VERBAL FORMS
Present simple
do / dont / does / doesnt
I / you / we / they work.
He / she / it works.
I / you / we / they dont work.
He / she / it doesnt work.
Do I / you / we / they work?
Does he / she / it work?
Past simple
did / didnt
Regular: I / you / he / she / it /
we / they worked
Irregular: I / you / he / she / it /
we / they spoke
Ir/regular: I / you / he / she / it /
we / they didnt work / speak.
Ir/regular: Did I / you / he / she /
it / we / they work / speak?
Future simple
will / wont
I / you / he / she / it / we / they
will work.
I / you / he / she / it / we / they
wont work.
Will I / you / he / she / it / we /
they work?
Conditional simple
would / wouldnt
I / you / he / she / it / we / they
would work.
I / you / he / she / it / we / they
wouldnt work.
Would I / you / he / she / it / we / Would I / you / he / she / it / we / Would I / you / he / she / it / we /
they work?
Present continuous
am / is / are ing has/have/hasnt /havent past p
I am working.
You / we / they are working.
He / she / it is working.
I am not working.
You / we / they arent working.
He / she / it isnt working.
Am I working?
Are you / we / they working?
Is he / she working?
Past continuous
was / were ing
I / he / she / it was working.
You / we / they were working.
I / he / she / it wasnt working.
You / we / they werent working.
Was I / he / she working?
Were you / we / they working?
Future continuous
will / wont be ing
I / you / he / she / it / we / they
will be working.
I / you / he / she / it / we / they
wont be working.
Will I / you / he / she / it / we /
they be working?
Conditional continuous
would / wouldnt be ing would / wouldnt have past p
I / you / he / she / it / we / they
would be working.
I / you / he / she / it / we / they
wouldnt be working.
they be working? they have worked?
Present perfect
I / you / we / they have worked.
He / she / it has worked.
I /you/we /they havent worked.
He / she / it hasnt worked.
Have I / you / we / they worked?
Has he / she / it worked?
Past perfect
had / hadnt past part
I / you / he / she / it we / they
had worked.
I / you / he / she / it we / they
hadnt worked.
Had I / you / he / she / it we /
they worked?
Future perfect
will / wont have past part
I / you / he / she / it / we / they
will have worked.
I / you / he / she / it / we / they
wont have worked.
Will I / you / he / she / it / we /
they have worked?
Conditional perfect
I / you / he / she / it / we / they
would have worked.
I / you / he / she / it / we / they
wouldnt have worked.
 SIMPLE TENSES CONTINUOUS TENSES PERFECT TENSES PASSIVE VOICE
INFINITIVE as the base TO BE in the TO HAVE in the TO BE + LEXICAL VERB
Present , -(e)s Present Present in the same in the PAST
TENSE as PARTICIPLE
THE VERB IN
Past -ed Past
+ ING
Past
+PAST THE ACTIVE
PARTICIPLE VOICE
Futurewill Future Future

Conditionalwould Conditional Conditional

Present simple Present continuous Present perfect Present simple
do / dont / does / doesnt am / is / are ing has/have/hasnt /havent past
participle
I / you / we / they admire. I am working. I / you / we / they have admired. I / you / we / they are admired.
He / she / it admires. You / we / they are painting. He / she / it has admired. He / she / it is admired.
He / she / it is admiring.
Past simple Past continuous Past perfect Past simple
did / didnt was / were ing had / hadnt past participle
Regular: I / you / he / she / it / we / I / he / she / it was painting. I / you / he / she / it we / they had You / we / they were admired.
they admired You / we / they were admiring. admired. I/ he / she / it was admired.
Irregular: I / you / he / she / it / we /
they spoke
Future simple Future continuous Future perfect Future continuous
will / wont will / wont be ing will / wont have past participle
I / you / he / she / it / we / they will I / you / he / she / it / we / they will I / you / he / she / it / we / they will I / you / he / she / it / we / they will
admire. be admiring. have admired. be being admired.

Conditional simple Conditional continuous Conditional perfect Conditional perfect

would / wouldnt would / wouldnt be ing would / wouldnt have past
participle
I / you / he / she / it / we / they I / you / he / she / it / we / they I / you / he / she / it / we / they I / you / he / she / it / we / they
would admire. would be admiring. would have admired. would have been admired.

 TALKING ABOUT TIME
PREPOSITION USE EXAMPLES
IN historical periods in the Renaissance
(periods) centuries in the 20th century
decades in the (early/ mid/ late) seventies, in the 1900s, in the teens
years in 2003, in 1973
seasons in (the) winter/ autumn/ spring/ summer, in the winter of 85
months in March, in late September, in mid August, in early April
certain parts of the day in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening
random periods in five minutes, in two weeks, in three days, in a fortnight
ON days of the week on Monday/ Tuesday/ Wednesday/ Thursday/ Friday/
(days) day + part of the day Saturday/ Sunday, on Saturday evening
a special part of a day on the morning of September the 11th
dates on 25th December, on Easter Sunday, on their anniversary, on
his birthday, on Christmas day, on Christmas Eve, on New
Years Eve, on New Years Day
AT part of the day at noon, at midday, at night, at midnight, at sunrise, at sunset
(times) time of day at 8 o'clock
holidays at Christmas, at Easter, at New Years
fixed phrases at weekends, at the weekend, at the end of the month, at the
same time, at the beginning of February
this/ that/ these/ those this/ that weekend/ week/ month/ year, that day

some/ any some day, any day you want, shes coming any minute
next/ last next Monday, last week, next year, last March, next winter
after later than something. after school, after breakfast/ brunch/ lunch/ dinner, after work,
after the film, after talking to you, after you watched the film
before earlier than something. before Christmas, before having lunch, before you go to
school, before you sat down, before going there
ago how far something 20 years ago, 5 minutes ago, not long ago, a little while ago, a
happened (in the past) short time ago, three summers ago, two weeks ago
between time that separates two between Monday and Sunday, between Christmas and Easter,
points between June 12th and September 23rd
by not later than a special by Wednesday, by December 20th , by the end of the summer,
time by midnight
by the time at some point before by the time we arrived, by the time he came back home
during through the whole of an during the holidays, during the exam, during the summer,
event during the protest, during the conference, during the match
for period of time for three days, for five minutes, for two years, for two weeks
since point of time since Monday, since 5:00, since I last saw you, since 2001
from ... to two points form a period from Monday to Thursday, from January till May, from 3:00
from... till/until until 23:00, from sunrise to sunset, from noon till midnight
till/until no later than a special time till tomorrow, until Monday, till you call me, until I see you
up to not more than up to 8 hours a day, up to now, up to then, up to 5 times
within during a period of time within two weeks, within the next five minutes
 FREQUENCY
ADVERBS PHRASES
Always 100% From time to time Every day/ week/ month/ year

Usually 90% Once in a blue moon Every other day/ week/ month/ year

Generally 80% Once in a while Day in, day out

Normally 80% (Every) now and then/ again Not once

Frequently 70% Every so often Once a day/ week/ month/ year

Often 70% More often than not Twice a day

Sometimes 50% At times Three times a month

Occasionally 30% For good Five times a year

Seldom 10% Forever Several times a day

Hardly ever 5% Nevermore Once every two months

Rarely 5% Any more Twice every three days

Never 0% Any/ no longer Three times every two years

OTHER EXPRESSIONS OF TIME

Ahead of time As soon as possible At first At last

At once At present At short notice At the latest

At the same time (as) At this moment Back then By now

By then Currently Early Eventually

Finally For ages For now For the moment

For the time being Formerly From now on From then on

Immediately after In advance In due course In former times

In the end In the last few (days) In the meantime In the meanwhile

In the past In time Late Lately

Nowadays On time Presently Previously

Prior to Recently Right away / Straightaway Right before

The day after tomorrow The day before yesterday The moment/ instant I saw you Then

Three days in a row Today Tomorrow Too long

Without delay Without further ado Without notice Yesterday

 PREPOSITIONS OF TIME: AT, ON, IN OR NO PREPOSITION?

____ any Sunday ____ (the) autumn ____ 2001

____ every evening ____ 2nd February ____ a few minutes

____ breakfast ____ all weekend ____ Christmas Day

____ Christmas Eve ____ dawn ____ daybreak

____ the day before yesterday ____ daylight ____ December

____ December 25th ____ last Monday ____ dinner

____ February 20th ____ weekends ____ two weeks time

____ dinner time ____ Easter ____ the week after next

____ January 28th ____ New Years Day ____ the day after tomorrow

____ last Friday ____ lunch ____ midday

____ last night ____ (the) spring ____ midnight

____ Monday morning ____ that day ____ New Year

____ night ____ (the) summer ____ tomorrow morning

____ next Friday ____ noon ____ Saturday

____ Saturday night ____ Wednesday afternoon ____ six oclock

____ sunrise ____ May 24th, 1673 ____ this evening

____ the 21st century ____ the afternoon ____ yesterday

____ the coming months ____ the early morning ____ yesterday night

____ next Saturday ____ the evening ____ the Middle Ages

____ Tuesday night ____ my wedding ____ 1976

____ the near future ____ the week before last ____ (the) winter

____ New Years Eve ____ the next few days ____ yesterday evening

____ the weekend ____ two weeks ____ any day

____ Thursday noon ____ last year ____ several years

____ our anniversary ____ the morning ____ birthday

____ patron saints day ____ Saint Valentines ____ Easter Sunday

____ Ash Wednesday ____ Shrove Tuesday ____ Lent

 THE PRONUNCIATION OF -ED

/t/ /d/ /Id/

after voiceless consonants after voiced sounds except for after /t/ or /d/
except for /t/ /d/
/t/ started
/d/ ended
/p/ helped /b/ described
/f/ laughed /v/ loved
/k/ worked /g/ tagged
/s/ passed /z/ squeezed
// watched // changed
// washed
/x/ boxed
/l/ failed
/m/ performed
/n/ listened
/r/ preferred
// bathed
vowel sounds: stayed, agreed

PRACTICE: HOW DO YOU PRONOUNCE THE FOLLOWING VERBS?

accepted complained entered jumped pretended sneezed
admitted connected escaped kidnapped printed snowed
advised considered expanded killed pronounced squeezed
afforded contacted expected kissed protected stabbed
agreed continued explained knocked provided started
allowed convinced explored landed pulled stayed
answered cooked exported laughed pushed stopped
appeared coughed fancied listened rained studied
arrested counted filled lived reached supported
arrived covered finished locked realized rejected
asked cracked fixed looked received talked
attacked crashed flooded loved relaxed taxed
attended created followed measured remembered texted
baked cried generated missed rented transferred
bandaged damaged graduated mixed repaired travelled
bathed danced guessed moved repeated treated
believed decided hailed needed respected tried
belonged defended happened observed rested turned
bequeathed demanded hated offered returned typed
bowled denied helped opened revealed used
boxed described hiked operated saved visited
brushed died hoped packed shared voted
burned disagreed hopped painted shaved waited
buzzed disappeared hunted panicked shopped walked
called divided hushed passed shouted wanted
carried dressed imagined performed showed washed
changed dried included picked signed wasted
clammed drizzled interviewed planned skated watched
clashed dropped invented planted slammed welcomed
cleaned earned invited played sleeted whispered
climbed encouraged isolated preferred slipped worked
closed ended jailed presented smoked worried
collected enjoyed joked pressed smoothed yawned
 SOME COMMON COLLOCATIONS
GO / COME ING GO / COME FOR DO DO
Sport and leisure activities we do outdoors, without a =, but the activity is casual Activities that require Household chores or
fixed beginning or end. and probably rather short. specific (indoor) facilities housework
(night)clubbing kayaking a bath aerobics some housework
(rock) climbing parachuting a drink athletics the cleaning
(wind)surfing partying a drive boxing the cooking
backpacking rafting a jog exercise the shopping
ballooning running a meal gymnastics the dishes/ washing-up
bird/ whale watching sailing a pee indoor cycling the dusting
bungee jumping scuba-diving a ride judo the ironing
camping (grocery/ window) shopping a run karate the washing / the laundry
canoeing sightseeing a shower kickboxing the gardening
caroling skateboarding a swim martial arts the hoovering
cycling (ice) skating a walk Pilates the vacuuming
dancing skiing a hike pole vaulting the vacuum cleaning
drinking skydiving GO ON spinning DO SOME + ING
golfing snowboarding a cruise sports Emphasizes an activity
fishing sledding a date taekwondo catching up
fruit-picking snorkeling a day trip weightlifting concert-going
hiking/ trekking swimming a diet yoga cooking
horse-riding trick-or-treating a hike DO decorating
hunting walking an adventure An activity gardening
jogging waterskiing an errand (run an errand) the exercise / an activity painting
PLAY an expedition to the homework / a project reading/ writing
Sports where a ball or something similar is used a picnic the job singing
handball ice/ field hockey a shopping spree a course shopping
baseball rugby a trip a degree / a diploma studying
basketball squash holiday some work swimming
cricket (table) tennis stage an errand theatre-going
football / soccer volleyball strike ones hair / ones nails walking
OTHER VERBS TO TALK ABOUT HOUSEHOLD CHORES
Cook Water the plants Sweep the floor Wash the car Fold the clothes
Bake Mow the lawn Mop the floor Tidy / Clean up your room Feed the cat
Roast Wash the dishes Vacuum/ hover the floor Make the bed Walk the dog
Boil Rinse the dishes Set the table Dust the shelves Clean the windows
Fry Dry the dishes Clear the table Hang out the washing Repair the garage door
Grill (Un)load the dishwasher Take out the rubbish Iron the clothes Lock the door
 MAKE HAVE HAVE TAKE
Emphasizes a product symptoms
a boat/ house/ shelf a baby a phone call (receive) a cold a break
a cake/ a sandwich a bad day a picnic a bad cough a chance / no chances
a pot of tea / coffee a bath a problem with a sore throat a class in
a comment a break a quarrel sore eyes a course in
a complaint a chat a rest sore feet a photo
a decision a conversation a ride sore muscles an aspirin/ antibiotics/ pills
a fuss a dance a shave a side stitch an exam
a generalization a day off a shower a temperature a bus/ train/ taxi/ flight
a guess a disagreement a sleep an allergy a risk / great risks
a journey/ a trip/ a tour a discussion a swim a headache a seat
a list a dream a talk a toothache care of
a mistake a drink a taste stomach ache charge of
a noise/ a sound a fight a try backache interest in
a phone call a game of tennis a wash earache notes
a plan a go a word with somebody chills offence at
a choice a good flight an accident diarrhea responsibility for
a promise / promises a good journey an argument tendinitis someones place
a request a good time an operation a pain in the someones temperature
a speech a good trip difficulty (in) -ing a wound to time to + infinitive
a statement a haircut fun/ a good time an injury to turns
a suggestion a holiday a meal a cut/ cuts on BE
a visit a look breakfast a blister cold
an apology / no apologies a meeting brunch a scrape hot
an appointment a nap / a sleep/ a lie-down lunch a scratch warm
an arrangement a nice evening tea a bruise on hungry
an attempt a party dinner a rash thirsty
an excuse trouble supper CATCH sleepy
a meal OTHER HEALTH-RELATED VERBS a ball jealous
breakfast/ lunch/ dinner Injure Cut a cold scared
improvements Bruise Tear the flu twenty years old
research Fracture/ break/ crack Swell somebodys attention two metres tall
PUT ON/ TAKE OFF Sprain Cough/ Sneeze somebodys eye one hundred metres long
ones clothes/ shoes Twist Spread/ transmit X a bus/ train/ plane fifty centimetres wide
a bandage/ plaster on Wound Pass X on to sb a fire five metres deep
a plaster cast on Scrape Prescribe a thief three hundred feet high
 PROCESSES

GET + ADJECTIVE
Get accustomed to Get alarmed
Get angry with Get better
Get bored Get close / closer to
Get close to Get cloudy / cloudy
Get cold / colder Get confused
Get cool Get crowded
Get dark Get depressed
Get dirty /dirtier Get distant
Get divorced Get dizzy
Get dressed Get drunk
Get dry Get engaged
Get excited Get excited
Get fat / fatter Get frustrated
Get hot / hotter Get hungry
Get impatient with Get involved
Get jealous Get lost
Get mad / madder Get married
Get near Get nervous about
Get noisy Get old / older
Get passionate about Get pregnant
Get ready for Get rich
Get serious Get sick /sicker
Get silent Get sleepy
Get thin / thinner Get thirsty
Get tired Get upset
Get used to Get warm/ warner
Get well Get wet/ soaked
Get windy Get worried

GO + ADJECTIVE
Go bald Go bankrupt
Go blank Go blind
Go broke Go crazy
Go deaf Go flat
Go from bad to worse Go grey
Go lame Go missing
Go mute Go pale
Go red/ blue/ green Go senile
Go silent Go stale
Go unnoticed Go wrong
 PHRASAL VERBS
Verb Meaning Example
ask around ask many people the same I asked around but nobody has seen my
call around question wallet.
blow up explode The racing car blew up after it crashed into
the fence.
break down stop functioning (vehicle, Our car broke down at the side of the
machine) highway in the snowstorm.
break into something enter forcibly The firemen had to break into the room to
rescue the children.
break up end a relationship Jim and I broke up before I moved to Paris.
break out escape The prisoners broke out of jail when the
guards weren't looking.
bring someone down make unhappy This sad music is bringing me down.
bring someone up raise a child My grandparents brought me up after my
parents died.
call someone back return a phone call I called the company back but the offices
were closed for the weekend.
calm down relax after being angry You are still mad. You need to calm down
before you drive the car.
catch up with get to the same point as You'll have to run faster than that if you want
someone else to catch up with Marty.
check in arrive and register at a hotel or We will get the hotel keys when we check
airport in.
check out leave a hotel You have to check out of the hotel before
11:00 AM.
check so/ sth out look at carefully, investigate The company checks out all the newbies.
cheer up become happier She cheered up when she heard the good
news.
cheer someone up make happier I brought you some flowers to cheer you up.
come across something find unexpectedly I came across these old photos when I was
tidying the closet.
come from somewhere originate in The art of origami comes from Asia.
count on so/ sth rely on I am counting on you to keep the secret.
cross something out draw a line through Please cross out this word.
dress up wear nice clothing It's a fancy restaurant. We have to dress up.
drop so/ sth off take so/sth somewhere and I have to drop my sister off at work before I
leave them/it there come over.
eat out eat at a restaurant I don't feel like cooking tonight. Let's eat out.
end up eventually reach/do/decide We ended up renting a movie instead of
going to the theatre.
fall down fall to the ground The picture that you hung up last night fell
down this morning.
figure something out understand, find the answer I need to figure out how to fit the piano and
the bookshelf in this room.
fill something in to write information in blanks (Br) Please fill in the form with your name,
address, and phone number.
find (something) out discover We tried to keep the time of the party a
secret, but Samantha found it out.
get along/on (well) like each other I was surprised how well my new girlfriend
and my sister got along/on.
1
get away go on a vacation We worked so hard this year that we had to
get away for a week.
get together meet (usually for social reasons) Let's get together for a BBQ this weekend.
get on with continue doing something after I have to get on with homework.
an interruption
get up get out of bed I got up early today to study for my exam.
get in/ into jump into a car, taxi She got into the taxi and disappeared.

get out of jump out of a car, taxi She got out of the taxi and greeted
everybody.
get on/ onto board a train, plane, bus, plane My parents got onto the train and left.

get off leave a train, place, bus, plane Then they got off in Paris.

give something away give something to someone for The library was giving away old books on
free Friday.
give something back return a borrowed item I have to give these skates back to Franz
before his hockey game.
give in reluctantly stop fighting or My boyfriend didn't want to go to the ballet,
arguing but he finally gave in.
give something up quit a habit I am giving up smoking as of January 1st.
give up stop trying My maths homework was too difficult so I
gave up.
go ahead start, proceed Please go ahead and eat before the food
gets cold.
go back return to a place I have to go back home and get my lunch.
go on continue or persevere I cant go on living like this.

go out leave home to go on a social We're going out for dinner tonight.
event
go out with someone date Jesse has been going out with Luke since
they met last winter.
go over something review Please go over your answers before you
submit your test.
grow up become an adult When Jack grows up he wants to be a
fireman.
hand something down give something used to someone I handed my old comic books down to my
else little cousin.
hand something in submit I have to hand in my essay by Friday.
hand something out to distribute to a group of people We will hand out the invitations at the door.
hang on wait a short time (informal) Hang on while I grab my coat and shoes!
hang out spend time relaxing (informal) Instead of going to the party we are just
going to hang out at my place.
hang up end a phone call He didn't say goodbye before he hung up.
hold on wait a short time Please hold on while I look for him.
keep on doing something continue doing Keep on reading, please.
let someone down fail to support or help, disappoint Don't let me down this time.
let someone in allow to enter Can you let the cat in before you go to
school?
look after so/ sth take care of I have to look after my sick grandmother.

2
look down on someone think less of, consider inferior Ever since we stole that chocolate bar your
dad has looked down on me.
look for so/ sth try to find I'm looking for a red dress for the wedding.
look forward to something be excited about the future I'm looking forward to the Christmas break.
look into something investigate We are going to look into the price of
snowboards today.
look something up search and find information in a We can look her phone number up on the
reference book or database Internet.
look up to someone have a lot of respect for My little sister has always looked up to me.
make something up invent, lie about something Josie made up an excuse and left.
make up for compensate for a problem The money cant make up for all the
inconvenience we experienced.
pass away die His uncle passed away last night.
pass out faint It was so hot in the church that an elderly
lady passed out.
pay for something be punished for doing something That bully will pay for being mean to my little
bad brother.
pick something out choose I picked out three sweaters for you to try on.
point so/ sth out indicate with your finger I'll point my boyfriend out when he runs by.
put something down put what you are holding on a You can put the groceries down on the
surface or floor kitchen counter.
put someone down insult, make someone feel stupid The students put the substitute teacher
down because his pants were too short.
put ones name down register to do something She put their name down for yoga classes.
put something off postpone We put off our trip until January.
put something out extinguish The neighbours put the fire out before the
firemen arrived.
put something together assemble I have to put the crib together before the
baby arrives.
put up with tolerate I don't think I can put up with three small
someone/something children in the car.
put something on put clothing/accessories on your Don't forget to put on your new earrings for
body the party.
run into so/ sth meet unexpectedly I ran into an old school-friend at the mall.
run over so/ sth drive a vehicle over so/ sth I ran over your bicycle in the driveway.
run over/through rehearse, review Let's run over/through these lines one
something more time before the show.
run away leave unexpectedly, escape The child ran away from home and has
been missing for three days.
run out have none left We ran out of shampoo so I had to wash my
hair with soap.
send something back return (usually by mail) My letter got sent back to me because I
used the wrong stamp.
set off (for) start a journey They set off for Paris.
set out (on) start a journey They set out on a journey/ trip/ adventure
set something up arrange, organize Our boss set a meeting up with the
president of the company.
shop around compare prices I want to shop around a little before I decide
on these boots.
show off act extra special for people He always shows off on his skateboard

3
 watching (usually boastfully)
sleep over stay somewhere for the night
(informal)
sort something out organize, resolve a problem
switch something off stop the energy flow, turn off
switch something on start the energy flow, turn on
take after someone resemble a family member
take something back return an item
take off start to fly
take something off remove something (usually
clothing)
take something out remove from a place or thing
take someone out pay for someone to go
somewhere with you
throw something away dispose of
turn something down decrease the volume or strength
(heat, light etc)
turn something down refuse
turn something off stop the energy flow, switch off
turn something on start the energy, switch on
turn something up increase the volume or strength
(heat, light etc)
turn up / show up appear suddenly
try something on sample clothing
use something up finish the supply
warm up prepare body for exercise
wear off fade away
work out exercise
work out be successful
work something out make a calculation
You should sleep over tonight if the weather
is too bad to drive home.
We need to sort the bills out before the first
of the month.
The light's too bright. Could you switch it
off.
We heard the news as soon as we switched
on the car radio.
I take after my mother. We are both
impatient.
I have to take our new TV back because it
doesn't work.
My plane takes off in five minutes.
Take off your socks and shoes and come in
the lake!
Can you take the garbage out to the street
for me?
My grandparents took us out for dinner and
a movie.
We threw our old furniture away when we
won the lottery.
Please turn the TV down while the guests
are here.
I turned the job down because I don't want
to move.
Your mother wants you to turn the TV off
and come for dinner.
It's too dark in here. Let's turn some lights
on.
Can you turn the music up? This is my
favourite song.
Our cat turned up after we put posters up all
over the neighbourhood.
I'm going to try these jeans on, but I don't
think they will fit.
The kids used all of the toothpaste up so we
need to buy some more.
I always warm up by doing sit-ups before I
go for a run.
Most of my make-up wore off before I got to
the party.
I work out at the gym three times a week.
Our plan worked out fine.
We have to work out the total cost before
we buy the house.
4
 VERBS FOLLOWED BY ING/ (TO) INFINITIVE
VERB + -ING OR VERB + -ING VERB + (NOT) TO VERB+OBJECT+(NOT) TO VERB + INFINITIVE
TO INFINITIVE INFINITIVE INFINITIVE
usually likes and preferences 1) ING and then 2) VERB 1) VERB and then 2) TO
INFINITIVE
like enjoy agree ask let
love admit afford She asked me to leave They let me go out
hate finish decide want make
prefer miss expect I want him to come with me She made me call them
begin remember hope offer had better
start forget learn They offered me to stay Youd better start studying
continue regret manage invite would rather
bother stop offer We invited him to come Id rather swim that run
go on promise tell would sooner
give up want She told him to jump Id sooner jump off a cliff than
feel like would like/ love/ hate/ prefer expect might as well
look forward to plan He expected me to go We might as well begin
try (probar) remember help neednt
practice forget I helped them (to) move You neednt get up early
avoid regret persuade hear
fancy stop He persuaded me to leave I didnt hear him fall/falling
mind try (intentar) need see
suggest seem I need him to clean the kitchen I didnt see him fall/ falling
recommend advise
risk He advised me to read it
imagine allow
She allowed me to read it
encourage
He encouraged me to write
force
They forced me to break
remind
He reminded me to bring

 MODALS

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE
CAN CANT / CANNOT CAN SHE?
simple: study
COULD COULDNT COULD YOU?
MAY MAY NOT MAY I?
MIGHT MIGHT NOT MIGHT I? + INFINITIVE (without to) continuous: be studying
MUST MUSTNT MUST HE?
SHOULD SHOULDNT SHOULD WE?
perfect: have studied
OUGHT TO OUGHTNT TO (archaic) ---------------------
HAVE TO DONT/ DOESNT HAVE TO DOES HE HAVE TO?
MODALS (except have to) CANNOT BE INSTEAD THEY USE OTHER VERBS BUT THE INFINITIVE CAN BE
In the infinitive: CAN BE ABLE TO Simple
*to can, *to must, *to should MUST HAVE TO She should study.
*I will can. *Im going to must *I have to can. I will be able to... Im going to be able to They may/ might work.

I will have to. Im going to have to

In the gerund: Continuous.
*canning, *musting, *shoulding ------------------------------------------------ She should be studying.
NO continuous forms: *He is musting work. They may/ might be working.
In the p. participle: CAN BEEN ABLE TO Perfect
*canned, *musted, *shoulded MUST HAD TO She should have studied.
*I have musted. *He will have canned. I have had to They may/ might have worked.

He will have been able to

 ABILITY (PRESENT, PAST, CONDITIONAL)
ABILITY IN THE can + I can play the guitar. cant - I cant play the guitar.
PRESENT + I can meet you there. - I cant meet you there.
GENERAL ABILITY could + When I was younger I could run for couldnt - When I was younger I couldnt run
IN THE PAST hours without getting tired. without getting extremely tired.
SPECIFIC ABILITY was/ were able to + Yesterday I was able to run for more couldnt - I was so tired so I wasnt able to/
IN THE PAST than an hour with my new trainers. wasnt/werent able to couldnt run for more than 5 minutes.
HYPOTHETICAL could + I could/ would be able to run faster if couldnt - I couldnt/ wouldnt be able to run
ABILITY would be able to I were wearing my trainers. wouldnt be able to faster if I were wearing my trainers.

PROBABILITY POTENTIALITY
MAY 75% MIGHT 50% COULD 50% CAN
FUTURE It may (not) rain. It might (not) rain. It could rain. It can be really hot in August.
There may be a problem. There might (not) be a problem. There could be a problem. Mary can be really stubborn.
He may (not) go to class. He might (not) go to class. *He could not go to the party (ability) Children can be cruel sometimes.
PRESENT It may (not) be raining. It might (not) be raining. It could be raining. DEDUCTION
He may (not) be going to He might (not) be going to He could be going to
CAN / MUSTNT
PAST It may (not) have rained. It might (not) have rained. It could have rained. He must be working.
He may (not) have gone to He might (not) have gone to He could have gone to He cant be working now.

OBLIGATION (PRESENT)
INTERNAL OBLIGATIONMUST (the speaker is the person who imposes
the obligation whether on him or herself or another person) NEGATIVE OBLIGATION OR PROHIBITION MUSTNT (it works for both
Doctor: You must stop smoking. Your lungs are awful. internal and external obligation)
Student: I must go now. I have a lot of things to do. Doctor: You mustnt. Your lungs are awful.
Student: I mustnt waste any more time. I have things to do.
EXTERNAL OBLIGATIONHAVE/HAS TO ((the speaker is not the person Librarian: You mustnt speak so loud. This is a library.
that imposes the obligation, but someone else, an authority, the law)
Patient: I mustnt smoke. My doctor says my lungs are awful.
Patient: I have to stop smoking. I have to go to class.
Reader: We mustnt speak this loud or the librarian will tell us off.
Reader: We have to keep quiet or the librarian will tell us off.
ABSENCE OF OBLIGATION DONT/ DOESNT HAVE TO (its not
necessary, you dont need to, you neednt)
Student: I dont have to go to class today. I finished the course.
Reader: You dont have to whisper. Were out of the library now.
Doctor: He doesnt have to take these pills but he must stop smoking.

 Schedules
On-the-spot / spontaneous
plans made at the moment of
speaking, threats, offers,
promises
PLANS
Intentions, non-spontaneous
plans
FUTURE
Arrangements (a plan or
preparation for a future event)
Based on present evidence
that points to a particular
logical outcome
PREDICTIONS
Based on your opinion, past
experience
The plane takes off / lands at 10:00
Present simple am.
The movie starts at 6:30.
A: I cant find a taxi to get to the airport.
B: Dont worry. Ill take you.
A: I cant open the door.
Will
B: Wait. Ill open it for you.
A: There isnt any milk left Ill go to
the supermarket.
For my next birthday, Im going to
have a fancy dress party at home.
Be going to
Next summer, Im going to travel to
Sweden. Ive heard its a beautiful
country to visit in summer.
Im having a party in my apartment
at 9:00 next Saturday. Do you want
Present continuous
to come?
Hes travelling to Sweden on Friday.
Oh, no! Its raining and we dont have
umbrellas. Were going to get
soaking wet!
Be going to
Manchester scored 10 goals and the
match will finish in a minute.
Manchester is going to win.
Manchester plays Liverpool on
Will Sunday. I think/ hope/ suppose
Liverpool will win.
 ADJECTIVES
GRADABLE VERSUS NON-GRADABLE ADJECTIVES
a bit, slightly, fairly, quite, rather, really, absolutely, completely, a bit, slightly, fairly, quite, rather, really, absolutely, completely,
very, really, extremely + totally, utterly + very, really, extremely + totally, utterly +
GRADABLE NON-GRADABLE GRADABLE NON-GRADABLE
good great/ excellent surprised astonished
bad horrible/ awful tired exhausted
cold freezing wet soaking
hot boiling old ancient
big enormous/ huge important essential
small tiny funny hilarious
scared terrified tasty delicious
clean spotless clever brilliant
dirty filthy beautiful gorgeous
happy ecstatic sure certain
sad miserable hungry starving/ ravenous
interesting fascinating angry furious

ADJECTIVES ENDING IN ING AND -ED
VERB -ING -ED VERB -ING -ED
causes emotion experiences emotion causes emotion experiences emotion
AMAZE amazing amazed FRUSTRATE frustrating frustrated
AMUSE amusing amused SATISFY satisfying satisfied
ANNOY annoying annoyed SHOCK shocking shocked
BORE boring bored DISGUST disgusting disgusted
CONFUSE confusing confused DISAPPOINT disappointing disappointed
EXCITE exciting exciting EMBARRASS embarrassing embarrassed
FASCINATE fascinating fascinated INTEREST interesting interested
FRIGHTEN frightening frightened TERRIFY terrifying terrified
SURPRISE surprising surprised TIRE tiring tired

ORDER OF ADJECTIVES BEFORE NOUNS
OPINION DIMENSION AGE SHAPE COLOUR ORIGIN MATERIAL
interesting big new square red French wooden
boring thin old round blond British leather NOUN
beautiful long ancient curly brown Italian woollen
fantastic short modern straight black Canadian plastic

 COMPARISON
COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

AS AS (tan como) ____

EQUALITY
Hes as old as me. His sister is as tall as
him.

INFERIORITY LESS THAN (menos que) THE LEAST (el/ la/ los/ las menos)
Hes less enthusiastic than her. Hes the least enthusiastic person I know.
One-syllable adjectives
-ER THAN THE EST
tall taller than tall the tallest
small smaller than small the smallest
big bigger than big the biggest
late later than late the latest
shy shyer/ shier than shy the shyest/ shiest than
Two-syllable adjectives
-ER THAN THE EST
-y: silly sillier -y: silly the silliest
-er: clever cleverer -er: clever the cleverest
-le: simple simpler -le: simple the simplest
-ow: narrow narrower -ow: narrow the narrowest
Two-syllable adjectives with other endings
SUPERIORITY
MORE THAN THE MOST
Modern more modern than Modern the most modern
Complete more complete than Complete the most complete
Adjectives composed of three or more syllables
MORE THAN THE MOST
Interesting more interesting than Interesting the most interesting
Fascinating more fascinating than Fascinating the most fascinating
IRREGULAR
Good / Well better than Good / Well the best
Bad worse than Bad the worst
Far further/ farther than Far the furthest/ farthest
Many/ much more than Many/ much the most
Little less than Little the least
EXPRESSIONS WITH COMPARATIVES
He started speaking faster and faster. The older the wiser.
They are getting more and more nervous. The more famous the more superficial.
1. Sticky 2. Available 3. Adventurous 4. Annoyed 5. Annoying
6. Fashionable 7. Dusty 8. Scared 9. Excited 10. Empty
11. Amazing 12. Yellow 13. Fast 14. Large 15. Pretty
16. Angry 17. Crowded 18. Gentle 19. Long 20. Quiet
21. Beautiful 22. Cold 23. Fat 24. Short 25. Spicy
26. Boring 27. Thirsty 28. Fair 29. Dark 30. Straight
31. Busy 32. Exciting 33. Handsome 34. Wonderful 35. Sweet
36. Clean 37. Expensive 38. Friendly 39. Modern 40. Talented
41. Clever 42. Far 43. Healthy 44. Fashionable 45. Tall
46. Comfortable 47. Wise 48. Fit 49. Public 50. Thin
51. Deep 52. Ancient 53. Early 54. Late 55. Soon
56. Famous 57. Lazy 58. Happy 59. Kind 60. Nice
61. Hungry 62. Curly 63. Good 64. Narrow 65. Tasty
66. Jealous 67. Courageous 68. Brave 69. Nervous 70. Hollow
71. Light 72. Moderate 73. Slow 74. Dirty 75. Wide
76. Noisy 77. Narrow 78. Old 79. Polite 80. Tiring
81. Old 82. Young 83. Slim 84. Small 85. Able

86. Shallow 87. Low 88. Lively 89. Dry 90. Careful
 JOBS AND PROFESSIONS
What do you do? What do you do for a living? Whats your job? Whats your dream job/ career?
Do you work or are you a student? To apply for a job. To hand in ones resume/ CV.
1. actor 2. advisor
3. animal carer 4. assistant
5. author 6. banker
7. barber 8. beekeeper
9. bricklayer 10. builder
11. bus driver 12. butcher
13. cattle farmer 14. chef
15. chief executive 16. civil servant
17. coach 18. computer scientist
19. consul 20. cook
21. craftsman 22. dentist
23. detective 24. director
25. doctor 26. economist
27. electrician 28. estate agent
29. film director 30. fisherman
31. flight attendant 32. gardener
33. greengrocer 34. gynecologist
35. head teacher 36. jeweler
37. judge 38. lecturer
39. makeup artist 40. masseur /masseuse
41. meteorologist 42. miner
43. news presenter 44. nun
45. nutritionist 46. optician
47. pastor 48. pest controller
49. pharmacist 50. physicist
51. plumber 52. police officer
53. porter 54. priest
55. prison officer 56. psychiatrist
57. rabbi 58. refuse collector
59. sailor 60. scientist
61. sculptor 62. secretary
63. shepherd 64. shop assistant
65. solicitor 66. tailor
67. teacher 68. telephone operator
69. travel agent 70. TV presenter
71. waiter 72. watchmaker
73. writer 74. accountant
75. actress 76. ambassador
77. architect 78. athlete
79. baker 80. bar person
81. beautician 82. blacksmith
83. broker 84. bullfighter
85. business executive 86. carpenter
87. chauffeur 88. chemist
89. child carer 90. clerk
91. company director 92. confectionery maker
93. cook 94. decorator
95. designer 96. dietician
97. dispensing chemist 98. doctor
99. cleaner 100. housewife
101. househusband 102. editor
103. engineer 104. farmer
105. fire fighter 106. fishmonger
107. forensic scientist 108. general practitioner
109. greengrocer 110. hairdresser
111. house painter 112. ironmonger
113. journalist 114. lawyer
115. magician 116. manager
117. mechanic 118. military man
119. musician 120. newsagent
121. nurse 122. odd job man
123. painter 124. personal assistant
125. pet carer 126. photographer
127. pilot 128. poet
129. politician 130. postman
131. printer 132. professor
133. psychologist 134. receptionist
135. researcher 136. salesperson
137. seamstress 138. security guard
139. shoemaker 140. soldier
141. surgeon 142. taxi driver
143. technician 144. tobacconist
145. TV cameraman 146. vet
147. waitress 148. welder
 RELATIVE CLAUSES
ANTECEDENT DEFINING CLAUSES NON-DEFINING CLAUSES
PERSON WHO/ THAT , WHO
The boy who/ that knocked on the door used to be my friend. My ESL teacher, who came to Germany in 1986, likes to ride
The girl (who/ that) I saw in the department story was Linda. his mountain bike.
Jane wasnt the lady (who/ that) he talked to last night. Einstein, who was born in Germany, is famous for his theories.

OBJECT WHICH/ THAT , WHICH

Im going to wear the skirt which/that is hanging in the closet. My mother's company, which makes mobile phones, is moving
Im going to wear the skirt (which/that) I bought in London. soon from Frankfurt to London.
Im going to wear the skirt (which/that) youre looking at. The hail, which is unusual in July, destroyed the roof.

POSSESSIVE WHOSE , WHOSE

Do you know the boy whose mother is a nurse? The boy, whose parents both work as teachers at the school,
They live in a house whose roof is full of holes. started a fire in the classroom.
Thats the lady whose son Im waiting for. My brother, whose phone you just heard, is a doctor.

PLACE WHERE , WHERE

Let's go to a country where the sun always shines. I've just come back from London, where John lives.
This is the place where I lost my earring. Buckingham Palace, where the Queen of England lives, is in
The restaurant where we had dinner is nice. the centre of London.

TIME WHEN , WHEN

The day when I first met you had been horrible. 2000, when I graduated, was the best year of my life.
Yesterday was a day when everything went wrong! We went to the cinema on Monday, when we saw Peter in the
There are times when I feel so lonely. city centre.

REASON THE REASON WHY , WHICH IS WHY

The reason why I came here today is not important. Grammar is interesting, which is why I study it.
The great weather is the reason why I moved here. My roommate is a slob, which is why I want to move out.
That is reason why Im late. He loves reading, which is why he has so many books.

A WHOLE IDEA , WHICH

Chris did really well in his exams, which was a big surprise.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- She didnt study for the exam, cheated and then lied about the
mark, which her parents were not happy about.

 QUESTION WORDS
WHO
WHOSE
WHAT
WHICH
WHEN
WHERE
HOW
HOW MANY
HOW MUCH
1. ______ is your name? Claudia.
3. ______ do you like? I like Peter.
5. ______ do you like? I like chocolate.
7. ______ is this? This is a rubber.
9. ______can you drive in this area?
11. ______ is Mary? Shes at school.
13. ______ time is it? Its 5 oclock.
15. ______is the table? About 20 kilos.
17. ______person is she? Shes polite and kind.
19. ______ are you? Im fine, thank you. And you?
21. ______ sports do you play? Football and tennis.
th
23. ______ is todays date? Its 19 January, 2012.
25. ______ studies Russian? Me!
27. ______ do you study Russian? Because I like it
very much.
29. ______ is your rubber? Its in my pencil case.
31. ______ time does the class begin? It starts at 4:00.
33. ______is your brother? Almost 2 metres.
35. ______ do you go to the club? On Friday
afternoon.
37. ______ is the rubber? The rubber is 1 dollar.
39. ______ book do we need, the Students Book or
the Workbook?
41. ______ does it cost? It costs 5 euros.
43. ______ brothers and sisters have you got? Ive got
two brothers and three sisters.
45. ______juice do you want? Half a glass.
47. ______ is your favourite book? Matilda.
49. ______ do you go to school? By bus.
51. ______are there? There are about 20
53. ______is he ______? Hes tall and red-haired.
55. ______ car is this? I think its the mayors.
57. ______ is the yo-yo? The yo-yo is 2 dollars.
WHAT LIKE
WHAT KIND OF
WHY
HOW OLD
HOW TALL / HEAVY
HOW WIDE
HOW FAR
HOW LONG
HOW FAST
2. ______? I can't hear you.
4. ______ is the weather______? Its rainy and cold.
6. ______ is this? This is John.
8. ______ turn is it? Its my turn.
10. ______ is opening the door? Paul is.
12. ______is there? About 5 litres.
14. ______ are you? Im ten years old.
16. ______ have you worked here? For about 5 years.
18. ______ is the chocolate? 50 cents.
20. ______ is your favourite actor? Johnny Depp.
22. ______is the table? About 3 metres.
24. ______ is this jacket? Its Claudias.
26. ______is the shelf? Its 50 centimetres.
28. ______ does he do at weekends? He studies and he
plays the piano.
30. ______ the cat? Its under the chair?
32. ______ do you go to school? In the mornings.
34. Open your books. ______ page?
36. ______ do you like, the blue or the red one? I prefer
the red one.
38. ______ cars are there? There are three cars.
40. ______ is your brother ______? My brothers tall &
funny.
42. ______ money do you have? I have 25 dollars.
44. ______was the weather ______? Its quite sunny.
46. ______ is your mother like? My mother is tall. She has
got blue eyes and black hair.
48. ______ is the weather _____ in July? Its sunny & hot.
50. ______ do you live? I live in Granada.
52. ______ from the centre do you live?
54. ______ is your father like? My father is short, young
and strong.
56. ______is the park from the town? About 50 kilometres.
58. ______carrots has the bunny eaten? 20!
 REPORTED SPEECH

BACKSHIFTING WITH TENSES
PRESENT PAST PAST PERFECT =
Simple Simple Simple =
Continuous Continuous Continuous =
Perfect Perfect Perfect =

FUTURE CONDITIONAL =
Simple Simple =
Continuous Continuous =
Perfect Perfect =


BACKSHIFTING WITH MODALS
Must Had to Had had to =
Can Could =
Can Was/ were able to Had been able to =
May (probability) Might =
May (permission) Could
Should =
Ought to =


BACKSHIFTING WITH DEICTICS
This / these That/ those
I/ we He/ she/ they
My/ our His/ her/ our
Mine / ours His/ hers/ theirs
Me / us Him/ her/ them
Go Come
Take Bring
Here There
Now Then
Today That day
This week/ month/ year That week/ month/ year
Yesterday The previous day / The day before
Last week/ month/ year The previous week/ month/ year
The week/ month/ year before

Tomorrow The next day / The following day

Next week/ month/ year The next week/ month/ year
The following week/ month/ year

The day before yesterday Two days before

The day after tomorrow In two days time / two days later
One day/ week/ month/ year ago One day/ week/ month/ year before
In an hour/ week/ month/ year One hour/ week/ month/ year later


REPORTING STATEMENTS

Noun phrase/ D: The party will be here tomorrow.
Object pronoun R: 3 weeks ago he said to me that the
me party would be there the following
SAID TO you day.
(THAT) BACKSHIFTING
TOLD him
her D: This is going to be a good film.
us R: A week ago he told me that was
them going to be a good film.


REPORTING COMMANDS

Noun phrase/ D: Stay silent.
Object pronoun R: She told them to stay silent.
me
TOLD/ you D: Can/ could you leave the room, please?
(NOT) TO INFINITIVE
ASKED him R: They asked us to leave the room.
her
us D: Dont lie to him.
them R: He told him not to lie to him.


REPORTING QUESTIONS

YES/ NO QUESTIONS WH-WORD QUESTIONS
[Somebody] asked Noun phrase/ IF [Somebody] asked Noun phrase/ WH-WORD
Object pronoun Object pronoun
me me
you you
him him
her her
us us
them them

Question in the AFFIRMATIVE order + BACKSHIFTING
D: Do you like this brand of chocolate? How old are you now?
R: She asked me if I liked that brand of He asked me how old I was then.
chocolate.

D: Have they seen Peter this week? How many oranges did you eat yesterday?
R: She asked us if they had seen Peter that week. He asked my parents how many oranges they had
eaten the day before.

D: Can she swim well here? Where did she live three years ago?
R: She asked Peter if she could swim well there. He asked me where she had lived three years before.