fermentation method. 2
a) Ethene can be made from sucrose (sugar) in the lab using the following sequence: 4