Design parameter

For turbine: - N P H
For pump & compressor: - N Q H

Specific speed of turbine: -

The specific speed of turbine is defined as the
speed of geometrically similar turbine but of
different size which would develop unit power
working under unit head.

Specific speed of centrifugal pump:

-
The specific speed of centrifugal pump is defined
as the speed of geometrically similar pump which
deliver 1 m^3/sec of liquid against a head of one
meter.
Centrifugal pump
If the mechanical energy is converted into pressure energy by
means of centrifugal force acting on the fluid, the hydraulic
machine is called centrifugal pump. The flow in the pump is in
radial outward directions. The rise in pressure head at any point
of the rotating fluid is proportional to the square of tangential
velocity of the liquid at that point.
V*V/(2*g) = (wr)^2/(2*g).
Components are :-
1. Impeller
2. Casing
3. Suction pipe with foot valve and a strainer
4. Delivery pipe

Impeller :- it consist of a series of backward curved vanes.

The rotational energy typically comes from an engine or electric

motor. The fluid enters the pump impeller along or near to the
rotating axis and is accelerated by the impeller, flowing radially
outward into a diffuser

Manometric head (Hm) : -

It is the head against which a centrifugal pump has to work
Hm = Hs+Hd+hfs+hfd+Vd2/2g

The reason of increasing area of the pump is that

 Centrifugal pump
1. it is used where high flow
rate and low pressure is
required
2. Flow rate in centrifugal
pump depends on suction
pressure
Flow rate 1/suction
pressure
3. It gives constant flow
Reciprocating pump
it is used where low
flow rate and high
pressure is required
It moves the liquid at
same speed regardless
of inlet pressure
It gives pulsating flow

Range of BPCL products

Centrifugal Reciprocatin Reciprocatin
pumps g pumps g
compressors
Maximum 2,500 kW 1,268.2 kW 4,000 kW
power
Maximum 140 kg/cm2 675 kg/cm2 450 kg/cm2
pressure
Maximum 12,000 m3/hr 315 m3/hr 70,000 m3/hr
capacity
Fluid Demineralized Drilling Air, N2, Co2,
handled Water, muds, NH3,
hydrocarbons, cementing Synthesis
LPG, Boiler feed slurry, crude Gas,
water, liquor, oil, heavy Hydrogen
slurry, water, Coal gas.
petrochemicals Ammonia
 carbonate,
Liquid Wax

NPSH :- it is defined as absolute pressure head at the

inlet to the pump, minus the vapour pressure head
(absolute units) plus the velocity head.
=P1/pg + Vs2/2g - Pv/pg
NPSH is equal to total suction head. It may also be
defined as the total head required to make the liquid flow
through the suction pipe to the pump impeller.

Available NPSH should not be less than the required NPSH

to avoid cavitation.

NPSH in a Pump

NPSHA = Ps/pg + Vs2/2g - Pv/pg

Note that it is equivalent to the sum of both the static and
dynamic heads that is, the stagnation head from which
one deducts the head corresponding to the equilibrium
vapor pressure, hence "net positive suction head".

Applying First law of thermodynamics for control volumes

enclosing the suction free surface 0 and the pump inlet i,
under the assumption that the kinetic energy at 0 is
negligible, that the fluid is inviscid, and that the fluid
density is constant:

P0/pg + z0 = Pi/pg + Vi2/2g + zi + hf

Using the above application of Bernoulli to eliminate the

velocity term and local pressure terms in the definition of
NPSHA:

NPSHA= P0/pg - PV/pg- (zi - z0) - hf

NPSH in a Turbine

The calculation of NPSH in a reaction turbine is different to

the calculation of NPSH in a pump, because the point at
which cavitation will first occur is in a different place. In a
reaction turbine, cavitation will first occur at the outlet of
the impeller, at the entrance of the draft tube.[5] Denoting
the entrance of the draft tube by e, the NPSHA is defined
in the same way as for pumps:

NPSHA = Pe/pg + Ve2/2g - Pv/pg

Applying Bernoulli's principle from the draft tube

entrance e to the lower free surface 0, under the
assumption that the kinetic energy at 0 is negligible, that
the fluid is inviscid, and that the fluid density is constant:
Pe/pg + Ve2/2g + ze = P0/pg + z0 + hf

Using the above application of Bernoulli to eliminate the

velocity term and local pressure terms in the definition of
NPSHA:

NPSHA= P0/pg - PV/pg- (ze - z0) + hf

Note that, in turbines minor losses (hf) alleviate the effect

of cavitation - opposite to what happens in pumps.