A history of International Relations theory Second edition Torbjorn L. Knutsen _sManchester University Press ‘Manchester and New YorkNes Guns, ships and printing pre the sixteenth century and the birth of the modern world Anyernational Relitons thoes arpeared i the sintcnth century I emerge toate the pail twserth ot the mer state yee and the Mer A esti ‘sel! eso es oath wae prt a apres hh ere fa overthrew textnnal rth bot mb dad ot replace the ok! comets ‘eh mew certain. It was a cera prt of the Anlst anviey ofthat frevaling riotous cfuch whch mare the tran frm the risa ‘he meer wel I vasa age ten Betncen the Reis of the mescel mi the concerns of the meen age The sintecnth century Repan aan ae of scan attire ete competing ‘iveral arsenide asa ae of amass telat. The itermnate fare af the age tae Yo provide tte to any the frtamental queso ‘vee which the wars were foght The lire te praboe Bea pave force forth new investigations of the caus anh jethcatons for wate and the traction of mem sets of rules to regulate relatos among the Pett "he emergence ofthe man wer an heap through analyse thee {ev imentins which sparen Western Faroe inthe bag sneenih ce {rcame, the cops al the pinhng presses imensone hal pees iplcatons They changat exicy aml tered the relative shit) sf ea {ours to punsh al reward. They aera Furopean sect) and prtoundth ce eternathna erst, Social innova ns, economic changes and politcal power "No-one knows who invented gunpwrdet The ancient Chinese certain poses ei Tame vie the Islamic empere to Europe The Europeans pa ie p= {evel mary ue in the late 14, and thereby acre the dibro af [ebical power among the emerging state. Monarchs whe acquited uns ashyThe Mater ges ‘hanced their military poet Thi made th eghhs insecure and com felled them wo aeqe simlar weapons.‘ gpd, he, cg the menarhs of Europe on te ar feuds Ve 8, Cin sale bats more desiructoe and warfare mate ily And the ing te ol tatue i lysine century Harpe ad amet pla come ques “They made poi power inresingly depenent upon national we, and ested Kings and pines to inten pew way of rusing revenues. Thi ‘sem, malted the growth ofthe mon se snd he ate em, Tuaton was ne ay f raring revue. Longedtnc ale ath, [But such trade was & fay recent upton: wan mate poe by tw sip ‘moles and wnproved meant rain, Suh arn ans Ppmsible expediins of dicovery and aventre ater, when cin nre Fite to the new ships the Europeans wre cole to plage and okra Amer, As and Asa Colton, the, tend ade 48 yon whch estates of Wester Euope could rae muc-ned revenue. And ih these few wuts of revenue the new Earopeam monarchs cold bul eae mee nd quip them with more un. Trae and clone simul the growth ‘tirade routes tetncenEutope and tbr reins they fied an ineratianal werk of crmmunications and any wha wohl provide te seaiing tbe men meld earn he pronting pres pea the cle of the Resse wih i ethusiasm for cent etn knovedge and entepreneanal sprit 2 the fst of uvepe. ab fs the dn within the Church ands the egos Fragmenutin shh me cl the Reforma” The gprs relation and pal bane “The teva erat of sc) suse» dae of ace Indowoes and Ataned them arte The abeet of gunpmdct destroyed this cat. The Ini sures cae iy ngt fr the new handgun a cannons. And Then team von ata toned fash equipped wh amare scout b's man fom safe dsc, the veh tt ts ig le it wart, he wartow-ablcnen wee fered smut wa, a he cr Teavuae thew prncn nnd went) tae mel The metry bec the porated the med so he Renan The int of 9 Hl Sem gon nn» it ft nt ena oth se ad ump, serra he bs Pare net mney. Army wes Stoned iva Man ho ee ng Tse ir ad ont Sai Baa Wars ints cepa m ny synched sh the waht att cl 8 gst ie lge ace plea were nly ekg cn ard fatto nanos hel th pl he eu oa un te roe i tn ane he Meroe tte Pret, beter brim ws Pre Hey the Nasigso 1 Hero's beri lee rns bs bong ofl sade, cereale Pad sated Ab hy Von Ht teensy’) he acer nna st ta coi coun in pst ie ae ations han any tr (ead typ. 657. Tec ey ahaa rest ofthe Bice amd ete ec ferred he eo the tow nari’ in Hanoy (Til WA) Larger mie tom rig murs capone Ty sted urs Wo hn mea ‘at wayrtctet and manage tans, Aad thee llr in tor, Simulated the ‘ten he mod sie Tey contd he pow ofthe monarch hs ‘ombuting to he ry sat frm of Earpeat its they made the Ling {Soden the lndad artery, Bot appraise with he moma ls she expanding tes, thas encomraging the se a the ‘Sila (Poa 1978, pp i) and preparing the evans fr he sem of pera repetaen af Wo Faropem pice Th ical appara wa ‘orth ton which ple he abe sasttuins i wake (Sehas= pee 18, in ump, reeltin comet Poli wth stu wee are y the tls fsa els 10 exter ands fe tr poplains Pltcs ong saes abo change as mmach etched te eae w eet erence fom te ewe-taropen tpns Langnance tea pi by ew Han stp mas which pote the spd nF rt of sts ta 1 na asim Bs Row deseipants mah ‘an arom sod mapaing which eared he aca of mignon Wah he mprovmata the pans ad the nm of the rie, ne fay kgs um cyto uty lng the fe eat Eup, ‘Stipe fers eve Mel To tie was Tiny Ady rch att ce pe (ect the be Teva the cen cenuy, oan Wades ree mute pominct cul twas of Suber Faroe. Pe elit wan abs beak Ptan ‘er sch a Ln and Oper where ale mh th ener ad Inbal pod Than growth of wae sand a carp theme toe af Sy far lento Teeny xen he eo he rane la the rates me “kta, che bape men tet maples sd tome usage We sen sng theo eat te ere bn fen th sme ra esl not mt se ye and ‘mes Pai en Wes Ac al the Aa nn, oop a age leaps (wns ted tan AeThe Modern Ager attended bya fever of competitive a cd tive loan and war The impo ii ‘spas which characod the competion among mmc hry Povie sopeirfet conir ne nd are te Sp ‘enabled the seafaring nations of Europe to rapidly expand along the Medit ‘anean, African, Asian and American coasts, ™ ™ ihe eae Tt Heist emp moe pcb sf ova expansion tinue anew oe renal ang pee ‘ho understood tha oversea expsnson pened up rubsanclomronetioe ey fain and ane: The dane ofthe New Word rend se oe npn and his entens inf provide stot chase Moule typ, rvsition i hang "he advent of print altered the way in which hursan tng was eyes, die ‘eoninatd and preserved (Fsenstcin 1993) Once intnduce the ne tech of the movable typeface was quiely propaputedthvaphat Lurepe, Around 1450 Johann Gutenberg competed his frst set of prime ibs, by 1470, pine ing shops had appeared in Cologne, Haste, Rome am Venice. After 5O years, a8 ‘stimated 8.0.18 books had been prints (Mande 1978 pp. 277. The first pried texts mete Bible, prayer books, sermons and breircn, “Then flowed all hinds of entertaining ext stressing. ea andthe spectaculary suceeafl chivalric romancss (Leonard 49) Among the sittenth-century bes sles were ao 8 wide varcy of handbooks and mane fh, ows tks of at Kinds agriclore, Bsklng. de, chon pone, c-hanling surveying tether with maps calc anh fot weigh and meacarce mere ang the meat polar printed products Las tat en, Greet and Latin laos wef printed pace which wade ved ft amar that bo rr ony Brae wh Iniancing a Printing spr tows and vores bese the miro scary hte The immesate result eas to ring Sent ar) clit to calcd Inds of Lnetedge Ths wes. for example, quite apparent the emerging Uisipines of| copra and cartogranhs Geopraphers described the sao countries the SSerd thew hata, their cmte ther resources and posed imper= {ant intrmation fr traders and buccaneers Carorapere drew maps. They ented placer where tae and plage mere mow promsing. ad determined the quickest and safest routes to those places. Tedd ot tke lang for descrip ‘ion and mape to provoke conics betncen fy seis arid waders the oe and and orton Chusch saben the her. he sehr noted that nem Anowiedge abou the world Maly contradicted tradition], Bile-esed cone fentwns shout the dnisnn of land and water and shout the habits of the farih "The new carographe epesenatin af round eath orting both pon ielf and around 3 fed son, contented the ei) vison of the Church fat esthm the cente of «universe arranged around Palestine Cas sips and printing pre Furthermore, printing exacerbated dissensions within the Church. As rebg- ins tents were prited and sped it beeame obvious tht the Church was wot luni, but that ts members entertained 2 diverse a1 of ides and interpe- tations. Sermons and tracts spresd to every corner of Europe wi he adret of Print, and reveled thet churchmen im Tere regions had widely diferent Imerretatizns of even the most baie Jactins ofthe Fath The theologians of Spain had quite diferent viens fom thir eallesues in Rome ~ et to meson Iw diferent they mere from the seoliane of France, Poland, Denmark and the many German principalities. “The Heergenty of the Church, revealed bythe at of printing, rigger s Ap of demands for Church reform ‘The lst tram mas xlded to cenrics af Acoumulied dsnsaction when Chutch suthoriies allowed entreprencurit loser to raise revenues by maseprinting eters of indulgence = dociments ffvem vo the fahfl instar for prayer, penitence, pilgrimage or, mest shach- sicisc hard cash. Demands for Church reform had een vied since the Middle [Ares However, hese demande did no eonsitate any woe fform movement, Ter they, too, sumed diferent fms in diferent seal and geographical aca tions, Primed matter changed the nature of the protest spread the coo SGousness of dversiy within Chrian Europe; but it ako. spread eriin Tniging bey exe and the mamer of Hey authors who symbolized dierent Sehoole of interpretations ‘One ofthese hey ides was the cai sat rebious ith was» private mar. ‘i now as felted By several sors, the most famous were Ns Luther and Jean Chin. ace fra the Bt ore eben nd pase CGatlenge tothe eal dine that reli faith na demonstrat 8 2. Sitencraly by paripato i pic ceremomes and sacraments. Since S13 ‘ncn cut te pry smite wat he lrg, salation eld rice wo the Chueh hcchy Tontbe die the ley thet i= Peomable rok Te (ad Col hined that subline mere a hese [coro ith am collective stan hat fath nating le But he tah ofthe ba’ This theory was resolotionary,I¢ captured 2 sentient of indiviuaiy and privacy which appeals othe merchants ard the ising middleclass airs of the age The way in whch the theory was dseminated wa ale revelation. In 31, Luther Forgas Be argument in the Form of rine) points of trenchant cilem of coat Church practices nd mid them upon hatch hor Ita expectations ofa schol Gscusion of his grievance were rudely Sacred shen hie ends printed up the Nine These and dsributed {hom Within «foringhty they were dgcused all over Germany mihin ‘month al ove Europe (sree 193, pp. 151. vente ict spiraled ou of control. The explosine pita pote of the re tach meh eos imeialy resized where the merchant and mile nd rnd alii the oer. fn Helland,ll ull ——e stan estes 1 Uy Ren i nd i eatin, SESS oy cesar gene lesen The cope gs la roe entra by sans and mou wate he ovr Set rece. Cate pos realy pot cof ree fac oes i Nerden Goan, Eng and Sania" Praca tales ahaa Sc, chin chaps ly Hoar he faut a stengton eal per the epee the eal Church, Adie ou of jot ‘Aes gusto of poll thagy emergdfn hi urbukence: Wat the 3 teat hence and wat? On the ome hand an splesnen of the faible Char manana the might to wage war aginst nil and fess Spanish oss parla argued tht heretics souk be pnshed by ‘i heres ain et hesve tie he law af Go and ature, jan eine have no tue prion On the eter and, several jar, ke ‘wins ad pooper recognized tat sls and staemen folie {en ec atm or pls Tiny the hl uf the sieeth century, te pian of Linge to justi ‘hie aver wth lyin arguments no secrecy ot bythe rte af ee Vari nas aming the Best Spans warn agit sh da yf of aking vehgion cane for war He obs that i rhea doctrine ful ginize wa, hen every prsce moh! nay are isin Wa ly ne Gao, arguing ht tls lam aeons bosons ‘int grey af tt te he chs forthe dab" elon et ‘eluweip einen mn und Gn, he mati, It dine igi, a ‘Sth laws af elgg cs mt propel cnt ete maw thee Sie cus ght vt by a leence vel, or ta oe ‘ata ely he amp. “ina Seca td ni scion (Gen 6. he argent hat fle 6 ot en jstieston fr war sports ini ater undrsnding of relus ath ab4pernl acer and an finda igh." case for eelgis tatrance us face hypo ‘ue nce th ebay wars dragged om wth ker ctr ight 1155 heen of oerance was alta in the eaty of Ags, which ena erromize wtb Co the telus tre tween vars German eamipsies The tty prolamed thats ugh be up tothe idvdea Bt dtsnine the eign of hie tea, Althugh ths enon ws dp ‘mately ep it eran ill uma‘ ne as 96 til the wean of the eligioas any wf princes; thi poston ald + Bve wat or ane entry tu be gency cere a the pei of ms ‘aces es‘ Vreaty of Aung dad ower nara pial {ino bate at prncly shor in war a eign," debe dil ot “‘end uti the Treaty of Westchalis in 1648 more class expressed the Ferm on ‘whic thee international order sas tobe hase. The Ing interval between the two treaties of Augsburg and Westphalia marked steady increase in the Ditch of the religious war in added Furope. I alea marked one of the mot Formative periods i the history of international elation thers. Conran of he ane he mounting race of sal change divi! sil phibsophrs, Several poi ‘al inher rugged t re-stablich the ol intllecualenanties inthe fae of turbulent times and uncertain fatures Ferrari 18, pp. 278 a al were orn tetween the coorable certains of traditional noledge ani the inet ally engaging emerging spin of tolerance, between the chia and the pragmatic, between Aquinas and Machiavelh Innocent Gentile defended trian doc fries in his ne chute Fanci Bacon pti 4 good ward for Machel in his Esa. “The steve mith the changing tines teint i the wins of stot Lipe sus (1517-106), He reposted’ Machanlls and soup to resurrect the tad tional concept of tre as 3 quality marked by rigorous morality, widom, eee, toorage and temperance aides which accord with the Greek and Roman cre Ses a well as with etabshed Christian sales. In the Fist chapters of his Pat tus of 1587 Laps elaborates a casacat definition of inl and iherosly {stablshes it asthe oral bas for prmcls ele Hut then he abril aes the {question of whether the prince can fat, be expect metre up to sech hgh etal standards, ral, he remark, we do at lve in Plat's Rept, but in a word where men are Knoan 4 be Japhet fot doworight ev [ccodingls, me woud be exceedngls sive if we did ot realize that princes ftien use nh deception ard fra to farther their peal jective. "A simiatstrugele is apparent in the works of Tommaso Campane (1568°1639}, 4 Daminicn monk, 4 pxsionate phisupher pact and » pois! revulutioniy, A prommnen tranetion igre, C2mpanel swt to reconcile ‘Catolctheogy sith Renasanceslence His books eomain bath some ofthe ‘nest retrograde asia! sepertitnne and elie fanaticsms and some of the mun peeps nates of fis das Campanella tavght thatthe work bad timo centes one assonated withthe eth and marked by darkness, cold and fated, anor associated withthe sun, and mad by brightness, warnth and love. He noid Machavel athe primary theorist of the earth, and cas fated hit for having reduced elem to a poll aot and destroyed the Spiritual community of man witha etarious decrine of cyte reasoning and individual intrest. He saw his cn politcal thoughts a¥ an anid 10 the Renssance humanist, and spied them out an La eta del sale (The Gay of the Sun’ of Walz It 2 pull dialogue i the ation of Pl’ Repub dnd More's Uo, psig anaes! sate governed by teavn, lve and ial Solidarity at aan contain src comments en cunernpoary pies. The ams. sp ane pontine pre dualy i even more apparent in hi Divo pola aprini dae Pots Dscourtes tothe Princes of Hay) (150) Here Campanca porrass European ats as formed hy a double tenon: x conte between Turk end Habsburg on the one hand, and between Habsburg and Valois on the oer. In effet, Cam- pails oppnsee Renancance humanism one moment, and borrows from i the ‘ext Iname place he angrily opr the notion fa teaon of state’ in anather bhe usr it He even employs the balince-f-poer principle: he nots that al Jan vuers ust France ner to conta Spain, and adds that thi obey wold be reversed if Spin neve to decline and rane become the greter Power. Sich Cantediions expres the paradon of the age: even the fercest opponents 10 ‘Machiaselle brow from hi and fish by emulating hin. Wha in fat apy ened to Campanella "was that the il enemy af Machsvllsr, sist which fe was Biter struggling gamed and el! pression one hy hime rom the sery ist (Meinecke 1952, p. 102) (Comparable contradictions are evident in the works of Giowsnni Dero (15401619), On the fst pagee of bie Reson of Stave (1986 [IS¥9) Botero ‘kclares hie an appt of Machel he init, He Lipsus and Can Pane that hse and integra are qualities requ sn 3 ruler Ye, by the ime he draws hi conclsins, Hotero has adopted many of Machi’ arfo- rents For example, he recommends that + rule appear setunus not eease toch conduc goed i ef, bot Becabee Hearne om god and prestige (toro 1956, p96) He arecs that slfantrest ee a the core of al pic set — ‘that the decisions made by princes intrest wilalvays verne eer) ber argument” (p41) He even repens. Machsvll's claim that the self interest of the prince is intel to the sterest of the State ~ tha in the Last resort rapione dh stoi: ble ele but raprne dinero (quoted in Meieche 1953, ph The fis ve books of tero's Reason of State addess the sme themes 8 [Machisvell's Pre ~ the nature of the Sat, the necessary shill of the rat the different elses people and how to best teat them, ete The sinh Bw marks a transition from internal to eternal concern; from dome fare foreign polices and iterations relations. Like most sitecmh-ceniry authors, Togero lists the scceped facts of racial affair ~ the ting of aris, the ling of fortresses and the maintenance of garione. Rut he ako dele 2 niuch wider scope and a more fete imagiaaion than hie contemporaries Some oF his observations ae Biiant- a when he explains how Hay and Germany have been bept at peace because ther powers have been “equally balanced” (Wotero 1986p 128) Ores are od ~ ae when he argue that sme rive of "he World sre well uted fr Wade and navigation because their waters te part cularly thick and sim ‘One of the moet orginal aspects of Boter's international ara is his cmphacs on ecannie fctrs. Whereas Machitsll and Guiccard argued {hal armed forces the wltimate Bais ofthe State, Bote ad in Rook 7) hatThe Modern Ages roluctn and interatonst tee ae so ria fr aah avis te ‘eth bythe mean af hah a pane ca porte mean foes sarlam (on Bask that to be powcr camry mum pes 4 nomen Peflaton, fsa my nk yy mae ta {cts ecni eticeney. Howcast aul hat he pts a ‘om te eaced the Gum's ence Bane Por if th shld Rape nel ‘ioe sat, mse, deine aml al, an wel ae ey and senha the ute’ Unleash pence conducts an aie yey a colon and espns the srpin popula ohaga une sar eer ‘ogc hine when hey wl de tm dove oro erm hy trae? ee Too sisteenthocemtury traditions: Spain amd Italy 1 1492, Catunbs fit sph the New Weel diensty wa finely 15 yeas of canta capsinen huh thtohal the einteace o a eer Aowenan lini-mase Ader ES, the pattern of dnconery change Spin be we uh peruncat Racy a the Grete Anil ote a es fr fe fxpesiions The Ret petunes were completed IN Over the flowing tn ‘Sead, Shinhaedes umber a irae cont tthe ets Ameo teieme Heroun Cares congucred tbe Ate empore ot Mexico i 181, Pan Se Puarre dosrove the great Inc empre ofthe Aes 1533. Feo the ‘Nr the tnt aatioc emote conguntas nme torr South Asceua ithe pura f 11 Dorada. By 151, aller oly about 25 30a of stench he great age of the sgaia was net ‘The ag that oped lp wlnted Baton appoetantis tr pets sekingalscoure and pe otc compa rbskee an gal ale cima Padons and empere:te lbrentabiven (Cortes and Paste sangre the Ameria with a eae and Sarin which fied the magnatnn of tor generations Im thee wake came elon, Whose ‘Spy drove them comma unspeabable racist he aise, Tele tam were conduned by # subtaial boy of lea and teas soph he vlluntal Jusn Gis Se Sepulveda (190-1873), Charles Vs pest an Pi I's educator ermple, dete ths play of plage ad ete ‘tn arta de 1a Cans (LAT 1500) on the other and, gained tae han dct champ of the right of the Todos (Ale 192) tn a te ia whuh travel to the. New Work! was plsscly demanding and Singtow, be srl the Aan HM times to plea wi the King a Spain or post and Ramune treatment of the raves The debate Fath 8 4px trhen, a 1580, Sepulveda and as Cini hel ther Linon dnpate bere amit of techn a urs at Valli ae 1978) bas Cass won re uel of mat wan iors ts dba om el sheury and ral (nan hi a emg py raiment of Tedans. cntinusd iblugpy, in the real world the cruel uated. “The pupwlaim of Spanish America declined fom an estate 30 Pill inthe earls itech ceonary t0 ony ulm in the seventveth {Surrnn HAL, pM, "The mala lea apts uf the wars agaist the Indians semaine wer tring in Spain, andthe continu date Ba the eft ot eaegng the Comrie of cinta teams Auibuts such as Franke de Vitara (Gis 154 and Damme Sete (149413) extend the scape of atermatinal loys vng mitine mater ute temutctreatient. The debate was part Siu ame a the Hans soy) Salaun, home othe llr ‘pi reer, Viens Im GShyhe tse ef iver mca CO the Irn Recently Inwinered oC dicusey That yon wna eed to rae the new pups that the suas a dwt aU eal TW ea a Tl yD Hu yh a the Rg he Spm Wage WaT apa Rs ale TES Wa esc RENE NET STE Ss wa agi the Ualans fy Hest Teas fev bret rextes sompnea ca ht The Bat drones the pee itis fr pee he ves, the eat ot pestis a war Tg {Ae comiate oAF AT TRER ante eaprain wn ester Tg othe linateeabl irk ai ly a a th pists psrce MRETES Werk Al pce hates gh ee Cigars fam he Spans hve a itis eaal ro nto yg tome, pond eyo farm the mate, the, ty mt peel to (Vas Hl; pave He hone eof he an th nhc te Sunn red, STadane SSeSEST (esvtrpemssa oF pn ay ‘Sea lc, ld dep al vast caring tha vita ie hill ose the nna sd the ht Tee ie Vas "ha fe ound ol thir beng ta oeoere nha the Spanish conqurtashirs fought against The Tidhans of a New Work This treatne fuses kite aan Spanish pots chan wn the Americas, lor ab oThe Modern Ages ‘ell Sates, for exam hve the ight cog smh and en ‘aos for stone sufeted i he wes pn tar ness ac ho, “everything i Tonfol which the defence of the como weal requis Fhiee ‘nd aim of war the delence snd preersion of he ‘Ste (torn 1240, pI), Asteauthorite to wae ware th the gene Vitoria continues for hei 6 representative and wields authority, and where there ar aed ltl eines im» Stat lath em the hone ed ‘iho them nothing pic nar an he done om ‘ithe in wa o in pee rane ea cinch beret ‘Wikies if war. To define abose mies Re aguin alas ae Meo eee Sere nego, vgn em ad the peace’ penal pda pe T rer aia et sm fleasnt sat Be 1g, namely a anngtsineg. ARTE sie, the, she he ato gh Hover be eu, a isan i ot ever vn 2h hie ‘nyo than evr vie ine ay ste ea! arene pet {ihe weongdper hen eearplting snore woh in ma se to bone he delete ofthe st gpa he pac wll: he mow senate aioe en mang ie pontine Gul aie mate a ato nd wih fab Une ce es eT Vignes a se aT Bele nd use seas csincde: Coneuety he prince ten fr een comedy coer The ial pager of the De jr lade thse nv coat ml le ‘hm othe congas war agit he dan ions opr {Bn wed by Chinon ular eed the emir ae 1nd Fy TH prope te pce mT adver es Re ane teagan eenave stn, Thee wy el own tess tle he Frincs who se concn nat wih ate gins much = ih ed. Ne Espa tht acto f renin ssh be he in rer vo preven ‘ety ana te wre ‘Vira cones ta atough there ae sltlns unr which Chrisin ‘oli can eng live waco bn amb cm Dl entire etn ts Now Wr rund SH that sol oy the ws saat te Anan Ina? ta dedi herd Sp ee fy cic a nae te Yas Vins ase mo On te tne hid be denen tht fli lf lance ch emer and ‘hire. On he abt, be scree tht nec sane eon ae Ses ofits atom a ht tt cannot be hed he ren ms ‘ia may be dist Aid spring them wl ime the seco Gas hips ad poming proses lary operations. Vitra’ argument is complicated by his acknowledgement that fam enemy rfuss estore things wrongly seine, the injured rots nay recoup his les rm invent wel rm git persons. This eng- tition opens up the way for ene reprisals, a ne party and then another ech {eoks to recoup it loses Frm vlan populations ‘Only one ear pont emerge fom thi final discussion: 2 chap disinaom the lw of wa explain Pats ad oomerpe the Vitor defence ofthe rds in some ways, gute modern For example, his dncasion inca starts of the rg to pat property to ve nd trade. In other specs the rsice rife with medieval concer the dese ons of war and pest for example rly am Arial, Auputine and Aquinas fd thor seumitane on vine marl av. Vora ew of plies as m= Inaed by india csi. maers~by princes and solders and, the ches they faced ond bythe mature and the ma and eal impications of he 5, ‘iors wonlberan contemporaries tended 10 pa less tenn 19 ind ule and to eis aban theansts mparteveremphased elanons beween Intitions. ‘The Hale tend to vie lnernaiona relations mt in terme of ‘Sales htm terme of interaction bene "era wrote in Spain, one of the mont rehpsads orhodoe reins of ‘Alani Eorpe athe ealing force behind the Counies-Reformatan ae. (Geol aed several ethers wrote te lte-Rensines ay. the et pragmatic [fain He ar coumerurte were inhabit of thestened eco th Frac fonder and seariy. Sock dilfernces in cul [a conten lp extn wh eent-cemury Tern athe formaaed {he founda for mdr ican lam, eres thor ‘eveloped tears of tance of poser. The inns and state power are obvious in authors Ite Dell, Parva, Bree snd Gl et pn prc tutional pbc, the so ecg at here raf War, 1590), temas fe of ay oT ns Coes” tyop:preecpanoas mith he sep offreThe Soden er ete dacipine and mucpa fess Thc ofthe bs es wth war 1 geet wa ie, sho mat make, and wha mvs or cus ju “Tne secu ord sls al tame lr secasing blige ete ‘ces The thd bok desis the uncanny Get Sein, Sf a 4 vole eet btvees pobbe aihntes Ter outs seme pes, uae aaa ep waar Tecan pes fe Dau the pana dy ofthe proce wo maa the Sut ad he Sceecng ots utes sect depute wal en rap nwa The Sn of [Presa reson echoes Guictdi's en ofa ream of tate Get a ‘dew nd we Verso Bur ot the soar of war Ie don, boweve, a spake set por nhs sb netted sent beeen Sues. alee sre ar vse pur polis id ant tg OLA. GER de HS *STESE ajerance to eeane roly SE cold replete conduct Basten of senate sexier. ad propess fat once ab ie ibid pares for witon Nepsaon. bower, wil oly be a fonm when but (eral) Gopating pone sauna ager nepue here the mam higher authority te empl independent pines to ng ‘ea floes tha oe fhm fs 0 then ly awl Sete he apue ‘Akhogh Gent ses war part and pare finest interaction, be does at argue that watt the tral coniton of mind. He ses the human fovces os cal scale and grea (1988 p33) AI rem ae ni eu by tls of in and by tea noes and thes ome oe ater muta 184 Gena hc eee yeasning to tates by Sain an analog fro bis Shim any mc ad applying 0 ha a sac Sates (pp. 7. (On the bao of thie paral, Gels argucs that, subet to the ever of sevcrjty bah he seria he oes lng to aA states ate he ight to undiarbed martane navigation, to car) on owner intrcours ad ecu Sheri foegn pore Nose ca legally deny anyone onacat [page one ts erry. hese ae eat righ ofall me, of what Ge ‘ls prvege of ater’ and hey conti the Frame principe of the Soucy uf state, Far the prpino efi these Fundamental pies, War ry be juny dare. In Geis wor swat mal be led natural fi Atdertaken because of sane pee of mature dered w us by man, Fer ‘ample, srt of ay i vefsed ts, wear ade fom harbours ‘or Kept fom provisue,cmmare snd tae’ (p 8). ~ om, ips aed poms poe, eof he pigs of ature mi wlan lal inary w the pty ec hart by it alan a ollonce aa! aman acy a Lge der Ueprucat and deed thse prodcgs of atte vn ach this aot) Sept (itr unter ahah the lece Of he eure party. Hem cone Sheed mon cy be args than a est mat by Bs tee altiscmuice to sune tthe ado a lw man wb ied ean fred We an bound mya maul bw abl one ante be Wt Pd Andee ings hee tee each a te (Sites pre nmr same pa en a end at tee ‘pure chan mange crepe meas de lh bse {Penethe cenl rw pst tan carat tet pre Brace ne Sane mp ine 7, Si sts mi Gs eat Ce Leg) a 184, wich Saar pope te escininy oe ‘Gait myers creer iy ee’ ener nion besen rc id re sa, ones pic cree he ach ce ea ganas shes crepe teen acm ee ‘coon Sus iat m0 eer yh a Go vn te Fo tn otal pati acorn e h Ciililhas tg ToS cen Gena se nt rion teen auc open mtr aoe eof cmp ee Sy cfonwen tsar lene fewest epee ede fp ise anata a hal yh fen ml ad Slatin of any ye Tol ponerse Gees oe ie pho pushed ba aos fra a The bod senna th cea hs Cah ppc cane Sp at ‘ENC on ita pnan st ath pes sen eo "ate feral nga es mp cng he NS ‘and batons of believer as well a6 neuiral sates. ree bere Cenceprualiing sovereignty 4m Gents soy of ses, war isnot a natal condition. I i bowever a man enagh uct. Isha Be gh ony for 4 ht exe, By fs xan an nly by thas wth the proper sutay. Hut Gani i ue a he question of whe shld be considered “proper suber”. He approaches "he moksn ation sha ly plc authorities ae tt mage war a ha ‘ly susan Recs such autres Throgs dscns the righ sn the dis of the pre, Geni shtches deny modern eutine of ”Phe Mason te nse a chica ky Have th eri lien af ‘hese es fond ora lhe tl ty on Hin 1 8) we “dueton rests contort ert Relation ty Tasting dit onc aon soma eine ote ‘Sint svande The inom at severe rl mnt het The feof ali, th etry ne inlined town ut we ke tat he, ie Faape or we he pe ar shh prateae inthe waka he Rearonn Hews out wy Cae tht bes the Lathan angument nde he ed th ray ha Sparse mien pon nt esi at Tite note thinkers of he urulent gs, Han was ince by he ‘ree and there af Renu sch He ented sa ft Pris efrehe tase the wiser in Tene Tarn ote ‘tol an homage hy shir Ges, He Switaerind, Abt 1880 Hin embarked upon he say of fw He wa voi, (ent rach tw tag te ay 0 cd ances he tought hat 5-wners Tsang wat et wera ‘eg tees af tc, roe 5 Hal Te Tia: Disappoint abd wed that rele ware noo eomul the ot, Bein Jet fr Pasi Here be anne he tating I fr practise Bae le nc Fe many nos fom Toke inte pedal mater Nd foe rece of Hany (185 [Sp He ere the term alo rani toile he diese abe of he ent prope a plo ts, post io, change al ene fall state Fess hae Thr aan ers se Hin’ pega ese, Homer, thes aa seri weno deo velgos cron ech comune sitenbeny Fen ie -aarne ute ery mo tre France on ttre Hin snes Avery oom the rg pepe of akin by free ported See Fined rane Rows eased in 150, a gto ental So a Whi ‘Kenly ane the pil pti of elie din Hain ch ey im ot ion io an ers tha ri oR BE {ca Ta stn a Tae aT a OE AUT a {jumbo as Pape comer fre oe bed ‘Si Ma Come PSTET TRUS het jpn wf Fat al ning ref tn™Rendr ii il he Ht ky i sn Us one HEN ea tains ad hs oe ‘key ns theta etn ny oss he al arin prec {altevme. Dest th fa ta xn never acl eis thebeats ding eft H's ok gute ese nce 8 igs n a pit un: fs i pre pon ae oY rie or fm hel ome, ut de the ey fer asd wpe he trate bok tl send tat Ds primary conc pat me Irn i es ee repre pe fr Na tha ‘he! pena dnc the pal ot cosine a phy conparsm af ce bile pee of caonwelins. moar, aho- frm nd democrat, Supriyo apa ha Bb ha eed ‘Serums ome sar scheme fund Arb’ Plier. Move ly frowns eve tn nd Sor Bot in iened a x real An; tn merely eshte» coment sane pv! fr Hs hem porpner, Ine, Th appr potiveyanoyed ith Ariat® coun an repay prt cot he pipe’ shocomgs~» tl Krol ok fr Ct ebueaa, bt one nach wasnt wap “Poa ‘Thre omplanents Bins conn f varios forms of se with a thy euminatan a the eset sacra sand elie ever- ‘sour He mttlan wet of sul ses reves uit, pact Pryor yun he es ody sd wc commennenth in rh hme all or opal nen This pars re hem ok, ‘nk Fi eae ental cage is uray compen ofthe rc al ed nd pow ‘Muses Din spl ul wor a viene pce ef om ook Peds cman ser Ag, Bo oes ne ‘evn, br heh cone of ig eo manning wr. 1 fhesnh an al vd ae ra he gto ofthe bs form Crema Traew hs Nt pong pragma 0 ae ie Te eet eer mah ad 4 ter whee he Be ht Iona vle wane vite se whether Re ek Tht cold Be mace alo sn potion shy. Tae Sr Brats ne Cnr erg eotd 0 polis within ste Bin ever urd tng the wo port conse intros! Roun thr. nly Bae of he onsen tine dry a eave Mok One, nay is dcoons of Sevens a sed tt ship hsm ene ‘ipa ere pipher Ba taped ig Gian TAT BT Bw Bete Ba wane ds i es once a se nd perpetual pst Se aa otal (17s BY. Ti bie lies Nps thse eee re ‘hay, wu rey at oper edb a oe ma. ‘ae Ff ol tie Ni serie SS Fay ode ti i stl ne cranes I rei ew depen {het af comms Woden "Asn elle» mnatchy Serevent a prsm, nthe rH ab ol 6 dey. Pere, ”fat pag cogs Segue PTE ‘key Gamma pegs begun a wrens Sg tr eoae eae ee oe Sen d meter hens ste mies ue os ee ae Sa aoe esi rem oer Be ip 3 Tig Ome ‘Stes bees tvegh peer nine mtu oe reine ong Fig SE ee et See sm iam ret a he ona of te noe sora dts acct bers Be Be Sad paar Ed ‘ejerenece of pve oe gece be RE eros Tee S pee ‘raion aga Gol Hs ye is wpe them an they mt bow thr hee fear and escrence bre Hine may. The sade psa pees ded ergs hl is ed then of ea p80 the melial hen of he Stade, te + sat uhh supreme shay fos saved ary the pom, an atte) sleet ofthe Thre cam be metuchen, aint tad decay arg ay at fest stable ied sate In the saa Dn ara rope wth weal that abi al th coe ae ome re pot he ae who st ais yom To clay hs pot, Bink des setae (tvs the pric of sich wo mae the Las ofthe realm. How ‘07 thr a tale tat en ot tern pce er a” cme wake Tne th ci a EET Dine te irnged by the rae Sook! he dow. i acces SETI AS pee w te entnnt e of be mearc SIDI Ser cle te snetngs mip NESSES Tame cn SSE scat Pg ta pam Ta (oekaki ps oh wd cage fall w the Eid GaWiecrt sama ine hac mons ospd tance teeming "Feda net neartanidima eceune oe on nocarmen ao Gachonls Bela cote, 4 be ef Staind made rch ty ari hac ebahs prec mike wah is sate San reat at oman oe acme ay Sed mah snes strom alne ‘ne sibel Hat utp anid wnt oe wrremonable, ot ‘Roun hhcanpeece ul etd Hn by mroprocai of ‘eas tak tea srs irons einen the et cans ce {he pce an cians a he wh tcc te seth ‘she In cater cam, saneane ts conta tee ean rapa Fo ‘ise aes Hn ah ac sere slr ntradyant eens Nest pate sis meni rai they ke satiate, {tacking thew he econ th snetoan pet. Sea ‘etn mad eh sonrogh ta td a ape suas ets he {Roe ar hal aan tcf hac motos Reece hm The ava any prti sithrt abs the smc encre ih ores ate ty aeraThe Maden ges th t™ whi totes the interactions Givens win commoneesita es ot apply iteration het meen aoveregn p sregs pines onthe boa pines ein agsees wih Machivel: in elation be the Ineo states the prea he oercign prince i ited only hy the power of whee seer proses None ‘ter Bodin rengtion that peincey interaction sot inte ts cel ase ‘ot mean that inert relations are conte ina en eh rem eo ore ‘osionmeat of lle it dvs han int a argunent of hw imperative I hat he interact of sorecim princes be pd by pimple ot atonal cad ed ‘conduct hy merit of his acknowledgement of this rearcion carne toa and in the effort to ieonty ational principles of intonnte contact ere ‘ve identi! Rosin a5 a founder of modern internation! a Since ntration beiaeensoneeign sits not suntan by any supreme futon. there eis al to primes of ere in intrt etanTot and foih, Mhkin devotes the entre Chapter § of Nk Vive to the enka tle of fore, but his discussion covers tle new pound rays am Mache "cls tt of iter and fecuses on sts of order tnd ecthutan iia sonny {On one excason, however, Bain sales the most powefl of pines wth Bartcult responses for maiming fteratonal wale, for te him fle "he homo of hang ude ad aebter (p. 177) H's coments om itn, tinal weer fl how ber, of he modem mone ie secy He wees that the sncregn has “me rms more ling he anderakng to eter the al the he andthe honour Wf the weak sais the segs the [or aginst the ich, oF the siocent threaten By scence of wicked me (p 22) Mowever, he nowhere suggests that peel seria one othe to ally an contain nate prncee Rather, powerful ssereig ners stop quarrels Between ler princes, he Bic for tease of bora Accord ing to ili, the premars moral ohiation of princes lex not wth ines ‘onder bat with the awe of nature and the dine principles of decency amd a= ts the smn principe of iteration erder which ein makes his mse focus (ath im jovice Noms, sna neracon = anng sate at well ¢ 2mvng naval ~ ean take place only om the bast of areements. These wil fnls Re mies generally elived that they al upc once they ae ‘eovered io Tn iil sexes, sutra justice, canctined by the eprom uarity of a saaereigm per, et nse that she ant of aprecmene respected. Inthe flere ater, eset, eNeFEN princes intra with no supreme authority to arbre thir conics; here aprcerents ae made the Inc of ath ane “Since fat the sole foundation and prop ofthat pstice fom which all commonest, allanes, and acura of mich whatsoever Fe it shold epee acre and wise i al canes wer mn tie catenlated (p 77), ‘Apcementsbeineen princes se the wate ha fo art tal ei essen that pence cam righ assume that such agreements wil Be Gas, sp and pring press Ae once they nin tol hie ps wo mate biioarhig bshersnelege tobe taser sseeahintrs Forby eg snr ante he fh wl ae Kin ira socege pe er ethene ree eld getty ble cn then desing other md be mes 17 eeprom ht a ye ra nrc ers yal na hy mae 9 ere tonite ost ve tent re sd ‘orton neo Ree ry ic ume hich end pe he oc does eo canes Wi Dn ner sn een ere ne IE Rated pst ee emo ec Siren tn Ao tr Camm: Bo fries serie eneh alle be ern en enSeren an ghee by Tun Ht, fk tone al Sam Soh mt tamu chivas nll nse eK hal snes lhe Mea pia tai In watt sh no pon 18ers stat The shah sped en te seh pt Scot Balas aunt uti a ett then tn ln asin acaina, On oo Wl the moet mung me hs tee tHe sinwcth Oo anther the anya emp veibn “Pate ‘seats staph wih he abel mtn athe mrt ose os Sins among men Fur Bai, ern econ es see ‘angst sess map ag thi spa the ont ck ‘em the svt t,t pvr yes ple a Sede The rly of hgh 8 at amy sa enh een ‘ty thw primis, cam tegen mle an ee sod petap bch wae The sentiment ofthe ceniry Tc sntcomhcenary mas an er of amiton bute she Mile Ages and Modern sry. saw the adver of more bcs ie Of prod sa new mos of eichange: wneud the me ef ew peas of Serta and ew mas of pola power. Tn this ee few counts onthe Adan im began wo conquer the esto the lobe with capt und with me ‘On hee hand the cemary Began fo ng sons the wrt gether ona ly hbase On the eter, i pin to ide the mr in unpeee ‘ted want Dallerencer had alan atte betwen the milly power and the powers ations, now thes ifeveces were scertuated By nem b= team, punpoeder- based weapuns systema. Simi, lens al aiays {iad betwen rch and por repos, nw hee dillerecey wee xara by the advent ia Europe of new Tome of age, f manufactory ong di Lance ade ad ystems offence, ‘Ale he stent cetury the Cac Crh ht i excuse dana tion ovr the mind open pple, Ths oll divin tetcen Cheatin and papas pas replaced by 4 8e¥ von Witin Europe dl Between (Gti and Prtsnts. Pay bcs of tho new dsm, Fare tard 292) fom Ws enduring preacuputin withthe Mes thre Inend a wie fhe sin the haege of he hl Tuk, baopean pls ar pit ‘th thr ram 1510 om, Europe plnged ite «paral er ierecine “isin inns by toon ral, eigian dein, sew weap ad ‘ew-furd welh By 10 he eer of nary ha eve te tral plea ‘uni of Kings an emperey I degenerate into snarchy and slope tees wich rates clea tay ad panes in the Ty Yeas War E48) os ed el os noah sty ean ig These cy wy ath by tree’ CAE a cone War og pling "an hi ped ‘tt and ew smmesom tram the ware Delween cnapeling wera trib rma nope mutch alain trae were hang ol exert Velie ae certain snl! he etabined The mace ofthe cenieys mena i had o pn down, The sien senury eet hive the hea hes thatthe leet entry a Bele it {tht he seventh entry mol dpa seri ewan en betcen Iedeal ands sinncran Hy the mine the cnt, es dmeraons tapered npc shag. One dminen an the cnt Beene the Gah andthe Pritt ilerpetavn of the Chia heise ther st catlat Berseen argon and a mule conception of xl sth. The repos dimension sparacd the mental dance between the Cathe sun af Auguste om hoe had ad ths mow Protestant open of lather en Calvin ste the The Point mceage appeal te he r= ‘amend maufsctarng mde lass which were ty emer slang the ‘Nera I Mourabed on eauntre where monstche ks ith cae ice tras Betwen 150 ad 156, ings im Scandia glad and Gay Wrke wih the Cathe Church ~ many of the tempol by the psy Ate by conven ose he Ln wf the Church a ole hemi he ‘ol fest The pope, fing am ueweling of hin aha, rece 0 ‘Roe datos by summoning 1 grap fence churches Cure i “remo pre te ad Churh a naught. Ae Yau the churches {aap were ied ah eter mane, Beer pangs, reopen spate sia word, wih Bare at Al, the Stone ade the fac King Pip Hf Span (156-98) tke wpm Mee ead fa ane athe ‘cuter Wt the webu reacts othe poe aed Pip I pce ni ow hewriing abo Interaction! Reb “The clr dimension of wneet-cenaty ought was sll by» reer ‘elim man rnaty and by mie isnt sda for pray a ne Vial elon. The eser-ncring er of esa of ogg eens inthe wany ner anunanns which appeared me een, compan, Priming pees The pining pecs, tut purtslarys mason decane ae, ‘evita of haa snot ew rlgann eres (athe, (Gio nce vers cd es (Pa, Arata Puy em tes svt te unter (Caper) an ot ast tenner arta ‘ous nd anos wih spel smug Eugen shay and tesa The teh emu Was the ae fic amaeing, ad he growth af Ace thaughe was a rang seuarang Tare. ln Ltcrononl Reais hte ncn ra was rat nth a sve the ‘9a aan sate’ In lyst partly pte vx om pis ” ine,The Maden ders soa i ney mae, Gia Ponape Dans dae secular, mana themes of century. And hei a Yate, Paes Caer, ade 0, Hadven oa, ale Pian, Lastnicn Seal, Seipame Charman a by the secur eonceis sate pace aml wae saree ee ah ni Son the nn sees when om Came See ener ‘hen Don Quant wx mance e het dvcawong wh he pris and bate hu whe cd et a Frc ase by eres Rg : vi a pon Sch nd Gucaram ies Se Sn fr oe fo ery es = Antone tonnes, Gab The emrgene of la tanng ‘Thc emphoss on rita ideal Hes bab trie en rand un re raced te lice) wun he locos ina at Wpn Parcg scipep ar hel sulguricn scat we tet tte apc goa eS ‘Seaton nh bol ntSpes ean ened ornare bythe Renaance hurmnis Thecus mse and ping pres Sere ee ear sian noone teortsmaninie set eaten eee a ime, ried Fare wh new eptenoll foundation nd ee th oye tgenaotoaranceaareee a”Phe Mads entry, “The isa ene the seventh cetuyposbly sve Purp Sean fom peering ot i eng piste fel, Ke babe ‘cing of int the Uren para yon scp metal ple ing, deny map ma er then Pls 51, 0 20 the seventeenth century stem Absolutist politic and the growth of the interstate ‘he ag ssh emt) a se ere of he De omens uf wn tron Ta events cary gael Thc hens i tog Tg wot arty They Vern arth) Fly War Wr ent cec a onan ge it ht Ape the ven wh les aod weap Bat ve no ply evel (Fame bars ears ea to sce een te hl cal deed toe com robe nee ach med he tl te oben pena of Te bas cena Thy am igs, Tey done Re oun tee ad one cancun pc nog ten The sieges wae deat chin Nay ot inten an the ren og ase tl inate. An ry a SH me ld fed yi many tg ‘me, some and hen vo spilt al ote slr he ankong. Arnis a camp-Gllere te gpa mtr see {Hui ang nas drt ka by pose of war tam y eames Getence nial TT aa apn of ie wer comic deat and ply ens y shy nate Hee emily mir scr, a Jon he ies, vague witht tea {abt vara cl fasting but racine Hee ced Ce tng ste rece hy 164 ne the Pace af Wes ms sc ‘hc arenas work wp ese internat Many he emt inl we thy han that pee Westy nn enema de aPhe Maden teas fir yar as es amie ome inl acs the ental repon npc inset onl ant Ne mcs we me ge fn ty they feta home, Bp pete ns he ps ‘Sicha shes hal cyoved rig the ag sae watt] {Seinen Faby cnt ome se ste te eer estes eed vale Ung Se find the ansner ithe Relation, Dotty tcsrmtorer vibe i Fogo snd Sucten, cher mana ho ‘ected Cad omtnated Chteh lays gelled per, and aimed greeted ccomenic infcace “Tempe andy pode ‘he hale any Hor the eetutom of rong ews prt red France, nhc romaine) 3 sawmciy Cathe fami tad here tacts of Church ands cuted her ahs one Tha the etinn of seg tates as mine of ict mach Poets wl Cathe tee ‘sence century, the Lng of Fao Rec mah Simcha ther coun armed free Tn thom 2 pston to ‘expend thor pou mer tar elem Ath th eaplnaton mat UUnied Provinces, which weve mit 3 mr a ba tert Cnfed There me Festure which the Umted Proinss, Francs, Hapland SSaeden ha i erm, and wha Bp eam the cence ee Iu a her sate mettine thes a parwated wtheThrty Vows Wa, tar nls termites “The a und te rina band he ple {cl pero the coral corte the ano oo wa a tg rie at a) Traps, Cringe esti sand the Thirty Years War ssa od dono gre surely sven Earp Yeawcen# nevern ad an ener Ral Retacn 8a” and a “Oba vn (Sr HC Aw dining ne cam he ee or the Hai the seth, drain the he ean the Baba met, the heal othe Ndr Set‘ ie add bares alone wet fe ear om te pra enter repo (Th send fe av be ad. Shoat vy catrect fe ven from ancl vie sic to Ware Th scan line rh ode the Pte. tant mer Ral fr the Cathie wher halo ape line ithe het of the Reman tye, and themiron tance ‘dey th the map aes ofthe TetyYewrs Wat Whew he wa nde in Tots wh me Freny of Westin terna ates a merged hath in he Abs as stand the set The ws conta regu of the Cmtnet by contra, Toma state 0 tng Fang (ine Treny of Wrap ae eet the sa aes she et a Tange rd he Hy one Fg a ct SSI in inne sari a etre et he coment of tas fom hese Sine seh cmt an» paca pen Tier pan of ope remoned fragmented = for ver 200 ene ‘nana tunay erry ehh sera he Ure teen rom [penne sue f worn Evrae eam he age Feacomary snes he “Thc enme uted to he ast of he greed mae were rz nd fucked Only fen emt peaed merchant Bet aod mies Ths er ipnicd arg bng-Stance tate, mo cin meron cls merged te match the shy cage the pmer and to teten the ‘Snot eval pot ofthe landed anray "The couanes othe sade lees. Abe he Aan om of Fore, puna an tchpegs suey er gared im the hand of the rumah an hort f mater and adsnere ut he Seven ceed Tite omeue peat omg eccrine fans the mest sont Winch were the ryrcance amen, pose the feist fo frrigioy ite market mete well Somers INCTrES The monic of newer Faroe dees tw ne frm the Fe Vers "rim they speed tha he goon cic chick hed ter ce tory ofr andere ha be sped Swen he war wa heap tr ta.end N00 the pemecbeapeed te Soaps othe se of Scher Canc w Pression sas thee tae Denies red pet {adie ing the attr te hnre a verve of Cnty td eres wpm har cmtry. Te mpc ered ve the ac ety a ee te tun vege) ret that the menace of Farag sh pepe each rt ‘oie clon Maka meant hat the i a8 he teens rapt the iy his own county hat the King (and not the Crh) ae atid spl skort oe he nutes hs Unpdom, md tear had the nt {challenge hie sthoy evi he els arent ened ta rary wa the key tequnemrat paren meen erat eb {come the come ofthe trea uae, shah Vn ped em sccetance m onipe Wu ako undermined the ttre ef rales ha bad ead grea pits poet he pas by rte a rancenden pance o fork cps or lal Ne The per the pe 2d he trevor, them, wee dermal edad by the apc ehh var eeened ihe Teay of Wespha sThe Mader Age i i | Map 4 The Holy Rawan Eran sh morte te Ty Yer Wa (1618-8) la pus Aen en which the ropa Linge do fun te Thi Yar War sea far bed ge were dingo. After Weaphab# ngs save 42 sh thor oun naan ace. They reseed fo themeve thee ‘Shmamrecict Tanta the Now Mt Aue Swen amd he Cael rnin ta ant en rep dal grey Ginn snl camanied by he king tite eatenans Ne ary {eStenen nd mary evn eg tne the Comte pat othe Srolutun mdr sae sur ae eure, camps p20 et sod Sascr tuny poersted, a hl querer a i Tig arangonens ae 170) The ar” ys were erasing oe tly pul waning by cle dl, by marng and by er 8 tay Ths inven of pram’ fo read iy infeaes te mime te mee tote pls tread man thee ‘Si! Tacs, pn, pn lin and anata ware ep Ss of Fare Fe utara Pane, ree Tec ad de anne ‘ean scin bau odor theme frst. Tem 2 tim coe by a Bropin ee. “Tis bop of such nce wsttnion sled the probleme which the mi vey emrpenay eprnotd Ha os an exandany epee poss {hur 93 and aed arp new gues of at Banc. Hi shed the for faces sd ats be ps fo Kings and yal ous prsied fev amsere suc shal ered byte surste methods: tan and Saas Tier monarchs hap ti final paloms in dies ways. Tt jee of hl pene: dgended on Se cl or a hemo, ‘nef andthe hater expenses poe per on feethc ponent aig the ae bur al the operant o tnt irl ih hee el opis lanl ein auc are aed i eythane n= or te Sifts tah she cme of meghourng teres, The aire Sri slat Guan ot Tampa nna en Coven abandon TaN fone of Foro been at Mt ss Cnt The nconty hs Hagan gener ey ca slat the edepiow it nt Abe cece bed cect He Fre irohesporeen ert Fenelon acho meey ce cl! Kp yok wae the nthe west ens the ies ng of mony aml ret wa comple by sng ry tou enh sug de tonal Vets: Tavs emt th ic Sn Grrcome a the evewesmvcnn wae Arne 1, p63) ener Fate al sre were bend Te monarchs nee ol ssw ima son Tyseley nl asi stim maitre wore ae 2The Moder Ages Map $earge 188 Abt poles [Air the Thirty Years War, Europe was dominated by se nations: Avs, Rossa, Prosi, Fagland, France ar the United Provinces. The cser regio ses dominsted by Aust, Rusa and Prosi. AM thre states grew rapidly fer Ted, conqoring the terre of thet inmedate neighbours - verranning he ceasing Holy Reman Finpire the Ottoman Err and the Kinglom of Plan unt ther boners met. These area est ofthe Fragmented Germanies Tie of the commerialresoltinn and the market esprsion which occured lang Farope'sAatcsexbrardin contrast fo the wet, where the sence ery am the emergence of #weahy Bourgcnse ad fee mobile labor force, esters Furopeenperincel anova reaction’ amd 'eeabratin of society) Mier the Thty Years War the enie repo sd back ito condos eminécent of molicval Europe. [Ihe chief socereconamic unit in the eas femained the agra estate, run bS an ermpotet Landed wih uncom ensted computory lab arised by tenants and se. The lndlon con uted the aniysgnicant police clas. They cencentated their miliary eras onthe cs, dant by able fier) They developed signi fant nmi they tk tpt i the race For overses posession, and evel bed fe mereanie intrest (Aeron 198, pp A The westem egne of Faroe were davis hy npn France ad the Usted Panic es pfs entree coves by be coat Inve, subiies ta fx eaempiome Un England aa France, goigee Bee inti oes emulate Mawive sate pres mere pence igwane the rate and cars of the nations) Heh countries emcaged the ‘ager of dete mnwaron ct ize ip crag: tt tered heen tune npr gn tw dape anes Un Being he cn. Be ‘ates eharee compan seme he ned fr em ea aa ht op eo the Wesern wld Te west atone ethane on eal fuses embed she sexi eee seetnes Th ig of ahi tn te eral eae fn onl man of kat Wa ream ara re ‘hires, a 3 eta he ea woken the age Hwee, the teat ol prey a pve {lio the ht sl rane Me eves by ppt sey ‘ia ane une tae, Urn eat xen Ayer 4a reve 9 et lutea turns a he hive say The Gawain ukl we a haretwhich tae eae sy Ne teal toa were 1 wl ema thr oma & angels am a awe tale 4 spt ae, Tatbermne woul ae to nena minh ei ree puch at, tae aii ad Het aio srs avond aul even dette war an peace.) (CU tt ehateve pies had ees te hy she Hat in the ed ”The Maden te aa he sch centr: te cy dv he event nad tn rane fated sult Eps Lt nd Cap rae 0 {te Vig Campana 1, the al Anacon Cony 1692, the Maan hy Campin 14) Stl i cae the Ra ‘iver wh peed ate ll al ere a dan es lr by the mare py neti yal Aran Compa The Eh were fee far nd ne pred my Reb (309142) ad Ca {Vio nya sham lee an unpeeled vane Cr he pla nd esa yer athe porn th ng. ppd ‘rr wemeree ore he ech of Prom) mete 8 ian mm nf 1) [he mercan menaes are eam me Joined to weve miliary ih Thy aed cco poe othe clan athe iy vec, tne mmarin srghened the wate netrer of tem ange, ad hard the sotto ale a wat isa po I fam bape, Oy conrag, tee Murty exp te marl 4 Imontedweutarapen’cnviner Rook foedhloning” the pti Cheeni Cand the arnt thre) of the see and ‘Grea bet hg te Am, the abd stat mel dea wiih tet ome ewe of ning rt Stein tran econ” wt the pal sparta ety trl uh had apn he cer ep of cement, by nthe att wen he epee ct of he el at Won a seve forthe someon of wert «nhc rel by tama ak eo oauancz Sider HA» 15) Th ternal ate “The hag hich ecard aig thei sage hey see ire eewary woe care nt recognly sk Kats fhe TEMS Pam eso fame dc erin ems, ces + ‘Sra ws teers sre hough om vite Send his erry way gered by 2st of ists Hp he nome snd sald wi fol uncety Siie Dev Irene spec depuriments The Sepa oak Utd 1th trtnoenee twin an ents, cog) ae the irc Inigo! plc Uo, onda pling amd elrig he Sse Than the etiyentine & popution wh iy wa pay «pre hfs mrt cvuryng rs omaha Sh st theta pts smb atin. Fina hte ws ifs with «new aon of soncrgts 8 iicion Cie nlrb wa mae by hematoma es tuna erate on vd Wie Lhe (16461710) bn i Ca sna neat 167 Heb re to pore tha ieee Dake af Tine bast fan, in the pes be rl He mtn of Sec, At he unt ne dees he Dok pear bth Treaty ‘Woaybt nec anevoymty up thane Gunton ras why Ba ‘Dap toot nde inc Hy Roan Epi, ablabd (fetal erty eu sracture of be Fp oa Vowel Geman fa srs sl cen nd web final te, allepanes Sirus, Inwheh seme, Lita, the many rman Trad fasting he psn ter ai ist dines he ce aga seropny stm Wat tal happen the veld {thos po Ines th hen or song en Troy ip ai) Theva perme a aban the ee ‘many ied nal ove 0 aes a a eae euler watts and The geal ars of Tenge: Sale vei, tm pousing allen tetra ‘at Be, “Asso cn nto, ar isin, bythe nce sry hea» re denuded pu. Naksy or Re ear eg Spay vas aro Inderal ety, whe rrr) see tea se! Powe Tash be Leth erter sonercgt: th ata ned fa sry By wre ac iar poner (pf AAT. ah alr the cn spc af saree, eb pl the init ase iSpy nett omen He ares Ha ating the may moma swe pics he Karner Hinge, anly thse pines ae sxe | “Mey pce ne aba catran hr bjt wih a ng sited by a apear pons, Tn dese item thes al cl sch ot bie ay we, ch eles an ther poner nin {al wit, Amn the ner I pens whe ae ene a Geo, Teaecounte ara nversds cl hn wh dhe sy nde he ‘tris nro frig cme Fer the Hy Roman Es, tne mere hal eh vay rte Oy the Treaty of Wes, he {ll care sat oF hs wal By api wy foe (313. The Troty of Weipa al tad hen we leven rm any her cep ier etn Foetal acpegn emt of cera econ Wik amyl rsgotnn oth ome he Tey af Wiha he al bs ors mae oral ute Up ts uation nn erect « ”The Maden te ‘nw stm of inermatina iteration and nw spi of carepts ad the ‘ies by which thi iteration could be understont. e Tens recopition of ‘the pininle of extemal sovereignty represents the femal vergition sd te legal consiton of the modern sntraate stm: fe 4 sistem ef pie ineracion Between legly equa enteral sac, wane sarc exer thet Buority (hei “itera sovregny) thin welletine, geopepicl fon tiers, thc nites subject no higher autor, The Treaty af Weipa tars decsve sl fem a sew of trraional ow eho these os femme sates; the Wisin of itcrnminal law a vn io isetion wet repel bythe argent that imterniinal aw cil sto custome o conte sons rus of conduct crete and prem by the wate themes for th Porpse of fiating intesae interaction Aina “The we bey concerns fester inertia pie wr “oe and wet They nee embed in fhe tn ter shan and ea ti’ The tno must be sen 8 pbiclund sono specs the Fp ‘delet of the sean ofthe trae rin fhe Tete aban’ ced he anne fps Gn ech rng he decade aftr te revltan in 1799, The psn asl the el ‘es. of ese, much olen Daring herr sd ch sctoes Imonatchic per ne denlping toward mone Daring te log stent cen, kings ged themes i iran pt They ied ma topes srry mnocunes hi rina dpa la ep CConnen i eer of wars ond tr coma prance ser of meni The ent Het of astm i thatthe psi a perf ate shld Be tronaolied by the momach she renummnt pialiven i heap he Ting and t pre» divine atv mate pial depts Jem Bia feeshlowed vpn a he fet epic cto he die ih ing may hae bec fred by Pre de Hy (1540-1612) who seed inthe De eo dr 1S, thatthe och me nied by Gol nd tpt Gad he The mest farmer argument (er schon may Kee ben fred by Rar Fle (188-1083 Tn Perch (9163?) ly bps ge ment misting a hry rind with Adam. King lc by ne Fah bcane God rtd al socal power to Adam, hide sneer Adam then pased ont hs many deendats tough the hoy of mankind ime omic. Taguines ha sees pi, Best that ‘mani conte mee ly wich dss ram ome ge Side Since Cid ad ashe Eve ou af Ads ond ep sje her Adam, woman i aways ifs to mn. And since God creed Ada {stand gave him sthoray overall men no xe fe him, all men Wee fer abet ot ter and nei oth ees nen mee na er, ” sea non Aba polis torn unc and unequal and first-born sms were superar osounger bathers Time's argument al implies tat no sciey ever Bean wth re snd aol individ Beerse God ha given Adam posession ofthe whole work! and ‘une Adam's lest on vat sbject wo hi father’ wil Adam's om exoved fly much property a Adam had wontrly ven him. And afer Adam's eth son inherited al bie father’s rope and al bis authority and power. ‘Neh dnt of Adam's son, Adan’ proper and sutority wasn frm ine ‘tad by sea rater son down 10 Noah With Noa, the proces of par rch inhetaneeehnged, Nene famuly was al that was Tet of the man ree afer the fond, mode + momentous pola decison: stead of ering tohimelf the governance of the whole word, he vide it up into for fora iether sone, Shom, Ili andJapheh, each received part, and Sor Tiel Naah retained that trary which nas to Belg tothe Chosen Peo. In Tiler’ epinon, thn, Nosh funded the sates of the work? And ater ‘eh the aur ofr an pial patrarch was inherited bya diet he Ut raceedingRs-born sone, Wah this argument, Fer provided 2 theoreh= {al ss forthe principle of primageitr, According to this principle, the Fads of the sctememth-centery seer of Earope all derived thir Kino, ther per andthe plicalauity Irom their succession to one oF other "af he sone or mophen of Noah (Falmer 1991, 9.7) ilmersgunentmas ot uri. The Hes thatthe ostice and pr of ste shld be monies by the monarch a5 ao sid by the Eogsh Anarchs Jes (1-28) ad Charles (16254) ~ ie Fler, ba ofthe Arcored thc lin the Ile and argued that they were personally chosen by God es gone ice peopl. A mt noetalexpsitor of bso theory ‘os the French bishop Jeeques Henime Basset (1627-1709, Like Filmer fo Trpland, Heat i France frmulsed an argument for the Divine Right of Kings. hiring ion the propoion that the monarch ie chore by God ad ts ‘ome ta lim sling Kings were Gl vceregents in pial fs on eth Fi Hower was more exc on one impertant point: Divine Right may eve ‘he ing absolute stort in pital fas, but doesnt give hi the Fight to aritrary role set was cael explain hata tzen rebound by the Toles defined by ther king, he king ie ound by the rales dened by God Royal rle mst be reasomble and jst, the will of God which trees Thus ing sovereigns long as be conforms tothe wil of God. With this srgument ~ which ares strong exhoc of Jean Bodin ~ Bosuet distinguished ‘Sarpy Between abel and abitrarincs (1824, pp. 103-267, Mercato “The coma es of merci i hat economic activin shouldbe sort ite tthe gol of satesoiking andthe intrest of the state. Ii ree # theory of stateraft, and mst be ondertod again the background of vay tf the gret pers of scvemeenth-cemury Eo: the Usted Provinces, Ee 0Tew den Aes un at rane "he sie vents fhe age wre Haglan ue Iadehtlenpe heats sane eto Sag a Pape, the Ud rovsnen The tow 0 etsnol theyre eo Ragland a tal pret and wth ee ie halame of ky tn fara" eevee Ash the, wraags ot Water gh (19841019) a {USSU AI} Wana al ne the fon Via Hie (SBE a et bar of Toa be ner pty Fo Hino eh alway copie wee lay 1 erectus poner th mac he ut a wc shan Se a ptt Kae ony pate Tag Sime hm ll ape an mae ert Pen wn) {he omace wey aa bs ras oe het “tural yl pote rem ore 8 Ayan Uhr Tei stam wy Pglnd Fone y age die lovee ae nage Pad kof De eens ted Weer co SEO Mika ar wae a techy Opes Te wonton SENSI tend pa nl he fle a ame ec reece tn ty pb tne Crm ea Be Ne CRIS AR RT pete prt Eg gS Teh oe mewama saga i, en Ma an thy a CRESS copeer mane wet SS lala bel ek br arcs sean, cota and one ‘etn and nn fh lon he uy mn son, SIRSSIIR Timer ee tier waste como te ag me S'la te sce sso he Pt Yous SAEED Rica tare abs ery was i EUS Tg restr pce pms nh oll pre ae Shes cane a cneing od stoma Tn pcm sear tt dontn a he vena men ater shan kn sts doco an wth the Reiman ad th ‘Pn trl nthe ea trace inl eo a ce San Sheen nk aged tht igen Bu pae Them timmy nae al te eden oe soba ps sence esing she gat a fr he ih ofa ee Mr Wat snany hc aid bat ra it aleve rity Ie te te vrontyeated wu waa ev stg tet ne a 4 sacttny eta ee le called wae nan Hobe HSL tate ate of fry gute an se ‘Shr sano 3 he a wl, te, my, Mo A Sues mo Heat de Spies aed fw sesh was be wrote inion, Sm pt See econ ar whe beh Cnea STH 1 eau ole uk sare eve tal enter pat gh ie ay Hh we Ghute ul veace, be ener a ale that hal mets weer src by aor than Osh Hist he wil band gether wa ie ums wrk an pnt ae Maa t= fon Tne pe ve ng iron agus On the une eee Mechta tbe hes dS, wh it By he pent pao “hehe ered ht nee vere a edo a SASL iy ers eee Geet Ste where he Her ane «et Sheol hon wt, wee eee (BE, p 239 Ti {yon apt coved in aie etn Cr sain ‘Oni har ee wee st Me John Am Cay ad Enc ‘cee Coane (159 10 sre he pate feat a ie evel al Ph fe! f Pave (A2 he nme ht et he Trias tare anol te ve eal go ‘Spee tn wu ern Fares clare seeped a Chetan auc Crk unalone Woman any goed ke Gta by Bsr {ce we hel Oy rwn an y Cian as of et the wa ator fet see ly treat acs Harpe ee me cal bere al tee fran) mic tote whet sy dance of cnty, een, et tach ie dtarenty on the ert wary a fly yy soma al (Cone 2p J) acne Cnc (15M 1088) (recog that Cty al been wed by pie For pip 6The Maden ter se tn he New Chas (1972 [162 be writs that she many wate hs 246 we wndetken ihr for fae os, tt the parton a ‘roms etm exerci. One uk! all reign ieee le oom dha this sree ment en ata patent (Ciaed HTD pT ee ‘exqrowct 4 ey ke of the Thy Years Wor Gruee abo acts arate Ta tak srs ec i ine af seat tha they eos a ger prem in ines pose Hee her thes ad tages a the three py elas heehee of 4 n,n Pape Is ner ate psi they wee sana by wig, ‘vem they oul hak ofthe an enaieee” Crees rensnng fovea a opera pein svn toe ike sult oie Bein hit sage eh, ey lt real enn het har il aay en meme aa oh ay rt te ght esa p.2 In the iment sil der, wn rine al ei seve pw pre and hp them fn new erployment Solder are ding Hvar the pes tft an means af ven, and shorfre reese vee bth othe parer of thir ring and tthe pclae onc. Tne th sce his oun poiom and t maintain al order, «wow Yer wal pic hi oe hes someting to do "wth nar without murder Se ses rll Be ‘employed by a police Fre, ar coral, eno; there sl be scourge fo go into trades which cenit wy he wealth nd wong city, 8 rere or busines (pp 280, ‘About n-th dhe a inte he New Cort Oe anne changes ce the ruth changes tape Gor conic and ner wi sts to eer ad [oie amg ater. Crict ages ht men are ata a ul, a that they Understand ery wel hw th crs are bt eve Trade and cere tanta bara condit He eas new Eve i whch ae ae Fray fram ae city the wen, Fr hve ae, hens je dlr rig ‘Why atoabt In Focrinen, sh har an agshian, 2 Spam ar an Iban” be mshi whe To sider thar thes rete ke Fam a ha os he Ca subj 10 ere An in Ut al natn ar jie yaaa here bebe in (Guctacksnbes at Hao nil hewn & naar of se state. He apt cmt teeny gna ole tbo He {set he es sop ster a mss a ‘sor agarzaion He pone that some muta, central ted ey be seleed the heavier of «ena every to which all the Ses of arope shuld se atasedrs When eres ra ten the ates, the o Abt ty mosrs wows pagent afer bri he nets | ‘he weenie the contig rations Cr a et eth re pal fr iit abun wht Fave ac mo lee than sine Trae of Naina ‘Chuct's rumen serie attention far anther reson a his theirs lar prace peopl wich ses at merchants hn etd itera fo ace For Cra the bs wit a athe nda nan ater the ie he ei rtr ta the ince He ca tht eration bee Clighcsed cams ar east iterdeperent interac ad Yo pce Goee foreshadows mete oa entity ea whem he sad ‘he merchants andthe malate snpstant role in peving ner tier No ocuptons cn crpore with these si wily, Crt ars The merchant "mais "a the manuf ennches AnH Irie sw ti tee et ere emplned i aeandprotctn, thee ‘ould meter ain ach nnn in wa Bent (Bar) te Spiess (1612-77) Spinrt's argent rece one of she ame aia Cr, bt aes a ‘dierent conchae abt war and ence in neventcemh-enony Fare Spins dessin ve abst. Une Crue be selec the tii wate {hit unit of inertial analy. Hm Uneven compe, yet soning resale, vt deductive een whi the ae has i stint pie rer metaphysical sync Tray be tet ct anther entry it Spina astm than his mn Hcg eam Ta, he nr a ey Sian cso heron ture provides conenent shart cit 10 i pli observations, Haman Twines. Spina ase are alway tn etn rewon also nd the ter thet redo, Theme pon dmiates, In the sae xr, pn |S newr-indhmtabe Spnora er the Latin term rma to dese oma Prion a vil elroetiesseagaariing lon, Vv cone poe ck Yak injury, rs vet of fjry ands ind. revo themes ‘ut fan nrc pune fle aconery une the iy iw sermn estoy th Ho ae (Serutn 19H, pp. 38 the we a re rele’ tons ae ama by oma, by Fie cman ef fo pet ‘hve nd her bmn, eau cx in the sate of rata, bt inthe rif oni Te ee nt ‘oper an calles yaeernet a ref or wen Inthe ste of mate thee no moral coment, ec tad fe oe oy, fhe ae ltt, vey har ail sei Ts tan pest they ples, for hy nee tight every a he hat cs ad what i ba (Spin 9ST p21) thi wate fel ee hm, the oly hig hat xe ppp ae of matteo ting Fo ‘oer what hey want say he plore the bale athe ar oThe Maer ges is stonger, Only she cri hat thi ations wil be ended by inary and tain mil persuade hans ct om ag the Sas Aiome pt, Spnca gr, human wildy hat kere is bene eel ult pet pr) cope t fepl At that pot pole wl ener ine socal spent They il from the contending dnote ofthe sate of mate ci och). They wit tate 4 “ommorneit’ hich bu on tal sistance so dng i “shinee Noman scepecvion and tmproe towered plese toe 2010 nthe at a rein th coment, the aoa ale ees ian and sibs "Catchy cay oy hee a eae tae of he Comores and Sub sf thy ado ae “etna ort (Spine 5 3) Sino’ poll pipe by 40 mar inh, Fe hat he ‘rctin of te ammoneath sna she human ues ote tnd of ery hana 4 8 he preston he mt. Tn ight everyman nt case nh uae Far moe ina ad {nthe tl seas aecding tthe av ho tread com it sven inert” (p. 202, "The cmtnesah docs hones, ake peoples ‘Sov, ane east bylaw the nage ge alone te pursue hci pure fos pop aetna the. The ow represen: Hert dy enpsed, Sette umans wh sek topes wc eT re he mu todo, sass ean resume een comprise sede ochre ‘corgi ras Th fc ow male ye ew tee the ime eon of ce may ‘Sand Spon tecopit ht he ommonveaih dass mo she te pate lem of era Ise the rl he kre af sneegn niin om toe, Estas se of ety Ht erate cg erg Stice ‘no commnwesib, Sno wt, stand torts eh ae the Same reson ey Go to ca tesa of enue, A commoner Severe ad ave te ht 8 pec athy wll sa of mre {mang commonest taal) tral er and be dan oF te ofthe cmmoneese Pople i the aut feature mat Se that ‘ena torn many tas 1 Ksp thoes ss es ty il vce‘ ap, dca or mena abaya the cd yw comer by soe, We Uneker oesin verte elder at ally eee Hoa neg Gb ne Ree] od od aL oe stare trl ad hag te cnc by th nh aerated ad fe se ‘ho ace oh a ed ep yt ae yume an alee nda en, the de cot sr, Whe ini ate crpcte inert the ate of utr, er rage cently ‘Wier war erp aso snes wll peice cu on when sever sae hat tral sane he, ly i o* (hala as tft a hoe as ons ue exe coment hs Bae feeanl iis ch geet, ad te oh, were imc wee mately eid esl cr vty amma gh ea tc hace shane, ed cama bed et Wea penn am ” ig Gia (130 1045) {Mee he ees pion of Spine an Cras xed ire modi fgmaue Yie mn oubcl ofe ek facd by (Dope es ‘cing te Stas, hae Ea ae gurl et een EN feted i how hs shwn 0 propo torn hi wey of user Fares oss font see ol pe fal of bet rt ‘hyo eps po. Grae Sel Spars We i of temporary tay Ins ape mah Dre Bl pcs CO the Law of Wo {ou Ro Nt esp Grenson he aor vc al sede ioe i shin yee ier hal eeprcd wa th eet tinct Chora, ties ae, as nerds ete oki a {¢eny ec ctr es woe ave fre ne oar shel Srtr Sigh omc ro rset whee wee ne nll ‘reso die sdb at ote (Gran 13) ‘es har! wen a Ce open sot the nl and mac svn cto. Othe sary ft peo Poke {2th De jure a oe, tie he port soe er fy I aces te barons vere he er ‘nih sped by tur ose ren pin It he mea isha mun a anil gut cla a mano eae ce tht + dei f+ We spe hl en, ad tm meee susan bal fen ary ann ne coreg, te aan shin. Then rt that amare te supped {i ngig len, anda thn ges the cl) Un ingeuurng trl pon sec none nee a thy do nt stg tat ty, bt ce a haan nae Tha pr suey ints de human dene lpn ‘ich wi yatanr psc cto sng se Froid rs mun sy Sch gol poe il ee al {sid Adon ko age eae hye ‘dee aks an! kp ston 0 sara eels reba overt we em nt pp ands duped regu trstnalmcconhe u ‘tion Las an depen bach fang Alta Crt be fel yeaa, nn hel oad tesa enaModem tes nt, Some of hem sch a Vir hal tut he bof wat Ore at an Lehr had mesg the concep fae sores Se es ie Gent ured the aks of omate tanoee Oe tht was hing oh shedyceing ajo manos un el nthe, a ete et btn tthe ty Intnl Rea Grain cape he neat ch Ul asin, the pene Ero ft dy it wrk Dryue paca Gt Loe oP ay of VAR tot hn nn of ee Me en hs sat fee all Gr wget ca nie ores re of the ae 1 heh thst Can hr Ch ho ee sn ieren an tha He hal proved pe atom wal ae ft Sets he wads ty ence seen bese a wie t Wale and exchange. Hower, th cmimutian whe ape ai 1 hings im a py ovate iw sn cael 3 § prt oot of divine creat but of busin reson el of Cassy pac "his consited pantie com Gri conception of patra aw hinges on wo tara canta tt sstained by the ssumption that eah sate ied a4 eal comet which has atone point, Been extant ven. cumprate eae ‘ager ess aumbntaive, bat eqaly ive by sel-nirest ct be et sed arming soveregr states. AS Soon ak the Flee of Ton ral that they woul al benef om sich 2 contact they wont sie aks end lea nt tutions oatrate in eonfts between sates, Grote adhe asa ne fora maura Jaw Gratis our the rine pact ut serra he ve ec fer promises given ad enter ged Grate sen the tame oC "ument a Hod explain that ional acters am nate worl om bare ‘hat het bast longterm interest served By Keeping The premises Chey mae td by making proce cls when they ite o Berth -Grovos tested the deructive elects of the Tivy Years War and he salto af the various new Kogoms, dukes primes and es that femered fom the devia te achooiadged hat there was prospect of ee ‘Shing the tadional authority hich ha hee eerie the pst By [operand ener. Nether ae there any hope of alsin oF buon a Met Gris ao razed that there wae a urgent seed forth craton telitions wih tae ne ce of karout AM! he understate at 8 ‘ecto humanize the cndet of ar, even whines bie allowing Bodin, Grows erated 4 concep of ternal Relations a i interaion in ay of ates UH ale er the evenknent ft favs 4 repute jtcrsate conduc, ad argd that sates me accep thee ‘uss binding These argues voxcther wich hi popes for ap eawstive set of ls, are speed ot hs De are lh ar pv. Sice ena eat! and ‘Pragmatic oun he dil nat eames of his a rete by a Mae eng a Abt pes ‘aly shan Tati, Grove anchored tis nar lw rely in ura rss and in customary practices. For Gravis, tn, then, human reson pried tonto the problem of intromnnalconict and war (Grats TASS; Bul 1977, 28-3) Thomas Hobbes: tain of fear" “The mor themes of Seveniceh-antury social thought that everherste through the iterations! speculations of Cruct, Grove and Spinor atin a {amos expesan the works of Thoms Tbs (1SR1879) Te nas bien ithe same year tht the Spanish Arma launched ste ated attach on Binge land. Neves ofthe approaching Armada sive he county and when it each ras mother, she wae so piped with Fear hat he ave eematre bm mus Habs write abot hi on entrance ot ths miserable werd. With reference 1 this anecdote, be shits athe twin of Gor He ross by ‘his thar i fear, eer ad trope were mar sberces of epetion (ar hi isk in of ait. ‘The Spank Armada wat ot the only source of Hae fear ad isco, {Wi eecrtsn chided my else hive cntibted to hie depeesed visa {ater car th ane for cr ares and rink anon wae amd cece ther & vos bene oni hie en church der. Thomas wat aed ya Uncle and sent aay to scala 1692 the vce ans that, athe age four, Thuan oul ake rns god cae of ial, "A tid rie of ete peat ear ny Gad woo ivcirel cree which rh i nie ay of lege and erstanting telat ‘hen he we il yng and issn. Upon is raduation fom Oxford (Wan, bes beans the tec of» yes mbes, wr hetero ‘ots to France and aly Tete, « veritable scent reveution wax catego {Me esbdedsrathe ofthe Church and the Aritcilan tion of Wescrn thophy. Tbbes found that the Aritorlan pltowphy that he had Be taogit at Oxford ea crumbling before the dssoverit of Johannes Kepler ‘Gatco Gable anther members of he new siete monet ‘On reining be, Hate et spre Rewldere. Perf of i i ne Aecual moorings, he Ba sec for new stares of bowled a ish He vorscny sted the wetings of clas here oer than the ahr tae Ariele Fucks Hemente was fr Hohe what the revelation on he ‘onl to Damascus hod been fr Paul In Fach, TebbesIered to pve he ‘reel though a col geometric loge ade race pron ack the pone ‘Stn fer peoposton unl be was dmonatrtnly conned oti tee a Tn Thucydides Pegemenon Hr Mote, ke Gulia, found an w= ius attempt Wen rules i hamn ects, 10 eats es which ‘egulated human behaviour Hobe sew in ThcyBie' Acuna he a ofThe Masirn ge. Pe agp hs engster, tram once of nil ety combo ‘Sen prt forcs wb shape hens behav °My oer tou 9 pce of ring ded Yo mec the tte an ate pt wa det a feces, nsdn e4ane Ha as ut to eran, Ba be {cell ty ther who wane undead cay the certs whch Rapp the fot and whch (human eatre Bong hat) ll twee me oor abd Immun the sue ways, be repeat i the re’ ( ova, 1972, p48) Tlatesvead Thou ats prpne a the ght tthe sei teva tuo of te sexeneeth entry, sod a a eet cab te Sry fast Paran tract My T02¥ oben ha rt of hers ae {Thee paced the rt Engh ramon a the Poona ar The hol and woul the ment wperant ute ef Hat” prea pana wh ca and secur a pital arg te V0, Be [ichuree ¢ comet a tater snd’ momettowe he ame Thy had Chores 2800 yeas betare AE home, be eapeimed the Fan ond Way, lieth Canumentche sien te ranagn the Hy Deuter Hie oan ‘Genny ad Sp, Hi an tb aa eat Uae Fyfe tn Gann, bath oh bs han ate He fol war bea mata ae alas rah et ate ae thts wy tpt a tl 0 40! ro omaha by on eee hy ane ae. Hh vacated by sverige merch wh dans ate ae ue tum hic cz He mene am hos manerpese, Fevthve (IST [13D SThire must Be me cctv pe tent te eal the poemame ihe wovenants bythe euro wae pun, cer Ahan he {hey ene ty the ea oF tho oem Hobe at of nar Mattes rebel ate of gute nth the tent of showing wat # sty tld be tke tbo supreme abr. He rte 4 comin of Yb ary ot mate War, NY a gantry ma nena edans herbs eho toe strate retains om Hs of A aberee Swwere sth an beso ce erate lies 4 era a mar hal net, itn certo Hes state of area the hy anahigy of the Internat ier all 1977, 9p 46 5D, Tne log opt which ries he aby, atu te comet ge ‘tine cemuy.liseomn oe carly expend Ube’ theory pret nd wonmunaon Tah poner ke ps say conborten, bo can ‘ety comma by apg sea he val human ngs ae shat Al Trachea bythe very imei they depend won 1 se hor HM or Ac sett es he whl aa da fn ie ater, mn ca ay Deana of ther lings ham th spre pees, He en tht a sume tha cat nas nce 3 ane" ch at om a he Se Eee wale ne tgs ar he en of Hast emg tbe apame ones wh pt hw “Cag the ae, wih the ead snl tha ar by rane oben 1951p TIN Soh wane thes omni lor Para meee Ts sata te ew ‘tin neal emp ott hae const 8 earch (idee aul pce sma Soe fhe te allen wth reas, ey yor rng thse means He awe a2 “gvcal ulation of a TE perv aa ewe drone tr Bove air Poe that cent See Lat Than. ceabh pre, tc ate pve, Lowber Tabata sown eo, vn ce he eo ‘Sipe an eyendne a fst on ater (p15 Te ne at tures n wha we prverart cote and where inbied NASI icp tte! shh de nt ay sce al Stamm Bom) icy leu scone vt 8 Sian Ma) si the Sn fara ved dea he Ray foe Tn up ev Wie, ahve evry man cy eer tor mah by Hon Matancera sry nah ae and Wrong, nice wal Uti ate sete mse. Fae wre tte cil Ura ate wate thet aia ry sis ne Mir ad Pe Tervcey me tht icon pt td ft lt Be SPikog a isn tng mdtnnmg hon a hee Seat et an ary, pe at, wah an (TA “Teton secre ein ipertan a Habba, Beas atl man wl cine th pen, Tn prt ace hi 1 ene amc a dco sh cm tt reas hk he fsa at Siejundwwursches Sarprocreaa, the, bacames the paar xo mwMe Atak to Ve? playin Ith ate of we ‘tanh eof el yacraten ta hades ‘ihn i the yl the range vn, ‘ i Ne hs a os an vin of yoni the nb Tee Ie vl ol gases sn a tonsa Aro sun Th tg Ss ha al a sith as yt ay Inthe ate at, wn ert eset lw gare! ttn ob ‘rah has ie lam nih the pm alpen, wn se vervane's alright eesti I a beached th vero secs hee tial ight ese emh a ver {len promi yl Behan, give wpa et everthing te Foran tthe rain ep pr nt et rn er ome is che hy eerie’ promi everyone ee het shes wl ey re ra sone etal bl oer ow a the pace ad tera ‘fay ging his wesc om of oes ope eee 8 pcr Pong ‘ont weer exervne se ln raking ths promee oie dened reed’ the aban ors, eek hat sbi fea sn inkl cmulion a that pele mt aie me Fede iF hey ae eno any rer tal ThertTre ts ld ste die to ron se resin alto cneore them the svi itl that thy ot fd nid) Tes erate a Ferien, an ompetent pce whch ‘an crc able per or he wate Howes, bs ping ed the sate of nature been india, they have reeabshed anater sae of ‘re enon inl sae Hales” wor vo Mh pls ‘tat ps, he ad este ony, bsg at ment ‘va day been, tanta Dp sa 8 Te tb, sg ik he at ty he be ha eel wernt rec’ ee ecrc hoh al Uta ea nt, fe int Pinas ba ‘needa stroar rte a th avo ne ao siseronber nerve aro in nm tee oh rn iw bi sm en i si or petal pra so cer " hy tote stent nt rie Atop erg sy ante fens eyo ly tome nc nr wero oer Ft tres ao TL Sr tman ekg. er nd wane crete: are sty ptr "eo fu, Pee diese atte aoe nme anton’) Rd et Sect ten we peed eh eke oh ee = ik her wi ge Whe det tks Spots a temper yet oo er hy et ec a oe “fin oe mateo she Pomc pis ‘foe pean ne liege pty ch taped cba Tete fhe erent cy, Sas rrr ee ne ts W revo ti Sota eth tne ence Pare die ‘ans tao ce hr nce of agen cre ‘nes and sevententh-centry pi hes’ dseusione of the many face af per and ofthe cea eof alae o comin expansionist arch wa ete i tame with the fre twice of Eat 1 wb repeat intervened to sport weaker Cine ms1a powers against the might of Spain of France Ie ao supret the aber tom of Habba eer contengore, Frinde aoa, ma a ees and Lard (Chanallar of Engao. In 4 punphst Considerations Toshing + Wer with Spa (19521623), Ban eras whether cs poner England oi alls 8 coi the faces of Spun. “The Bunn of the fos hese bg ‘Sons and tha alles wih Spun and thet alls, he woes, ‘sper comer’ ar End icon 185, p 200) “Towards the eod of Habla” be, # mar no lease Spun but France which egret a heat 10 Englund. Under the leacrsp of Luis XIN (901-1715, France sought wo blah 4 univer monary ever Faroe and Sterna all ther cout in Europe ts willThe rogome Kel enna te expansionist pocy wa + tlane-o- power ply, The efits 2 ‘iota Freechuntone creche he work f Halund the sal county Gn ebch bch Spanien and He sought rele fen cl nar ad peace ‘Son a ther own sounien, When France made agerenive mits onthe Spat ‘Sh thru in Ys, Witham I of Orange mmtl Gropp al uae ‘eh Eun — vith whom be hal {Ast fought two brge mtcntle wars (ses34 and 1665-67) and gpa Angra allan designed 0 core ra Freeh expaninm, Ween Sweden tare the th member of ths an ren ature (ae, King Lous IV found hint verpncrad and ‘shires fm the Spuish Neher The Freeh widow es med Ti felled bythe clipes of the Tape Aan; ned Laue NIV ha 0 Sooner sod for pence than act ety Han spi between Eaglnd and ‘France ei acering e hich the tw get powers died Tan between ‘hm ne eas ner “Thee evens in whch uke sg secret tates one moment and vibe them ihe pet quien tne with Histon’ understanding ofthe behasou of Strerige scrs Hibing maintained that rr, He other men, ae disen by Seinen he held ha, bce they ae sovereign, ul ae wot contra te th actos by any Lola eles, sonnet rts enpy the ll Right of aoe acorn which might he any igh. Spor ared (1951, 21, Tle p30) Bah Hobbes ard Spnaea acpi the upbeat ht i fy eh fee at ccording fo hou sil ahd lira tho he ie fre obra tates le alunees weer he dies thi 10 bei is Intro Coseguey any ey of peas or sce canbe tte 10 ei in fn only as lang ms the mates fo eancading 1 coins ul god ‘han wan Hance abdien fam tbe Spas Netrans, he Tipe AVianee Inte pup and mhcly elec home, et ie He pension” it Lau XIV lunch an ambi ary efnsey ante reneh allances sere one by Willa I rent ages = ft nthe War of Devor Fn (107-6 nthe ch Wat 167278) and ina the War athe Grand Alaa (189 9 rat and ta fhe Seeeasee hos Riacoeanes Sesto wih So 8) So ees ro nce Ener Err tas ie 72 ava ‘Sore edema, rec eat TroTnotiono oven 1609) ‘The esiment of dhe een Thesereech estar) eed in the mame of Ged Ieee though i ‘ean wis wha ere fc by incompatible reuse, ‘ad nthe name the ale mr a wiht secur sega tht sare Lett hy hugh ply uf arp, Paring the couse ths rs, Intra Rela thas care ge “Ths caning of ge mas cate by prleratun of bks ad tees ick saved interstate ans Ana aed by ete wand ee scsi of plea afar. Sil hat ncesngy som the cues takes Gal's erin spn a fy ie ee rope fm wae an he itl bara iret en wThe Maden See Chet Sinan and Chin, for expe, pine the enn a wai igen an cronies ich re rd ica ty al aoe teen etl wr ne mpgs aay tata man ee le win ri heh ron ll je Ea Ns po oe Aa thcn be hiss on ulti he toe Th armen aoe in he wth of um! Pe tiem teir teat oh tl hanes hat need re Tew the Tren of Weg (tt ated a ered Tal Baty ann ts eof Cro dr ‘ay chick pete Were a! the eel a Si cn Uso eh cred se Ti els, ce We se ins nl Thad becn aa eee yee tse ty nang cua oy oe hed ie eed a ‘eapainsuem swe sae ose mae es Sieve pul ener i cone ors el boo wl ee eee ec Yang. To etwre tod bears sms Stor sno mly shh cad path ec of a apne Tee Sal conten af eno mon ehh a ox so ew oe tomcat # weal member of human ney, ae eld mtu aw otentot 1971 p38). Greer welaresann: wane la and mine iret The waton of sural tw reaches Yk othe plows of ancient Gree nd cm be taed through Westem sail and reigns hough As 2 pk tary deinten one sai hat nar Iw dots ae of princes Tt Iramecend the lan of indivi scieties an of dierent epochs. Where he Ihowed en irs given epoch are tanto and caning phenome, furl Ue eevee pemmenon which avs he Hines amd anton supreme, unchanging sa one Tons, Croc. Gran and Puede al anchors tei il erie a t seclr unending of nut tw Pafendor, fr example argue exp iy that ipa aw sere to fornth Fope mth precepts for uel plal Conduct en this cool! he round in lian for, a6 he reat of Wes fake rngrited wih ie pine of gua rx ee en, Harpe mat ll Faced wth reighaequarel Thus, bear pra for him lense mat Ural li fie grouning in Asotin nd Thome hela. From the 164 tira, hs pret a 9 eomrac comprehen svar mal piso hy {eunded in natural law and adapted to the conditions of prt-Weatphaln Farope — 4st of univer principles a right deed fm two premies m0 erwin cou ensonaty doubt: x cena ecoeracted condition commen foal pesans, these of mature’ and the empl verb sel-oe oF co ‘en ach person as with ther sn preservation, Pend helped re ner 105 Abt pls sation Relation ony fr the fete of sea Bi ae trae (Mache 97, 24 ete ae Plein» rcpcemtive we af he tne, Severe sae hed ara he seveecth cery denned thr of sn tm fut econ ght horas fate and frm mtn He caer tal tena, Me of hem were driven by 2 an 9 Tere ne eric nrc Tm ees th = mene otic Tres tee a) ashe coe fh Heal Catch of von Anca Te st ny ef tem mre chchen wh were ies! Bs Mie nh cy rate ham Rory. Tey se Mere 8 see Roman Me, And they revened ht ne weinerest woe Srna uae vie edict ed wuld herfore oie frm Weer Ut ants bi ec hey: Some af hem evs theory aur the Se nae nn ae lod To pursue thr on see rea en SR tte forsocy mtg. Josph Le, for earned i 180- see wa alee af hte mate a everyone by Me Heb of mT i wha me orbs rest advange’ nd cose) ee sank dence fate person il be he banat Seine ki got n Apply. I, 62) shop Richard Carriand os eCoomberlnd’s De lgiur anrorae CA Treatise of the Laws of Nature’, 1727 usp wu ty iter stack on Hotes, Comber gis hat seer or only exowed oth net vat and elFserving rnin (whch Teac 40 seamed Raman Senge io ase tra king for cck hr Te Supt te bmveece Carbarind wort we ders thet hi Tretlence di ot depend reps fests, eal autor ote het of Teen, boca sce would scr nay Ina ord fran Sie Canertnd himed hve aioe cominget santos i the WoavyPanurt eer or vor do onsen force mle youl srt ad tlre sony een the abence fl fore" SUPE NESSIE rnen ond, nda pos ro asthe fr Jno is Nate he ws (1727p. 218) aps of his on ods oe eso wth ther ne oy ch thie mata Hap Ty tn werd a ceed Ty hoe Mead he Pon: fe ll Mein be coumer per by ahr (p27). "Thoe versed y he or: “ke ea ea hing tomar re the pric Cus of She pik Happs of (10, ‘hon Bamba, Lean Carbs’ ation of acest wa alond vlna cones aie tres, te orahadowed the dine of Tec mor plsophr He Adam Sth and Jeremy Bem, When te ‘Recor of atime we apd he traction of pn and emen, iTrip envished the old concepts fran tat a ence power. TH hw, He agin te the ena mies of the ae 7De Mad ter as wv th cen he tah ake a Koa IS TKD De Tans Bs Wek ity Face of Pit aad Saks of Cede (10), {Welap uh the abetsatnn tha ‘Tvs tin Uw pg me ae ‘hematin sve y Marat Hy Paes) Hn oom ay Se ceeuend ht he tte dest eve a a fog other Sac allee ama shes Ses neo (Roan 12, p2) onan naan eat ttn sa net Uva wml aac By ‘and sats He sahsrnt Masha Neshaass wh Vet eo Net Ea a buen gies Dr bore C19) and bn rungs Mraarin Po sa 1960) By he ca, as tah fennel mun ‘Sherbet be nea ot ae at Row a a as Hat ‘st? Kaun joy Gh Hm RSA aa EN {ame and tnt Bt mt Ket patna nr 1X pou vont hc ers man aA ee hie SEENTERSS Teees reat arta a at vs Reanennen penne nenerec ni Ress cunt tts te souks te qerab ah lan oo ate fatwa Putas uth mbt ees (b Cek Ahe Bop SEES it eer oar pk ir al phe SIRI TaTicet tne cake elena a bt he CRN igs af sue mane sham Ue mde the mater W608 SIMI tal toegestaan aba poy us a SNAESEIAN ce ach mies smn arope tn be peak at of ‘Sinnae maum. nc cm Hp sly smi the ei of Ue any can petal yh wh oh on Char altne mune esl Han, le nl Desa AI hee wa Roast het ad te feo he hot Yeas Wat. They Stave Sere hae They ake ho or aw gen ee NET wet Phy red et wt the acideac tradi ofthe uavveraies four inthe Nile Age, al ~racnd scene ha tec mrt ain, how am Hewat are no she ely: ma as Ye a ah ult don hes hss ot ar atv and bey I Lecng nun ne othe nb eerste eget eed myweb vt he pt planes rsa al ha ‘Mer movero alt aa ment so ‘Mes ep tg tater tte nt, vvvuer sus ime lesan ll ean ‘Bevin tp dee hon ah su 969 Sh Alm oe eke ‘he nt ht Con a i er ens Tay cntnt hei the gs frend meet lig Hester pea oto in mete enh be ane opie a {lene ashame he clged ecpar of th eth hake Newtan Uormuval Mimapks of Nata Pope of 187M ‘ever mnes anv pte arate cet tr par wi a fae pe feria ete yuu Wf the tre eee and wre option oe Tete of he dance er Now mis of wn’ dba “Sever sc kno alge cane mea alge abt ve lows ene sate Ute tanya oly eed wh tse tt The tu of logge en rested gl sjotem i vh h ‘npn part yechre spec anton Te sais owen sed ‘Metwclaon oust ike cama tht coud be epee ym # yoo of feduge thas 197) The stay of hy nas fared poet Sips toll nt ssnty tr sean cd ea von eate inate sucha, and hse amet th tao ts) ber a avd and ah md The sy feral ens mThe Maden tees ‘veto mean the tu of ntereltions beacon impetmesb rors, ‘This obvesan with mater im peomettc motion Talo une or he moe mechanical visions inthe sce scences the thewy af the bain of over, Talince-of weer theories were ROE Rew inthe Seventh en they snre expres eer by Han theese ie Cin nt al Porn, Tower the sserienth ctu the fag equi pest ea with unprecedented larity ~ ae cape he thie oF thinters ie Then, Mun, Spina, Pufenr, aes and Camber (anl alent the pace ‘ices of Willam TH of Orange, Freer the Great and Char Ite the phrase "alnce of omer came into penetl wie I dente ple in whee fone sate aid with her sates (preferably weaker than isl) ana any ae ‘hich thestened ro dominate Fatope Via the balm peer pine = state eo reserve or mine independence lana by muh allances snes ell crete 4 counters against any site whe ase) they fened. According to the notion, Baline-l-powee ply aos ne to throws Wei here i mnt see rendemce ‘One yponan reason for thie impor cari in Nala f fore theres ‘ism the me seme esiemolo of he age With the Jct seth ofthe erthoox seholne elec Macon, seas 29d Gliese tbe ‘volute cet appch The natural ward was espa ea ad “decnumated Whereas he sethaloxschonlen ha tend wipe puree tw natal penarons, tbe sevenientscenury ents imped a mechan ‘mel The branch of rhe which a he geet sauces wae ety ond bbe, Galle, Lan, Neston and Spnara. hese autis describe wae ral phenomens hy knfsine the presumahs sles ahh hie Thro coil he dervedl"Theve was me Tong ane esa cence evecen nis call sos an! fae called anata ad Ube ‘eed thr the won cam be rdced to mater tn mason concived of Atvmalfnis as cmples machines Ese the pray Lei ee ral hat eery organo ling bo mast of Cosme aching, (Frat oe, wba nny excel al manmade buts, Teed fe the feet th Zee eter i thee contin Ff nena intracion than Lai. Hie sisi vers moc informed yi overall tetnieay come let image of sites ae dirte, ampere, indesutne. imate ere fom al interacting th others, each Otinguchedfam aers BY is sdcercnecm scone the improved ait that hel matin face ene fed from them cone of terest Pufendnt (19,38) srl oi ‘shen be domed the Treat of Weephas 4 waters ternal tory Gave Gaur de Sondre ed ute ese hs new preepation wih ‘wrest sodden yuk precedence oer donate agate sd tel ko sagas on le m Aki po iy in Faroean dintomacy (Cour 1686, p 3. The same nation is apron in Rehun's desi of European police. Tn Wis words, the nest of ae tvs sine the spent, oa et the cman, fhe Sate To Gi TEITy ae te be tne, Sin nds csr wc te tert of etme state eer svg ei ht hse et pce iter ose ahh ers he pk om whence decd Tees pene and Silaqun te er amet Hes of Fane aa Sain That Sp id ‘ny epee ok inal ie amin aig rl tem oe cee he San of» nw Moneshy wo ei the West That of Trane [eis evi To makes omnes heather pice’ fi he eo he te, ‘Svinte ee, foo mach mh sere i has en wl Tice com uf on teres of hehe nd pal nin ces iP wha aeons of hese Pm ltiensfitc best sc same meer dpend om har pct Nw SAE aow ton mh us onthe opestan om hie toe neve er (cs ism ll enol hy he fe se cme @ wa cance em Sty te capnan a Mises Raa 67, pp. 7. Rohan was mh nec by Ronsinance scholars (ouahin by Machine vicar, Docsios id Domentrs, But ~ 18 shold be apenas tenayel above of resscrigentcenty Parone pots Rohan iri= Tea the lancer mechanism mae keels tam ny of i eee. The teas i hat be has Hed thea ation af eountergis othe new cone epee ines Inca he may shes Frese oe his, The ule of Rehan ogee geal ad sttsman, tan ipertan st toe to modern Inca Rls shor, He ew onthe Ham Waiion ti plics and coterie, apd formated een flane-e-power anal Srhch,insrm peal nce Enghch saa hers (Res 1D, p. 287 Tschran 1980 p37, 1 fia inprtant rena forth iproned ity im the oii hes of thie el niger yas om the comexga ofthe tte Mer the Peer of Wess the Kings Var raced the ose srangemens iy entepeneure sith ner centrale tem flay command and {ntl The maneichs exome commandrein-che oftheir counts armed forces By the same soken thes expanded ther poner ober ther Gv sowie: “The ti of politcal pouer see called and concentrated in he Ran of he monarch, Around the King evolved the hare etre af the abt Cour And arwund the wt energe the steamind sacar ofthe sae ‘She Daring the send al af he seneteet century the sates of Wester) ope fevare cnc fa independent communis ee coed n= ernment ered aluchri'y one a speci porno he a's sri. The {Coronal waar f watch was cre. "The dlestion an ‘ier and tevexterna elf oles domestic poles vr alas — wat phe mmdn yu a Isa wan ae ot Ul lane a abel a VIN the sean eh abr eves tome Man the eed sos wee es, ‘io aston vate esta: deol phy, arr awe hy Me eat wire Dowie: tate 84 Vadighnvanient polities He enghter nthe Century anil he: rie OF papular severe nei y tote thetic a save pen aan ah We Fai snd he chins toed te pueeth ate tedern tte. Podacel pect eeytmecee te mo {ay comma nas cestarl andthe will pohsrd the Tots Year Wat wee tamed inthe tained have poetic the wars of Lee XIV. The Csuving isitunine of pctrment became “x means of securing ict ae ‘saya ene, and rtng sppenting and tring ames ot ine set taht (Pater 1951, p 2) Imai teacvons were egulned acted ing preset by profes pats ad sea mena oe, Wars weve comlteaccring to welded rake by presale srs ach sae eps aheombodged the Kextomay of ber’ ferne te hal he tg ers Hs ower ote nan Ua a the enfne haters (Howard 1084, p38) Mest Harpe lets ths pal ee abttewnetigms Frances Pon IV es the mt bite and pect of thm Al Tn masbinaos Ke ape na fever of wars (1072 I7IM) They esha Franc They sm am sinus woderoinel tae abvdine menashs. Ite Ln Seas of Beg, Tie wont es anand athane fo by Mean dtl fw Ep lun emerge from the wars of Haus NIV a he tsatet mina a ne 2Nhs she domnant actor eghccoiecentrs ermal ples gan stad apr een the tats he sa somtne m lune rapet the eomnty wasnt an abe mates he ars Rese tn (688) hal towel the Fngsh Ring 8 acs that Paament ysl peaches ot As rosa ation a aie ssl eae a sks without eal prowess eat Be eB the Kg bing, {Woh Be Ryo AME aw stam wat Paar sonnet Thos by the emt the wary Lats NIV, Fup i amp sitet deen of veegnty “Cn the ie ard a the al serine SNe ne Right ot Riggs hs aye de abe ins he € ine ns