Chapter Two: Human and Cultural
Constituents in the Maze of Emancipation
Immigration transfer from one place to another.
*Cagayan Man is similar to Java Man & Peking
Man which some says they walk towards the land
of Philippines from Indonesia and China through
land bridges in, Land Bridge Theory.
Department of Environment and Natural
Resources (DENR) lead agency which supports
governmental & environmental policies, programs
and studies.
National Mapping and Resources Information
Authority (NAMRIA) for 1997 in coast and
geodetic survey.
National Integrated Protected Areas (NIPAS) Act of
1992 (Republic Act 7586) designated areas
specified by law, presidential decree,
proclamation or executive order as
natural/historical landmark.
Wildlife Act of 2001 (Republic Act 9147)
tremendously decreased the illegal collection and
trade of wildlife resources.
Barangay/Balangay basic system of government
of the Philippines during Spanish period. First
native words the Spanish learned in the
Philippines.
Antonio Pigafetta chronicler/historian of
Magellans expedition.
Ferdinand Magellan a Portuguese born leader of
five Spanish ships, stumbled onto the islands in
1521 in his search for the lucrative spices of the
Indies in the Moluccas or Spice Land.
5 Ships Led by Magellan:
Trinidad flagship
Victoria smallest ship
Concepcion
San Antonio
Santiago
Reduccion resettlement policy employed by the
Spaniards which was designed to gathered
people for convenient administration of the
colonies.
*Inside the muros or wall (an area called
Intramuros in Manila), were hordes of Spaniards,
leading indios, and important institutions of
church and state. Other Spanish settlements are
Cebu and Panay.
March 16, 1521 Magellans fleet arrived at
Homonhon Island, southeast of Samar which he
named the islands of the Archipelago of San
Lazaro, erected a cross, and claimed the lands or
Spain.
Encomiendas reward given by the King of Spain
to demand a tribute or taxes from the inhabitants
of the area assigned to him and enjoy the
services of the natives.
Royal Encomienda belonging to the King.
Private Encomienda belonging to Private
individuals
Ecclesiastical Encomienda belonging to
the Church; 4 Missionaries: Augustinian,
Dominican, Franciscan, Jesuits
Encomenderos people being entrusted by the
encomienda system.
Polo y servicio forced labor
Polistas called to persons who are in
forced labor.
Falla payment used to be exempted from
polo y servicio.
Requirements for forced labor: 1) Male
Filipino, 2) 16-60 yrs. old, 3) not more than
40, 4) not coincide days during planting &
harvesting season, 5) not working in far
place.
Manila Galleon Spanish trading ships which
made round-trip voyages once or twice per year
across the Pacific Ocean from the port of
Acapulco.
Tobacco Monopoly tobacco production in the
Philippines was under total control of the
government under Governor General Jose V.
Basco.
Miguel Lopez de Legazpi known to be as the
first Governor General of Spain in Philippines.
Peninsulares full-blooded Spaniards born in
Spain or Iberian Islands.
Insulares/Creoles full-blooded Spaniards born in
the Philippines.
Ministerio de Ultramar (Ministry of the Colonies)
established in Madrid with the King of Spain in
which it is an administrative body administered a
centralize machinery exercising executive,
legislative, judicial and religious powers.
Central Government
Governor General exercise the
three powers of the government.
Official representative of the King.
Has the power to appoint lower
officials including parish priest
Vice Royal Patron.
President of Royal Audencia
highest court during Spanish
period.
Royal Patron power of the King to
appoint a governor general or
archbishop.
Royal Decree law made by the
King.
Superior Decree law made by the
Governor General
Cumplase power of governor
general to suspend the royal
decree.
Local Government
Provinces Alcalde Mayor
Indulto de commercio - Alcalde
Mayor can engage in trade because
of low salary.
Municipalities Gobernadorcillo
(chief executive and chief judge of
the town). (Also the highest
position that a Filipino can be
appointed at)
Principalia a body of citizens of
high-standing, usually made up of
the incumbent or ex-cabeza de
barangay.
Barangay or Barrio smallest unit
of government.
 Cabeza de barangay maintain
peace and order in the barrio or
barangay.
Residencia public investigation (Gov. Gen
Gov. Gen)
Visita secret investigation. Visitador the who
investigates.
With the abolition of the system owing to the
many abuses associated with it, the provinces
replaced the encomiendas:
Manila
Cebu
Iloilo
Jaro
Albay
Batangas
Nuevo Carceres
Nuevo Segovia
Autos accordalos were executive decrees issued
by the Governor General upon advice of the Royal
Audencia.
College of San Juan de Letran was the only
official secondary school in the Philippines at the
end of the Spanish period.
Colleges in Manila for girls:
Santa Isabel
La Concordia
Santa Rosa
Looban
Santa Catalina
University of Santo Tomas was the only
university in Manila initially established solely for
Spaniards and mestizos.
Divide et impera (divide and rule) policy that
insured Spaniards to have control over the
Philippines.
Governor General Carlos Ma de la Torre known
as the most liberated Governor General. He was
the one in favor of secularization
Secularization process of demanding from the
regular priest the administration of churches to
secular a priest.
2 Kinds of Priest:
Regular - religious orders; missionaries
who spread Christianity
Secular who are ordained for a particular
diocese and who serve ordinarily in
parishes.
Father Pedro Pelaez first champion of reform
group who is an ecclesiastical governor of the
Philippines. He exposed and criticized rampant
racial discrimination against Filipino clergy.
The Three Martyred Priest: (executed by garrote)
Father Mariano Gomes
Father Jose Burgos
Father Jacinto Zamora
*With the death of Father Pedro Pelaez and the
three martyred priest, it results to the, Birth of
Nationalism.
February 17, 1872 the date when the execution
of GOMBURZA happened in Luneta, Bagumbayan.
Juventud Escolar Liberal (Liberal Young Students)
a patriotic society of youths from UST who
joined in the upsurge of nationalistic fervor that
encouraged to discuss and campaign for political
reforms and secularization of priest.
Governor Rafael de Izquierdo the Governor
General during the execution of GOMBURZA. He
echoed the conservatism of Spanish government
and restored strict censorship of the press,
prohibited political discussions and stopped
secularization of priest.
January 20, 1872 the date of Cavite Mutiny,
wherein soldier and laborers rose up in the belief
that it would elevate to a national uprising.
Propaganda Movement a reform movement that
exposed the intolerable conditions in the
Philippines, lampooned government officials and
friars, and satirized the deplorable situation in the
country.
Originated from Madrid.
Has their own publication known as the La
Solidaridad, aims to expand and draw
attention on politicians and even Spanish
ministers cruelty in the Philippines.
Consists of middle class
reformist/masonry.
Junta de propaganda first political group
Assimilation the main objective of the
propaganda movement to make the
Philippines a province to secure equality
between the Spanish and Filipino.
Graciano Lopez Jaena the first editor of
the La Solidaridad.
Known as the great orator.
Has a pen name, Diego Laura
which he used to keep his name
secret within the publication.
January 20, 1896 the date when
Jaena died because tuberculosis.
Marcelo H. del Pilar a lawyer and
newspaperman who became the second
editor of La Solidaridad after Jaena died.
Founder of Diariong Tagalog about
pungent articles against the friars.
Has a pen name, Dolores Manapat,
V. Garcia, Plaridel and Piping Dilat.
July 4, 1896 the date when Pilar
died because of tuberculosis.
Pamphlets; Long Live Spain, Cai-gat
Cayo, Dasalan at Toksohan, was a
series of irreverent parodies of
prayers and was lauded by Rizal as
a masterpiece of satire, and many
more.
Jose Rizal the father of Philippine
Nationalism
Has a pen name, Dimas Alang and
Laong Laan.
On 1892, Rizal returned from
Madrid and On July 3, 1892, he
established, La Liga Filipina.
On July 7, 1892, Rizal was ordered
to be deported in Dapitan by Gov.
Eulogio Despujol.
On July 17, 1892, Rizal had been
exiled to Dapitan.
December 30, 1896 date when
Jose Rizal died in Bagumbayan.
Jomapa pen name of Jose Maria Panganiban
Taga-ilog pen name of Antonio Luna
Naning, Tigbalang and Kalipulako pen name of El Alma Filipino and Ninay that the Filipinos had a
Mariano Ponce developed indigenous culture.

Ferdinand Blumentritt a scholar and the best
friend of Rizal.
Miguel Morayta professor of history at the
Universidad Central de Madrid.
Wenceslao E. Retana founded and edited La
Politica de Espana en Filipinas, a period published
to counteract La Solidaridad.
Pablo Feced he backtracked and vindictively
spread the rumor that the Filipinos in Barcelona
conspired to overthrow the Spanish authority in
the Philippines who is known as, Quioaquiap.
Dominador Gomez and Pablo Rianzares Bautista
financer of the La Solidaridad.

Noche Buena a biographical sketch of

Antonio Luna that depicted actual life in the
Philippines.

La Maestra de Mi Pueblo described the defects

of the educational system for women.

Pedro Paterno the scholarly researcher of the

group, proved in hi La Civilization Tagala Los Itas,