Mandalong Mine, NSW. Mariners Cove, WA.

Lander Road, Adelaide, SA. Yandina Bypass, QLD.

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on our
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Copyright Humes 2007.

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contents
A. Introduction and Product Development.............. 1
B. Details of Arch Elements..................................... 2
B.1 Geometry of Arches................................. 2
B.2 Depth of Fill............................................. 5
B.3 Footings................................................... 5
B.4 Hydraulics................................................ 9
B.5 Scour Protection..................................... 12
C. End Treatment................................................... 13
C.1 BEBO Arches...................................... 13
C.2 CLASSIC Arches..................................... 16
D. Handling and Installation................................. 18
D.1 BEBO Arches...................................... 18
D.2 CLASSIC Arches..................................... 18
D.3 Sealing of Joints..................................... 18
D.4 Backfilling.............................................. 18
E. Multicell Installations....................................... 19
F. Special Installations.......................................... 20
G. Features and Benefits....................................... 21
G. features and Benefits
There are many benefits of the BEBO and CLASSIC
arches to all stakeholders when compared with
conventional bridge or culvert applications. We have
detailed these by specific market sector and end use
application.
Owner Sector
Cost
A cost effective system achieved by quick installation,
minimal design cost and low maintenance.
Durability
The use of high strength concrete efficiently
compacted during manufacture at the factory ensures
a high strength durable product produced under a
stringent quality assurance system.
Appearance
The graceful appearance of the arch complements the
environment and is aesthetically pleasing. Surface
treatment can be tailored to suit specific applications.
Environmental Impact
The arches can be sized to span most waterways
without midstream support thus preserving the
natural stream bed and providing a fish friendly
environment. Land based fauna requirements may
also be readily accommodated.
Maintenance
The high quality concrete ensures a maintenance free
life with minimal inspections required by the owner
throughout the life of the structure.
Consulting Engineer
Structural Design Systems
All arches, spandrels and wingwalls are designed by
Humes in accordance with the Australian Concrete
Structures Standard AS3600 using standard loadings
set out in AS 5100 - Bridge Design.
Humes can also advise on the design of the cast
insitu strip footings.
Hydraulic Efficiency
The large span to height ratio for standard profiles
minimises hydraulic disturbance for wide low flow
streams and channels. Other profiles with various
span to height ratios can be supplied to accommodate
other stream or channel flow requirements.
Versatility of Profile
Several basic arch shapes and the option of using
multiple cell arches allows easy application to most
site configurations. Various spandrel wall and
wingwall options at the bridge ends compliment the
choice. Pedestal footings may be used if necessary to
increase headroom clearances.
ContractoR
Fast Construction
Both BEBO and CLASSIC arches are simple to
assemble which results in very fast erection times.
The ability to manufacture and deliver the arches
simultaneously with site works reduces overall project
time and allows quick construction access across the
spanned distance.
Minimal Waste
Both the BEBO and CLASSIC arches require simple
strip footings to resist only vertical and horizontal
forces. No moment is transferred to the footings
simplifying their design and construction details.
Precast foundations are an option.
Backfill protocol defined
The inherent strength of high quality concrete used in
the precast concrete arches results in:
only the first 300mm of fill, adjacent to the arch,
requires hand compaction. This applies to single
piece arches. For two piece in-service arches the
first 300mm of fill is not compacted. The majority
of the backfill can be compacted with vibratory
rollers.
the maximum difference in the levels of fill on
opposite sides of the arch can be as high as
600mm for the majority of the backfill.
the use of precast concrete spandrels and
wingwalls allows backfill operations to commence
sooner than if insitu concrete structures were
used.
Construction traffic that is within highway traffic
weight limits can cross over the arches with
compacted earth covers as low as 300mm for BEBO
arches and 500mm for two piece arches such as
CLASSIC.
Where a two piece in-service arch, such as a Humes
ball and socket joint arch, is used then this minimum
earth cover increases to 1500mm.
Eliminates Scaffolding
All arches are free standing and require no scaffolding
for temporary support during erection.
Wing walls and spandrels supplied in precast
End User
Differential Settlement Reduced
The precast concrete arch bridges are completely
backfilled overcoming the traditional bump
experienced when driving over conventional bridges
caused by differential settlement between the
concrete abutment and adjacent fill.
21

F. Special installations A. Introduction and
product development
Often customer requirements result in special
installations. Humes can offer advice and provide Humes manufactures an extensive range of pre-
practical solutions to the special needs of the cast concrete arch systems. These may be used
customer. One example of a non-standard in a myriad of applications that include bridges,
installation is shown in Fig. F1 and the photographs underpasses, tunnels, mine adits and drainage culvert
demonstrate the versatility of the BEBO and structures. The range of products available easily
CLASSIC Arch system.
allows for the adoption of standard unit sections to
provide a choice of geometric envelopes to meet
access and waterway area requirements.
The elements of the Humes Arch system are
Custom artwork cast in during manufacture primarily,
A precast arch unit
A precast spandrel wall
A precast wing wall
Fig. F1 Concept for Railway Tunnel, CLASSIC (3 pin) Arch.
The arches are installed on an insitu concrete strip
foundation and are placed end to end to form the
structure length. The system provides crossings for
waterways and for a variety of intermodal trans-
port requirements including pedestrian thoroughfares.
Where large expanses are to be crossed, for example a
flood plain, multiple arch spans are placed side by side
and provide an aesthetically pleasing structure.
The spandrel walls run parallel to the arch, retaining
Mid-span Spandrel walls create skylights in this underpass.
the backfill at each end of the structure, enhancing
its appearance.
Fig. A1 General Assembly, CLASSIC and BEBO Arches
Mitred BEBO arches to accommodate a skewed application.
Fig. A2 General Assembly, CLASSIC Arch
Insitu stone spandrel wall.
20
Precast concrete wing walls, placed at each end of the
spandrel wall, not only retain the backfill and support
the spandrel walls but can also act as training walls
for waterways.
All of these elements may be finished in either
conventional concrete or a variety of applied finishes
to suit the specific environment. Examples of this are
included in this brochure.
In 1984 Humes entered into an exclusive agreement
with BEBO Arch International AG for the manufac-
ture of BEBO arches in Australia. Humes has a
commitment to technical excellence and consist-
ent with this it was mandatory to ensure the first
arch installed was instrumented and design theories
validated. Since that time Humes have undertaken
development work in consultation with BEBO Group
and has extended the BEBO concept into a unique
portfolio of arches which were initially marketed as
the Classic Arch series.
When BEBO commenced operations the original
arch was developed from small flat slab elements,
which were joined together to form the arch profile,
similar to a block and keystone arrangement. This in
turn led to the one-piece arch and hence BEBO arch
may be configured with one or more elements.
The ongoing development work at Humes has
produced a product range which consists of a mix of
one and two-piece arches.
Humes continues to undertake the development and
refinement of the design methodology, using both
the original BEBO finite displacement model and
the more recently available design methodology of
finite element analysis, which was used to confirm
the designs of our Classic Arch range. This work
ensures refinement to product design adopting sound
engineering practices and at the same time ensur-
ing compliance to Australasian Standards and user
specifications.
In both the installation of the first BEBO arch and
the first Classic Arch, Humes engaged Adelaide and
Sydney Universities respectively to fully instrument
the structures, to validate the design methodology
and its relevance to Australian conditions and
requirements.
As the development work continues the soil structure
relationship for all arches will be defined using the
finite element methodology, which is more commonly
used in general engineering, and allows greater scope
for the analysis of structure response to site specific
conditions.
Tables are provided in Section B for foundation
reactions where overlaying fills over the crown of
the arch are up to three metres in height for BEBO
and five metres in height for Classic. For greater fill
heights, designers need to refer to their local Humes
office for advice from the Humes Technical (Design)
Service Group.
1
 All Humes arches will continue to be offered as
either one or two piece elements. The number of piec-
es is generally dependent on the span required, the
transportability of the pieces or the loadings imposed
on the structure.
To assist our customers with concept and feasibil-
ity design, Humes have adopted a convention for
defining the arch configuration for design,
manufacture and ordering of a Humes Arch.
The convention is based on horizontal span and
internal vertical height and is based on a 4(5)-
digit number/letter system. The first number or two
numbers (when the span is 10 or more metres) is
the span dimension expressed in metres and the last
three numbers are the internal vertical height
expressed in centimetres. The final digit is either
a T for a two-piece arch or an S for a single
piece arch.
By example an arch with an 18-metre span and an
internal vertical height of 6.0 metres designed in two
pieces is an 18600T.
Similarly a 9300S, which is a one piece arch with
9.0 metre span and a 3.0 metre rise configured in
single piece, previously known as a BEBO L9.
BEBO Arch.
This convention eliminates any chance of confusion
in the interfaces between our customers and sales
consultants and then internally between our sales,
design and production centres. See Table B1 for
details.
B. Details of
arch elements
B.1 Geometry of Arches
B.1.1 Standard Arch Data
The standard arch data detailed here in covers a
broad range of spans and heights to accommodate
many applications. The extensive track record of these
standard arches reflects a constantly increasing
demand for the products and with this standardisa-
tion economies of scale may be realised.
E. MULTICELL INSTALLATIONS
Double, triple or multiple cell installations can be
constructed to cross large expanses of water, flood
plains or low lying ground. It is possible to combine
the BEBO arch with the CLASSIC arch in multiple
installations. One such structure completed at the
Hope Island resort consists of a central 18600T
CLASSIC arch flanked on each side with 12400S
BEBO arches.
In Canberra, two large multiple cell structures have
Combination of CLASSIC and BEBO arches, Hope Island.
been constructed on the Eastern Parkway to cross
floodways at Dairy Flat. One structure consists of
8 cells of 12300S arches while the other has
11 cells of 12300S arches. Both structures also
incorporate a horizontal curved alignment of the
road.
The support of the centre spandrel walls in multiple
installations is achieved by using galvanised steel tie
rods connecting opposite end spandrels to each other.
This is identical to the spandrel support recommended
for 180O wingwalls. Alternatively, tie bars raked back
to the insitu footing may be used.
Triple cell BEBO structure, Bribie Island, QLD.

CLASSIC Arch.

Table B1. Standard Arch Data

Dimensions
No of Unit Total Old
Profile Internal Internal Dimension Thickness Unit Pieces Mass Mass Designation
Span S Height H a t Length

6210S 6.0 2.1 0.00 200 2500 One 11.9 11.9 Classic 621

6310S 6.0 3.1 1.00 200 2500 One 13.2 13.2 Classic 631

9300S 9.0 3.0 0.00 250 1800 One 14.2 14.2 BEBO L9

9400S 9.0 4.0 1.00 250 1800 One 16.5 16.5 BEBO M9

12300S 12.0 3.0 0.00 250 1800 One 16.8 16.8 BEBO L12

12400S 12.0 4.0 0.00 250 1800 One 18.9 18.9 BEBO M12

15500T 15.0 5.0 0.00 350 1800 Two 15.6 31.1 Classic 155

18600T 18.0 6.0 0.00 350 1800 Two 18.8 37.6 Classic 186

21700T 21.0 7.0 0.00 350 1800 Two 22.7 45.3 Classic 217

Please Note
Standard two piece arches may be configured with either a concrete interlocking joint to an insitu concrete joint and this detail is of extreme importance
to the installer. Humes designers will detail in the drawings the type of connection that will be required.
BEBO structure, Eastern Parkway, Canberra.

2 19

D. HANDLING AND
INSTALLATION
Detailed instructions on the handling and installation
of BEBO and CLASSIC arch bridges are available
in Humes Handling and Installation Guide for each
system. This section outlines some main installation
considerations.
D.1 BEBO Arches
BEBO arch units are transported in the vertical
(as cast) position i.e. perpendicular to the final
position. The arches are rotated on site from the
vertical to the horizontal position in mid air.
Spandrel units are also supplied and transported
horizontally as one complete unit. They require
rotation on site in mid-air to the vertical position.
Crane capacity required during erection depends on
the site conditions. Either a double hook crane is used
for the rotation of precast elements or two cranes are
required.
Arches should be lifted from the delivery trucks
and set directly onto the previously prepared strip
footings (never temporarily stored on the ground).
D.2 CLASSIC Arches
CLASSIC arch units are transported in the vertical (as
cast) position i.e. perpendicular to the final position.
For half arch units each arch half is lifted and
positioned simultaneously to form the complete
span.
Where the two halves are required to act as one
complete structural arch, a fully fixed connection is
achieved by joining the two halves together with
insitu concrete placed at the crown of the arch.
No on-site formwork is required to support this
concrete as the support is cast integrally with the
concrete arch. All reinforcement for this joint is
supplied with the arch. A patent is held by Humes for
this construction detail.
Fig. D1 Backfill Zones
18
For arch structures designed with a rotating joint Fig. B1 Two Lane Road passing under CLASSIC arch 217 Profile
at the apex, the arch half units are rested onto the
footings and allowed to rotate downwords at the top
to make the male/female joint complete.
D.3 Sealing of Joints
Typically BEBO arches are butted to each other with
a 15mm nominal gap while for CLASSIC arches the
gap is 20mm nominal. The joints between the arches
are covered with a 250mm wide strip of adhesive
mastic backed with a durable synthetic laminate.
D.4 Backfilling
The critical zones for backfilling are indicated in
Figure D1.
Zone A: Existing soil or constructed embankment
Zone B: Sidefill or existing ground essential for
effective arch support
Zone C: Overfill providing uniform loading
Zone D: Road superstructure or embankment
The handling and installation guides set out in detail
the particular material requirements in each of these Fig. B2 Profile of CLASSIC Arches
zones. The Zone B material, which is critical for the
structure to perform as designed, consists of a soil
with a liquid limit equal to or less than 30% and a
plasticity index equal to or less than 10 and which
when compacted exhibits an angle of internal fric-
tion of not less than 30 degrees. Grading limits are
also applied to ensure compactability and stability of
compacted material when wetted.
The material in Zone B is compacted in 300mm layers
to not less than 95% of the maximum dry density for
standard compaction, as determined in accordance
with AS 1289.5.1.1.
The most critical factor during backfilling is that the
maximum difference in the level of fill on opposite
sides of the arch must not exceed 600mm.
For 3-pin arches with a rotating joint at the apex,
a zone of material 300mm thick within Zone B and
adjacent to arch surface profile must be placed loose
and receive no compaction. Fig. B3 Profiles of Bebo Arches
PROFILE 6310S & 9400S PROFILE 6210S, 9300S, 12300S & 12400S
3
 Fig. C4 Spandrels and Wingwalls, CLASSIC Arch
B.1.2 3-Pin Arches
Humes standard arch system designs have been
limited to the above range of products that are easily
adaptable to a wide range of applications from simple
single and multiple span bridge structures to multi-
ple 3D structures for underground wine cellars. All
these shapes have been designed to comply with the
current Australian Standard, AS 5100 - Bridge Design,
design loadings as well as a maximum 3 metres of
overlying fill.
Humes can also adapt these arch shapes and/or
portions of these arch shapes to produce a large range
of custom designs for both heavy loading criteria
and/or 3-pin arch solutions (2 piece arches) to meet
a variety of complex loading and internal clearance
criteria. The 3-pin arch solution has been widely used
in mining applications for reclaim tunnels designed to
cater for coal stockpiles up to 25 metres.
Figure B4 below details a sample of how many
combinations may be achieved using existing profiles Mining application - 3-pin arch reclaim tunnel.
in a 3-pin arch configuration. These arch profiles can
be further customised to meet specific clearance enve-
lopes. Humes engineers are able to provide many
custom solutions using varying configurations.

Fig. B4 Custom Arch

CLASSIC Arch completed with Spandrel and wingwalls.

4 17
 C.2 CLASSIC Arches B.2 Depth of Fill
C.2.1 Spandrel Walls B.2.1 Minimum Fill Heights
The precast concrete spandrel walls for the CLASSIC The minimum depths of fill required over the crown of
arch are typically made up of a number of elements the arch are detailed in Table B2.
as shown in Figure C4 on next page. Single unit Table B2. Minimum Depth of Fill
spandrel walls are placed as for the BEBO system.
The spandrel walls are placed adjacent to the end Minimum Depth of Compacted Fill
for various Live Loads (4) (m)
arches. Table C4 sets out the masses of the span-
drel wall units and Figure C4 shows the dimensions. Arch AS 5100 Bridge
Type Design Standard
All spandrels are supported by galvanised steel tie Loads M1600,
backs to the end arch and by the wingwall units. HLP 400, Including
impact
Spandrel walls can be plain concrete or veneered allowance
using stones, bricks and other architectural finishes. Bebo (see note 1) 0.3
Classic (see note 2) 0.5
Classic (see note 3) 1.5
Table C4 CLASSIC Spandrel Wall
Notes:
1. For one piece arch.
Spandrel Wall Unit Mass (tonnes) 2. For two piece arch with in situ joint.
Arch 3. For two piece arch with ball and socket joint.
Profile 4. Minimum depths are to top of pavement.
S1 S2 S4 S5 S8 S9
5. Construction traffic within highway traffic weight limits.
15500T 3.2 10.8
Spandrel and Wingwalls, 18600T CLASSIC Arch.
B.2.2 Maximum Fill Heights
18600T 5.8 11.6
For standard BEBO and CLASSIC arch profiles a
21700T 7.1 14.4
C.2.2 Wingwalls maximum depth of compacted fill, at 21 kN/ cu.m.,
Wingwalls for the CLASSIC arch are designed to resist is 3 metres for BEBO and 5 metres for CLASSIC
sliding and overturning without relying on an insitu arches.
concrete footing. Typically they are placed on Larger fill heights have been achieved for coal
compacted gravel material 150mm thick and the top stockpiles (up to 25 metres) and other lighter
surface levelled with a 50mm thick blinding layer materials. Our engineers should be consulted where
of 15 MPa concrete. The bearing capacity of the fill heights are in excess of the maximum nomi-
foundation needs to be assessed to ensure it is nated depth for standard units. In these cases project
adequate for a 250 kPa working load. specific designs will be recommended.
Wingwalls can be placed at either 90O or 120O to the B.3 Footings
spandrel face.
The BEBO and CLASSIC arches are designed to act
Dimensions and masses of the wingwalls are given in in service as structures with pinned base supports.
Table C5. The hinge at the foundation is achieved by provid-
Table C5. CLASSIC Arch Wingwalls ing a keyway into which the arches are placed. This
keyway is then grouted to form a lateral restrained
Standard Height Dimensions (see Fig. C4) (mm) Unit
Arch Wingwall pin connection.
Mass
Profile Type
C D W T1 T2 L (tonnes) Actual rotations at the hinge are very small during
backfilling operations andfor all practical purposes
21700T W1 7325 6330 3500 450 450 2500 22.7
zero once backfilling is complete.
21700T W2 6278 5223 3000 450 450 2500 20.9
The dimensions of the keyway required for each
21700T, 18600T W3 5170 4115 2500 400 355 2500 14.7 standard arch profile are given in Table B3.
21700T, 18600T W4 4063 3008 2000 400 355 2500 11.5 As horizontal thrust occurs both inward and outward
at the foundation keyway during backfilling, it is
21700T, 18600T W5 2955 1900 1500 400 250 2500 7.6
essential that the keyway is formed asa slot cast into
18600T W2A 6245 5223 3000 450 450 2500 20.0 the strip footing asshown in Fig. B5 and fully grouted
15500T HC1 5000 3825 2250 400 300 2580 13.5 before backfilling.
15500T HM2 3795 2570 2250 400 300 2580 11.5 Table B3 also gives the distance between the foot-
ings for each arch profile. This critical dimension is
15500T HM3 2540 1315 2250 400 300 2580 9.1
measured to the outside face of the keyway and takes
into account the concrete shim blocks placed behind
thearches to prevent spreading of thearch under
self weight.
16
Table B3. Critical Dimensions of Footings
Keyway Dimensions (see Fig. B5)
Critical
Arch Depth to Bottom Dimension of
Width (A) of Levelling Span Control
Type Points
(mm) Pad (B)
(mm) (mm)
6210S 400 150 6600
6310S 400 150 6600
9300S 450 150 9700
Construction (5) 9400S 450 150 9700
Traffic
12300S 500 150 12735
Including
impact 12400S 470 150 13100
allowance
15500T 550 200 15840
0.3 18600T 550 200 18885
0.5 21700T 550 200 21900
1.0 Notes:
1. To ensure the precast elements are placed on a level support, 50mm thick levelling
shims are included in the arch keyway and on spandrel and wingwall
footings. Supplied by contractor.
2. When specifying the length of the footing an allowance for 15mm gaps between
BEBO arches and 20mm gaps between CLASSIC Arches should be made.
3. Concrete shim blocks (90mm x 90mm), supplied by Humes.
Fig. B5. Critical Dimensions and Control Points
Typically foundations for the BEBO and CLASSIC
arches consist of two strip footings designed to resist
horizontal and vertical loads. The keyway is designed
to act as a hinge and no movement is transferred to
the footing.
The arches are relatively insensitive todifferential
settlement. A differential settlement of up to 75mm
between strip footings would not cause serious
damage, dependent on the loading application.
In the longitudinal direction, differential settlements
of up to 15mm in 5 metres between the end arch and
the centre of the structure are accommodated by gaps
between the precast elements.
There are essentially no special requirements when
designing footings for BEBO and CLASSIC arch
structures. Where underlying soils do not have
adequate bearing capacity the structure may be
supported by piles. Humes will provide advice on the
footing reaction for the design and should always be
consulted during the early design stages.
Final footing design is the responsibility of the project
structural engineer.
Humes are able to supply precast concrete footings if
the designer wishes to consider this option.
5
 Tables B4 and B5 detail the maximum vertical and Where greater fill depth or user defined live loads are C.1.3 Wingwall Options Typically wing walls running at a skew angle to road
horizontal working load reactions to be used in encountered such as railway and heavy construction Wingwalls can be placed at 90 , 120 or 180 to the
O O O alignment are not subject to roadway traffic loading.
footing design for various arch profiles and fill heights. equipment, Humes can provide specific advice. spandrel face. It is possible for a structure to have a As a result standard wingwall designs do not consider
These reactions adopt AS 5100 Bridge Design live load combination of wingwall angles to suit the geometry roadway loadings.
Tables B4 and B5 Foundation Reactions
with allowance for impact. for BEBO and Classic Arches, respectively, are of the stream bed. Where wingwalls are to run parallel with the road-
currently under review. If foundation loads are The 180 wingwalls run parallel to the spandrel wall way (180 degrees) our engineers need to be advised
required for foundation design purposes, the so that roadway loads can be considered and the
Table B4. Foundation Reactions for BEBO Arches matter should be referred to Humes Sales staff. and hence do not support the wall. To overcome this,
the spandrel walls are restrained by tie rods spanning standard wingwalls evaluated for the suitability of
B4.1
across the structure. This method of construction is application.
Vertical Reaction Horizontal Reaction
6210S also used when precast spandrels are used without
(kN/lin.m) (kN/lin.m)
Fill Depth Self Weight Soil AS 5100 Bridge Design Self Weight Soil AS 5100 Bridge Design precast wingwalls.
Over Crown @ @ Traffic Loading @ @ Traffic Loading
(m) 25 kN/cu.m. 21 kN/cu.m. M1600 HLP400 25 kN/cu.m. 21 kN/cu.m. M1600 HLP400
0.3 20 80 105 100 10 15 55 45
0.4 20 85 100 95 10 20 50 45
0.5 20 95 95 95 10 25 45 45
0.7 20 110 85 90 10 30 45 45
1.0 20 130 70 85 10 35 35 40
1.5 20 170 60 70 10 50 30 35
2.0 20 210 50 65 10 65 25 30
3.0 20 290 35 50 10 95 15 25

B4.2
Vertical Reaction Horizontal Reaction
6310S
(kN/lin.m) (kN/lin.m)
Fill Depth Self Weight Soil AS 5100 Bridge Design Self Weight Soil AS 5100 Bridge Design
Over Crown @ @ Traffic Loading @ @ Traffic Loading
(m) 25 kN/cu.m. 21 kN/cu.m. M1600 HLP400 25 kN/cu.m. 21 kN/cu.m. M1600 HLP400
0.3 25 110 105 100 10 0 20 10
0.4 25 120 100 95 10 0 15 10
0.5 25 130 95 95 10 0 15 10 90 Wingwalls. 120 Wingwalls.

0.7 25 145 85 90 10 0 15 10
1.0 25 170 70 85 10 0 10 5
1.5 25 210 60 70 10 0 5 5
2.0 25 250 50 65 10 5 5 5
3.0 25 330 35 50 10 5 5 5

B4.3
Vertical Reaction Horizontal Reaction
9300S
(kN/lin.m) (kN/lin.m)
Fill Depth Self Weight Soil AS 5100 Bridge Design Self Weight Soil AS 5100 Bridge Design
Over Crown @ @ Traffic Loading @ @ Traffic Loading
(m) 25 kN/cu.m. 21 kN/cu.m. M1600 HLP400 25 kN/cu.m. 21 kN/cu.m. M1600 HLP400
0.3 40 150 120 160 20 30 55 80
0.4 40 160 120 160 20 35 55 80
0.5 40 170 120 150 20 40 55 75
0.7 40 190 105 135 20 50 50 65
1.0 40 225 90 120 20 60 45 55
1.5 40 280 75 100 20 80 40 45
2.0 40 335 65 90 20 105 30 40
3.0 40 450 50 75 20 145 20 30

180 Wingwalls.

6 15
 C.1.2 Wingwall Types ii) Heavy Type Wingwalls
The precast concrete wingwalls adjacent to the The heavy type wingwalls are designed to resist B4.4
spandrel wall retain earth fill and support the span- overturning and sliding without reliance on an insitu Vertical Reaction Horizontal Reaction
9400S
drel wall. Additional wingwalls serve only to retain footing. Typically they are placed on compacted (kN/lin.m) (kN/lin.m)
earthfill and direct the water flow. Wingwalls are gravel material 150mm thick and the top surface Fill Depth Self Weight Soil AS 5100 Bridge Design Self Weight Soil AS 5100 Bridge Design
provided with weep holes to relieve hydrostatic levelled with a 50mm thick blinding layer of 15 MPa Over Crown @ @ Traffic Loading @ @ Traffic Loading
(m) 25 kN/cu.m. 21 kN/cu.m. M1600 HLP400 25 kN/cu.m. 21 kN/cu.m. M1600 HLP400
pressure. concrete. The bearing pressure needs to be checked
to ensure the foundation has adequate capacity. 0.3 45 190 120 160 15 0 25 20
Two wingwall types are available - the light type
shaped like an inverted T and the heavy type shaped Typically a foundation capacity of 250 kPa is required 0.4 45 200 120 160 15 0 25 20
like an L. to accommodate working loads. 0.5 45 210 120 150 15 5 20 15

i) Light Type Wingwalls Dimensions of the heavy type wingwalls are given 0.7 45 235 105 135 15 5 20 15
in Table C3. 1.0 45 270 95 120 15 10 15 10
The light type wingwalls must be placed on and
1.5 45 325 80 100 15 15 10 10
connected to an insitu concrete footing designed
to resist vertical and horizontal loads from the wall. Table C3. BEBO Arch Heavy Type Wingwalls 2.0 45 385 65 90 15 20 5 5

Sliding resistance is provided by grouted in place Heavy Standard Height 3.0 45 500 50 75 15 30 5 5
Dimensions (see Fig. C3) Unit
galvanised N20 dowels which connect the wall to the Arch Type
(mm) Mass (2)
Profile Wingwall
insitu footing. C D (tonnes)
Element
B4.5
Details of the light type wingwall are shown in HL1 4000 2825 11.3

9300S, 12300S
HL2 2795 1570 9.6 Vertical Reaction Horizontal Reaction
Table C2. 12300S
(kN/lin.m) (kN/lin.m)
HM1 5000 3825 13.3 Fill Depth Self Weight Soil AS 5100 Bridge Design Self Weight Soil AS 5100 Bridge Design
9400S, 12400S HM2 3795 2570 11.5 Over Crown @ @ Traffic Loading @ @ Traffic Loading
Table C2. BEBO Arch Light Type Wingwalls HM3 2540 1315 9.1 (m) 25 kN/cu.m. 21 kN/cu.m. M1600 HLP400 25 kN/cu.m. 21 kN/cu.m. M1600 HLP400
Standard Height Note: 0.3 45 190 135 200 40 85 100 170
Light Type Dimensions (see Fig. C2) Unit
Arch 1. Maximum width of heavy type wingwalls is 2.5m.
Wingwall (mm) Mass 0.4 45 200 135 200 40 95 100 160
Profile 2. Unit Mass based on 2250 base.
Element C D (tonnes)
0.5 45 215 120 185 40 105 100 150
6210S W10 3000 2725 6.9 0.7 45 245 110 170 40 125 100 135
Fig. C3 Heavy Type Precast Wingwall for BEBO Arches.
6310S, W5 4000 2825 8.4 1.0 45 285 105 140 40 155 90 110
9300S, 12300S W6 2795 1570 6.4 1.5 45 360 95 130 40 200 70 100

W1 5000 3825 9.7 2.0 45 430 80 120 40 250 60 85

9400S, 12400S W2 3795 2570 7.9 3.0 45 575 60 100 40 345 45 70
W3 2540 1315 5.9
Notes:
1. Maximum width of light type wingwalls is 2.5m.
B4.6
Vertical Reaction Horizontal Reaction
12400S
(kN/lin.m) (kN/lin.m)
Fig. C2 Light Type Precast Wingwall for BEBO Arches. Fill Depth Self Weight Soil AS 5100 Bridge Design Self Weight Soil AS 5100 Bridge Design
Over Crown @ @ Traffic Loading @ @ Traffic Loading
(m) 25 kN/cu.m. 21 kN/cu.m. M1600 HLP400 25 kN/cu.m. 21 kN/cu.m. M1600 HLP400
0.3 55 240 135 210 30 45 55 75
0.4 55 255 135 210 30 50 55 70
0.5 55 270 115 190 30 55 55 65
0.7 55 300 115 175 30 65 55 60
1.0 55 345 105 140 30 80 45 50
1.5 55 420 95 135 30 105 30 40
2.0 55 490 80 120 30 125 25 35
3.0 55 645 60 100 30 175 15 25

Notes:
1. Reactions are based on working loads.
2. The vertical reactions are assumed positive upwards. The horizontal reactions are assumed positive inwards (towards the centre of the arch).
3. Reactions for fill depths between those shown may be interpolated for preliminary design. The actual values should be obtained from Humes.
4. n/a = not allowed.

Heavy type wingwall.

14 7
 Tables B4 and B5 Foundation Reactions
Fig. C1 Precast Spandrel Wall for BEBO Arches and
for BEBO and Classic Arches, respectively, are
currently under review. If foundation loads are
C. end treatment CLASSIC Arches (6210 & 6310)
Table B5. Foundation Reactions for Classic Arches required for foundation design purposes, the
matter should be referred to Humes Sales staff. Precast concrete spandrel walls and wingwalls can
B5.1
be provided at the ends of the BEBO and CLASSIC
Vertical Reaction Horizontal Reaction arches to retain the backfill. In waterway crossings
15500T
(kN/lin.m) (kN/lin.m)
the wingwalls assist in training the water through the
Fill Depth Self Weight Soil AS 5100 Bridge Design Self Weight Soil AS 5100 Bridge Design
Traffic Loading Traffic Loading arch and reduce entrance losses.
Over Crown @ @ @ @
(m) 25 kN/cu.m. 21 kN/cu.m. 25 kN/cu.m. 21 kN/cu.m.
M1600 HLP400 M1600 HLP400 C.1 BEBOTM Arches
0.5 85 425 130 210 50 120 60 95
C1.1 Spandrel Wall
0.7 85 465 125 170 50 135 55 85
The precast concrete spandrel wall is placed adjacent
1.0 85 520 115 155 50 160 50 75
to the end arches to retain the fill covering the arch.
1.5 85 610 95 150 50 200 45 65
The spandrel is placed to overlap the end arch. The
2.0 85 705 85 135 50 240 40 60 spandrel is supported horizontally by the wingwalls
3.0 85 895 70 115 50 320 30 45 or by tie rods between spandrels where wingwalls
5.0 85 1270 45 85 50 480 20 35 are not required. Erection tie backs are provided for
supporting the spandrel from the end arch during
installation.
Three spandrel wall types, six, nine or twelve metre
B5.2
span, are available for the six BEBO arch profiles.
Vertical Reaction Horizontal Reaction The 6310S, 9400S and the 12400S spandrel walls are
18600T
(kN/lin.m) (kN/lin.m)
supported on one metre high pedestals cast with the
Fill Depth Self Weight Soil AS 5100 Bridge Design Self Weight Soil AS 5100 Bridge Design
Traffic Loading Traffic Loading insitu footings.
Over Crown @ @ @ @
(m) 25 kN/cu.m. 21 kN/cu.m. M1600 HLP400 25 kN/cu.m. 21 kN/cu.m. M1600 HLP400 The standard finish for spandrel walls is either plain
0.5 110 560 155 210 60 135 50 75 concrete or vertical flutes, however a range of
0.7 110 600 150 200 60 150 45 65 architectural finishes are also available.
1.0 110 670 135 180 60 170 40 60 The dimensions of the spandrel walls are given in
1.5 110 775 115 175 60 210 30 50 Table C1.
2.0 110 885 100 160 60 250 25 45
3.0 110 1105 80 135 60 330 20 35
5.0 110 1550 50 100 60 490 15 25 Table C1. BEBO Arch Spandrel Walls Depths
Dimensions (see Fig. C1)
(m) Unit
Arch
Mass
Profile
S H A B (tonnes)
B5.3 Spandrel Wall with recesses for tie rods (structure without
Vertical Reaction Horizontal Reaction 6210S 5.9 2.05 7.5 2.75 8.2 wingwalls).
21700T
(kN/lin.m) (kN/lin.m) 6310S 5.9 3.05 7.5 3.75 9.3
Fill Depth Self Weight Soil AS 5100 Bridge Design Self Weight Soil AS 5100 Bridge Design
Traffic Loading Traffic Loading 9300S 8.9 2.95 10.1 3.7 12.2
Over Crown @ @ @ @ B
(m) 25 kN/cu.m. 21 kN/cu.m. M1600 HLP400 25 kN/cu.m. 21 kN/cu.m. M1600 HLP400 9400S 8.9 2.95 10.1 3.7 12.2
0.5 125 670 170 245 65 245 30 45 12300S 11.9 2.95 13.3 3.7 17.2
0.7 125 715 170 230 65 265 25 40
12400S 11.9 2.95 13.3 3.7 17.2
1.0 125 785 150 210 65 295 20 35
Note:
1.5 125 900 130 210 65 350 20 30
1. The top level of the spandrel wall is 450mm higher than the external top level
2.0 125 1015 110 190 65 405 15 25 of the arch.
3.0 125 1250 90 155 65 515 15 20 2. The top of the spandrel is at the same height as the top of the wingwall.

5.0 125 1720 60 115 65 735 10 15 3. Spandrel walls 9400S and 12400S are placed on pedestals. Top of pedestal is
1m above top of levelling pad for arches.
4. The foundation level for spandrel walls 9300S and 12300S is identical to
the arches.
Notes: 5. The spandrel wall internal ellipse profile overlaps the arch by 50mm.
1. Reactions are based on working loads.
2. The vertical reactions are assumed positive upwards. The horizontal reactions are assumed positive inwards (towards the centre of the arch).
3. Reactions for fill depths between those shown may be interpolated for preliminary design. The actual values should be obtained from Humes. Installation of Spandrel Wall in BEBO structure

8 13
 B.5 Scour Protection B.4 Hydraulics
Often BEBO and CLASSIC Arches are used to The hydraulic analysis is most commonly carried out Curves of waterway area and periphery for varying
span waterways and are subjected to the dynamic by treating the flow through the arch as an open water depths are plotted in Figures B6 to B9.
forces of rapidly flowing water. It is essential that conduit and using Mannings formula to determine Table B7 gives typical values of Mannings roughness
the designer not only considers hydraulic criteria but velocity of flow. coefficient, which will vary between arch surface and
the probability of scour caused by turbulent flow By selecting the appropriate profile the designer can stream bed. The overall roughness coefficient should
conditions. ensure the backwater will be within the accepted be proportioned for the amount of wetted perimeter
BEBO and CLASSIC Arches are normally founded limits of correct hydraulic design principles. The of stream channel and arch soffit.
on concrete strip footings. The probability of scour flat elliptical profile of the arch ensures the opti-
therefore becomes an important consideration in the mum hydraulic performance compared to pipe or box
overall design. culvert structures. Table B7. Values of Mannings Roughness Coefficient, n
Absolute velocities beyond which erosion will occur Table B6 shows the maximum waterway areas
Surface Description n
are difficult to determine due to unknown variables for each arch profile. Also shown is the periphery
Inside surface of concrete arch 0.013
such as the amount and nature of debris discharged length of the underside of the arch to assist with
Stone pitching 0.017
and frequency of peak velocity. However, commonly determination of the hydraulic radius required when
Earth, smooth, no weeds 0.020
adopted values based on experience are listed in using the Manning formula.
BEBO Arch on concrete strip footing. Earth, some stones and weeds 0.025
Table B8.
Table B6. Waterway Area and Periphery Concrete, untrowelled 0.015
Where underlying soils do not have adequate bear-
Rockfill mattresses or gabions, ungrouted 0.022 to 0.027
ing the BEBO and CLASSIC Arch structures may be
Maximum Maximum Rockfill mattresses or gabions, grouted 0.016 to 0.020
supported on piles, in which case scour is less of a Arch Periphery
Waterway Natural river channels
potential problem. Profile of Arch
Area (m2) Soffit (m) Clean and straight 0.025 to 0.030

Table B8. Maximum Recommended Flow Velocities for 6210S 9.9 8.1 Winding with pools 0.033 to 0.040
Various Materials Very weedy, winding and overgrown 0.075 to 0.150
6310S 15.9 10.1
Maximum 9300S 21.2 11.9
Material Velocity
(m/s) 9400S 30.2 13.9
Arch Soffit 8.0 12300S 26.7 14.2
Insitu Concrete 6.0 12400S 38.9 16.2
Hard packed rock (300mm minimum size) 6.0
15500T 55.5 19.3
Beaching or boulders (250mm minimum size) 5.0
18600T 82.5 23.5
Stones (100-150mm size) 3.0
Grass covered surface 1.8 21700T 115.5 27.8

Coarse gravel 1.8 Notes:

Stiff, sand clay 1.5
Coarse sand 0.7
Reno mattresses used as scour protection.
Fine sand 0.5
1. The waterway area assumes a flat stream bed between strip footings at the
same level as the bottom of the arch.
2. The waterway area will be influenced by the shape of the stream bed.
3. Larger waterway areas are possible if the arches are placed on pedestal footings.

Arches subject to high flows require scour protection. Natural creek bed with pedestrain underpass.

12 9
 Depth Waterway Area (m2)
BEBO Arches (m) 6210S 6310S 9300S 12300S 9400S 12400S CLASSIC Arches
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Fig. B6 0.2 1.198 1.200 1.799 2.383 1.800 2.478 Fig. B8
0.4 2.385 2.400 3.589 4.727 3.600 4.950
4.5 0.6 3.550 3.600 5.364 7.025 5.400 7.409 9.0
0.8 4.681 4.800 7.114 9.269 7.200 9.849 Depth Waterway Area (m2)
1.0 5.765 6.000 8.830 11.450 9.000 12.265 8.5 (m) 15500T 18600T 21700T
4.0 1.2 6.786 7.198 10.505 13.559 10.799 14.648 0 0 0 0
1.4 7.728 8.385 12.126 15.587 12.589 16.992 9400S 12400S 8.0 0.2 2.991 3.597 4.199
1.6 8.566 9.550 13.685 17.522 14.364 19.290 0.4 5.963 7.184 8.395
7.5
3.5 1.8 9.268 10.681 15.167 19.350 16.114 21.533 0.6 8.190 10.755 12.585
21700T
water depth above base of arch (m)

2.0 9.773 11.765 16.560 21.057 17.830 23.714 0.8 11.828 14.272 16.763
7.0
1.0 14.715 17.838 20.928
6310S

water depth above base of arch (m)

3.0 6.5 1.2 17.565 21.342 25.076
9300S 12300S 1.4 20.374 24.816 29.203 18600T
6.0 1.6 23.138 28.256 33.305
1.8 25.850 31.658 37.379
2.5 5.5 2.0 28.507 35.018 41.421
2.2 31.102 38.331 45.428 15500T
5.0 2.4 33.630 41.592 49.394
Depth Waterway Area (m2)
2.0 2.6 36.083 44.797 53.317
6210S (m) 6310S 9300S 12300S 9400S 12400S 4.5 2.8 38.455 47.940 57.192
Depth Waterway Area (m2)
2.2 12.786 17.844 22.622 19.505 25.824 (m) 15500T 18600T 21700T
3.0 40.738 51.016 61.014
1.5 2.4 13.728 18.998 24.022 21.126 27.852 4.0 3.1 4.2 51.961 67.692 82.577
2.6 14.566 19.991 25.220 22.685 29.786 4.4 53.270 70.099 85.891
3.5 3.2 42.923 54.018 64.780
2.8 15.269 20.772 26.157 24.167 31.615 4.6 54.344 72.372 89.108
3.4 45.000 56.942 68.484
3.0 15.773 21.206 26.675 25.560 33.320 4.8 55.123 74.497 92.220
1.0 3.0 3.6 46.957 59.779 72.121
3.1 15.896 5.0 55.465 76.456 95.219
3.8 48.781 62.522 75.686
3.2 26.844 34.887 5.2 78.227 98.096
3.4 27.998 36.286
2.5 4.0 50.456 65.163 79.173
5.4 79.782 100.839
0.5 3.6 28.991 37.484
2.0 5.6 81.097 103.436
3.8 29.772 38.421 5.8 82.048 105.873
4.0 30.206 38.940 1.5 6.0 82.515 108.133
6.2 110.192
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 1.0 6.4 112.021
6.6 113.577
waterway Area (m2) for level stream bed 0.5 6.8 114.787
Note: Graphs do not include the wetted perimeter of the stream bed. 7.0 115.454

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120

waterway Area (m2) for level stream bed
Depth Wetted Perimeter (m)
Note: Graphs do not include the wetted perimeter of the stream bed.
(m) 6210S 6310S 9300S 12300S 9400S 12400S
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Fig. B7 0.2 0.400 0.400 0.400 0.438 0.400 0.400 Fig. B9
0.4 0.810 0.800 0.806 0.890 0.800 0.804
4.5 0.6 1.234 1.200 1.218 1.364 1.200 1.210 9.0
0.8 1.683 1.600 1.644 1.858 1.600 1.626 Depth Wetted Perimeter (m)
8.5 (m) 15500T 18600T 21700T
4.0
1.0 2.166 2.000 2.086 2.380 2.000 2.050 9400S 0 0 0 0
1.2 2.700 2.402 2.550 2.934 2.400 2.488
1.4 3.303 2.810 3.044 3.524 2.806 2.942 12400S 8.0 0.2 0.410 0.402 0.400
0.4 0.826 0.808 0.800
1.6 4.013 3.234 3.574 4.162 3.218 3.414 7.5
3.5 1.8 4.905 3.682 4.150 4.858 3.644 3.908 0.6 1.246 1.218 1.204
water depth above base of arch (m)

0.8 1.674 1.630 1.608

2.0 6.229 4.166 4.784 5.624 4.086 4.430 7.0
6310S 1.0 2.110 2.048 2.016 21700T

water depth above base of arch (m)

9300S 6.5 1.2 2.554 2.472 2.426
3.0 1.4 3.008 2.902 2.842
12300S
6.0 1.6 3.476 3.340 3.264
1.8 3.956 3.788 3.690 18600T
2.5 5.5 2.0 4.452 4.246 4.126
2.2 4.966 4.716 4.568
Depth Wetted Perimeter (m) Depth Wetted Perimeter (m)
5.0 2.4 5.500 5.200 5.018
2.0 (m) 6310S 9300S 12300S 9400S 12400S
2.6 6.058 5.696 5.480 15500T (m) 15500T 18600T 21700T
6210S 2.2 4.700 5.496 6.484 4.550 4.984 4.5 2.8 6.642 6.210 5.952
3.8 10.158 9.104 8.524
2.4 5.304 6.318 7.476 5.044 5.576 4.0 11.046 9.772 9.092
3.0 7.258 6.742 6.438
1.5
2.6 6.014 7.314 8.672 5.574 6.214 4.0 3.2 7.908 7.294 6.934
4.2 12.040 10.478 9.682
2.8 6.904 8.634 10.256 6.150 6.908 4.4 13.178 11.232 10.296
3.4 8.604 7.906 7.448
3.0 8.230 11.899 14.155 6.784 7.674 3.5 3.6 9.350 8.472 7.967
4.6 14.534 12.042 10.940
3.1 10.074 4.8 16.292 12.920 11.614
1.0 3.2 7.496 8.534 3.0 5.0 19.308 13.886 12.326
3.4 8.318 9.526 5.2 14.966 13.080
3.6 9.314 10.722 2.5 5.4 16.204 13.882
0.5 3.8 10.634 12.306 5.6 17.688 14.744
4.0 13.899 16.205 2.0 5.8 19.634 15.676
6.0 23.486 16.698
1.5
6.2 17.840
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 1.0 6.4 19.144
6.6 20.706
wetted Perimeter of Arch Soffit (m) 0.5 6.8 22.760
7.0 27.765

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28
wetted Perimeter of Arch Soffit (m)

10 11
 Depth Waterway Area (m2)
BEBO Arches (m) 6210S 6310S 9300S 12300S 9400S 12400S CLASSIC Arches
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Fig. B6 0.2 1.198 1.200 1.799 2.383 1.800 2.478 Fig. B8
0.4 2.385 2.400 3.589 4.727 3.600 4.950
4.5 0.6 3.550 3.600 5.364 7.025 5.400 7.409 9.0
0.8 4.681 4.800 7.114 9.269 7.200 9.849 Depth Waterway Area (m2)
1.0 5.765 6.000 8.830 11.450 9.000 12.265 8.5 (m) 15500T 18600T 21700T
4.0 1.2 6.786 7.198 10.505 13.559 10.799 14.648 0 0 0 0
1.4 7.728 8.385 12.126 15.587 12.589 16.992 9400S 12400S 8.0 0.2 2.991 3.597 4.199
1.6 8.566 9.550 13.685 17.522 14.364 19.290 0.4 5.963 7.184 8.395
7.5
3.5 1.8 9.268 10.681 15.167 19.350 16.114 21.533 0.6 8.190 10.755 12.585
21700T
water depth above base of arch (m)

2.0 9.773 11.765 16.560 21.057 17.830 23.714 0.8 11.828 14.272 16.763
7.0
1.0 14.715 17.838 20.928
6310S

water depth above base of arch (m)

3.0 6.5 1.2 17.565 21.342 25.076
9300S 12300S 1.4 20.374 24.816 29.203 18600T
6.0 1.6 23.138 28.256 33.305
1.8 25.850 31.658 37.379
2.5 5.5 2.0 28.507 35.018 41.421
2.2 31.102 38.331 45.428 15500T
5.0 2.4 33.630 41.592 49.394
Depth Waterway Area (m2)
2.0 2.6 36.083 44.797 53.317
6210S (m) 6310S 9300S 12300S 9400S 12400S 4.5 2.8 38.455 47.940 57.192
Depth Waterway Area (m2)
2.2 12.786 17.844 22.622 19.505 25.824 (m) 15500T 18600T 21700T
3.0 40.738 51.016 61.014
1.5 2.4 13.728 18.998 24.022 21.126 27.852 4.0 3.1 4.2 51.961 67.692 82.577
2.6 14.566 19.991 25.220 22.685 29.786 4.4 53.270 70.099 85.891
3.5 3.2 42.923 54.018 64.780
2.8 15.269 20.772 26.157 24.167 31.615 4.6 54.344 72.372 89.108
3.4 45.000 56.942 68.484
3.0 15.773 21.206 26.675 25.560 33.320 4.8 55.123 74.497 92.220
1.0 3.0 3.6 46.957 59.779 72.121
3.1 15.896 5.0 55.465 76.456 95.219
3.8 48.781 62.522 75.686
3.2 26.844 34.887 5.2 78.227 98.096
3.4 27.998 36.286
2.5 4.0 50.456 65.163 79.173
5.4 79.782 100.839
0.5 3.6 28.991 37.484
2.0 5.6 81.097 103.436
3.8 29.772 38.421 5.8 82.048 105.873
4.0 30.206 38.940 1.5 6.0 82.515 108.133
6.2 110.192
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 1.0 6.4 112.021
6.6 113.577
waterway Area (m2) for level stream bed 0.5 6.8 114.787
Note: Graphs do not include the wetted perimeter of the stream bed. 7.0 115.454

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120

waterway Area (m2) for level stream bed
Depth Wetted Perimeter (m)
Note: Graphs do not include the wetted perimeter of the stream bed.
(m) 6210S 6310S 9300S 12300S 9400S 12400S
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Fig. B7 0.2 0.400 0.400 0.400 0.438 0.400 0.400 Fig. B9
0.4 0.810 0.800 0.806 0.890 0.800 0.804
4.5 0.6 1.234 1.200 1.218 1.364 1.200 1.210 9.0
0.8 1.683 1.600 1.644 1.858 1.600 1.626 Depth Wetted Perimeter (m)
8.5 (m) 15500T 18600T 21700T
4.0
1.0 2.166 2.000 2.086 2.380 2.000 2.050 9400S 0 0 0 0
1.2 2.700 2.402 2.550 2.934 2.400 2.488
1.4 3.303 2.810 3.044 3.524 2.806 2.942 12400S 8.0 0.2 0.410 0.402 0.400
0.4 0.826 0.808 0.800
1.6 4.013 3.234 3.574 4.162 3.218 3.414 7.5
3.5 1.8 4.905 3.682 4.150 4.858 3.644 3.908 0.6 1.246 1.218 1.204
water depth above base of arch (m)

0.8 1.674 1.630 1.608

2.0 6.229 4.166 4.784 5.624 4.086 4.430 7.0
6310S 1.0 2.110 2.048 2.016 21700T

water depth above base of arch (m)

9300S 6.5 1.2 2.554 2.472 2.426
3.0 1.4 3.008 2.902 2.842
12300S
6.0 1.6 3.476 3.340 3.264
1.8 3.956 3.788 3.690 18600T
2.5 5.5 2.0 4.452 4.246 4.126
2.2 4.966 4.716 4.568
Depth Wetted Perimeter (m) Depth Wetted Perimeter (m)
5.0 2.4 5.500 5.200 5.018
2.0 (m) 6310S 9300S 12300S 9400S 12400S
2.6 6.058 5.696 5.480 15500T (m) 15500T 18600T 21700T
6210S 2.2 4.700 5.496 6.484 4.550 4.984 4.5 2.8 6.642 6.210 5.952
3.8 10.158 9.104 8.524
2.4 5.304 6.318 7.476 5.044 5.576 4.0 11.046 9.772 9.092
3.0 7.258 6.742 6.438
1.5
2.6 6.014 7.314 8.672 5.574 6.214 4.0 3.2 7.908 7.294 6.934
4.2 12.040 10.478 9.682
2.8 6.904 8.634 10.256 6.150 6.908 4.4 13.178 11.232 10.296
3.4 8.604 7.906 7.448
3.0 8.230 11.899 14.155 6.784 7.674 3.5 3.6 9.350 8.472 7.967
4.6 14.534 12.042 10.940
3.1 10.074 4.8 16.292 12.920 11.614
1.0 3.2 7.496 8.534 3.0 5.0 19.308 13.886 12.326
3.4 8.318 9.526 5.2 14.966 13.080
3.6 9.314 10.722 2.5 5.4 16.204 13.882
0.5 3.8 10.634 12.306 5.6 17.688 14.744
4.0 13.899 16.205 2.0 5.8 19.634 15.676
6.0 23.486 16.698
1.5
6.2 17.840
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 1.0 6.4 19.144
6.6 20.706
wetted Perimeter of Arch Soffit (m) 0.5 6.8 22.760
7.0 27.765

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28
wetted Perimeter of Arch Soffit (m)

10 11
 B.5 Scour Protection B.4 Hydraulics
Often BEBO and CLASSIC Arches are used to The hydraulic analysis is most commonly carried out Curves of waterway area and periphery for varying
span waterways and are subjected to the dynamic by treating the flow through the arch as an open water depths are plotted in Figures B6 to B9.
forces of rapidly flowing water. It is essential that conduit and using Mannings formula to determine Table B7 gives typical values of Mannings roughness
the designer not only considers hydraulic criteria but velocity of flow. coefficient, which will vary between arch surface and
the probability of scour caused by turbulent flow By selecting the appropriate profile the designer can stream bed. The overall roughness coefficient should
conditions. ensure the backwater will be within the accepted be proportioned for the amount of wetted perimeter
BEBO and CLASSIC Arches are normally founded limits of correct hydraulic design principles. The of stream channel and arch soffit.
on concrete strip footings. The probability of scour flat elliptical profile of the arch ensures the opti-
therefore becomes an important consideration in the mum hydraulic performance compared to pipe or box
overall design. culvert structures. Table B7. Values of Mannings Roughness Coefficient, n
Absolute velocities beyond which erosion will occur Table B6 shows the maximum waterway areas
Surface Description n
are difficult to determine due to unknown variables for each arch profile. Also shown is the periphery
Inside surface of concrete arch 0.013
such as the amount and nature of debris discharged length of the underside of the arch to assist with
Stone pitching 0.017
and frequency of peak velocity. However, commonly determination of the hydraulic radius required when
Earth, smooth, no weeds 0.020
adopted values based on experience are listed in using the Manning formula.
BEBO Arch on concrete strip footing. Earth, some stones and weeds 0.025
Table B8.
Table B6. Waterway Area and Periphery Concrete, untrowelled 0.015
Where underlying soils do not have adequate bear-
Rockfill mattresses or gabions, ungrouted 0.022 to 0.027
ing the BEBO and CLASSIC Arch structures may be
Maximum Maximum Rockfill mattresses or gabions, grouted 0.016 to 0.020
supported on piles, in which case scour is less of a Arch Periphery
Waterway Natural river channels
potential problem. Profile of Arch
Area (m2) Soffit (m) Clean and straight 0.025 to 0.030

Table B8. Maximum Recommended Flow Velocities for 6210S 9.9 8.1 Winding with pools 0.033 to 0.040
Various Materials Very weedy, winding and overgrown 0.075 to 0.150
6310S 15.9 10.1
Maximum 9300S 21.2 11.9
Material Velocity
(m/s) 9400S 30.2 13.9
Arch Soffit 8.0 12300S 26.7 14.2
Insitu Concrete 6.0 12400S 38.9 16.2
Hard packed rock (300mm minimum size) 6.0
15500T 55.5 19.3
Beaching or boulders (250mm minimum size) 5.0
18600T 82.5 23.5
Stones (100-150mm size) 3.0
Grass covered surface 1.8 21700T 115.5 27.8

Coarse gravel 1.8 Notes:

Stiff, sand clay 1.5
Coarse sand 0.7
Reno mattresses used as scour protection.
Fine sand 0.5
1. The waterway area assumes a flat stream bed between strip footings at the
same level as the bottom of the arch.
2. The waterway area will be influenced by the shape of the stream bed.
3. Larger waterway areas are possible if the arches are placed on pedestal footings.

Arches subject to high flows require scour protection. Natural creek bed with pedestrain underpass.

12 9
 Tables B4 and B5 Foundation Reactions
Fig. C1 Precast Spandrel Wall for BEBO Arches and
for BEBO and Classic Arches, respectively, are
currently under review. If foundation loads are
C. end treatment CLASSIC Arches (6210 & 6310)
Table B5. Foundation Reactions for Classic Arches required for foundation design purposes, the
matter should be referred to Humes Sales staff. Precast concrete spandrel walls and wingwalls can
B5.1
be provided at the ends of the BEBO and CLASSIC
Vertical Reaction Horizontal Reaction arches to retain the backfill. In waterway crossings
15500T
(kN/lin.m) (kN/lin.m)
the wingwalls assist in training the water through the
Fill Depth Self Weight Soil AS 5100 Bridge Design Self Weight Soil AS 5100 Bridge Design
Traffic Loading Traffic Loading arch and reduce entrance losses.
Over Crown @ @ @ @
(m) 25 kN/cu.m. 21 kN/cu.m. 25 kN/cu.m. 21 kN/cu.m.
M1600 HLP400 M1600 HLP400 C.1 BEBOTM Arches
0.5 85 425 130 210 50 120 60 95
C1.1 Spandrel Wall
0.7 85 465 125 170 50 135 55 85
The precast concrete spandrel wall is placed adjacent
1.0 85 520 115 155 50 160 50 75
to the end arches to retain the fill covering the arch.
1.5 85 610 95 150 50 200 45 65
The spandrel is placed to overlap the end arch. The
2.0 85 705 85 135 50 240 40 60 spandrel is supported horizontally by the wingwalls
3.0 85 895 70 115 50 320 30 45 or by tie rods between spandrels where wingwalls
5.0 85 1270 45 85 50 480 20 35 are not required. Erection tie backs are provided for
supporting the spandrel from the end arch during
installation.
Three spandrel wall types, six, nine or twelve metre
B5.2
span, are available for the six BEBO arch profiles.
Vertical Reaction Horizontal Reaction The 6310S, 9400S and the 12400S spandrel walls are
18600T
(kN/lin.m) (kN/lin.m)
supported on one metre high pedestals cast with the
Fill Depth Self Weight Soil AS 5100 Bridge Design Self Weight Soil AS 5100 Bridge Design
Traffic Loading Traffic Loading insitu footings.
Over Crown @ @ @ @
(m) 25 kN/cu.m. 21 kN/cu.m. M1600 HLP400 25 kN/cu.m. 21 kN/cu.m. M1600 HLP400 The standard finish for spandrel walls is either plain
0.5 110 560 155 210 60 135 50 75 concrete or vertical flutes, however a range of
0.7 110 600 150 200 60 150 45 65 architectural finishes are also available.
1.0 110 670 135 180 60 170 40 60 The dimensions of the spandrel walls are given in
1.5 110 775 115 175 60 210 30 50 Table C1.
2.0 110 885 100 160 60 250 25 45
3.0 110 1105 80 135 60 330 20 35
5.0 110 1550 50 100 60 490 15 25 Table C1. BEBO Arch Spandrel Walls Depths
Dimensions (see Fig. C1)
(m) Unit
Arch
Mass
Profile
S H A B (tonnes)
B5.3 Spandrel Wall with recesses for tie rods (structure without
Vertical Reaction Horizontal Reaction 6210S 5.9 2.05 7.5 2.75 8.2 wingwalls).
21700T
(kN/lin.m) (kN/lin.m) 6310S 5.9 3.05 7.5 3.75 9.3
Fill Depth Self Weight Soil AS 5100 Bridge Design Self Weight Soil AS 5100 Bridge Design
Traffic Loading Traffic Loading 9300S 8.9 2.95 10.1 3.7 12.2
Over Crown @ @ @ @ B
(m) 25 kN/cu.m. 21 kN/cu.m. M1600 HLP400 25 kN/cu.m. 21 kN/cu.m. M1600 HLP400 9400S 8.9 2.95 10.1 3.7 12.2
0.5 125 670 170 245 65 245 30 45 12300S 11.9 2.95 13.3 3.7 17.2
0.7 125 715 170 230 65 265 25 40
12400S 11.9 2.95 13.3 3.7 17.2
1.0 125 785 150 210 65 295 20 35
Note:
1.5 125 900 130 210 65 350 20 30
1. The top level of the spandrel wall is 450mm higher than the external top level
2.0 125 1015 110 190 65 405 15 25 of the arch.
3.0 125 1250 90 155 65 515 15 20 2. The top of the spandrel is at the same height as the top of the wingwall.

5.0 125 1720 60 115 65 735 10 15 3. Spandrel walls 9400S and 12400S are placed on pedestals. Top of pedestal is
1m above top of levelling pad for arches.
4. The foundation level for spandrel walls 9300S and 12300S is identical to
the arches.
Notes: 5. The spandrel wall internal ellipse profile overlaps the arch by 50mm.
1. Reactions are based on working loads.
2. The vertical reactions are assumed positive upwards. The horizontal reactions are assumed positive inwards (towards the centre of the arch).
3. Reactions for fill depths between those shown may be interpolated for preliminary design. The actual values should be obtained from Humes. Installation of Spandrel Wall in BEBO structure

8 13
 C.1.2 Wingwall Types ii) Heavy Type Wingwalls
The precast concrete wingwalls adjacent to the The heavy type wingwalls are designed to resist B4.4
spandrel wall retain earth fill and support the span- overturning and sliding without reliance on an insitu Vertical Reaction Horizontal Reaction
9400S
drel wall. Additional wingwalls serve only to retain footing. Typically they are placed on compacted (kN/lin.m) (kN/lin.m)
earthfill and direct the water flow. Wingwalls are gravel material 150mm thick and the top surface Fill Depth Self Weight Soil AS 5100 Bridge Design Self Weight Soil AS 5100 Bridge Design
provided with weep holes to relieve hydrostatic levelled with a 50mm thick blinding layer of 15 MPa Over Crown @ @ Traffic Loading @ @ Traffic Loading
(m) 25 kN/cu.m. 21 kN/cu.m. M1600 HLP400 25 kN/cu.m. 21 kN/cu.m. M1600 HLP400
pressure. concrete. The bearing pressure needs to be checked
to ensure the foundation has adequate capacity. 0.3 45 190 120 160 15 0 25 20
Two wingwall types are available - the light type
shaped like an inverted T and the heavy type shaped Typically a foundation capacity of 250 kPa is required 0.4 45 200 120 160 15 0 25 20
like an L. to accommodate working loads. 0.5 45 210 120 150 15 5 20 15

i) Light Type Wingwalls Dimensions of the heavy type wingwalls are given 0.7 45 235 105 135 15 5 20 15
in Table C3. 1.0 45 270 95 120 15 10 15 10
The light type wingwalls must be placed on and
1.5 45 325 80 100 15 15 10 10
connected to an insitu concrete footing designed
to resist vertical and horizontal loads from the wall. Table C3. BEBO Arch Heavy Type Wingwalls 2.0 45 385 65 90 15 20 5 5

Sliding resistance is provided by grouted in place Heavy Standard Height 3.0 45 500 50 75 15 30 5 5
Dimensions (see Fig. C3) Unit
galvanised N20 dowels which connect the wall to the Arch Type
(mm) Mass (2)
Profile Wingwall
insitu footing. C D (tonnes)
Element
B4.5
Details of the light type wingwall are shown in HL1 4000 2825 11.3

9300S, 12300S
HL2 2795 1570 9.6 Vertical Reaction Horizontal Reaction
Table C2. 12300S
(kN/lin.m) (kN/lin.m)
HM1 5000 3825 13.3 Fill Depth Self Weight Soil AS 5100 Bridge Design Self Weight Soil AS 5100 Bridge Design
9400S, 12400S HM2 3795 2570 11.5 Over Crown @ @ Traffic Loading @ @ Traffic Loading
Table C2. BEBO Arch Light Type Wingwalls HM3 2540 1315 9.1 (m) 25 kN/cu.m. 21 kN/cu.m. M1600 HLP400 25 kN/cu.m. 21 kN/cu.m. M1600 HLP400
Standard Height Note: 0.3 45 190 135 200 40 85 100 170
Light Type Dimensions (see Fig. C2) Unit
Arch 1. Maximum width of heavy type wingwalls is 2.5m.
Wingwall (mm) Mass 0.4 45 200 135 200 40 95 100 160
Profile 2. Unit Mass based on 2250 base.
Element C D (tonnes)
0.5 45 215 120 185 40 105 100 150
6210S W10 3000 2725 6.9 0.7 45 245 110 170 40 125 100 135
Fig. C3 Heavy Type Precast Wingwall for BEBO Arches.
6310S, W5 4000 2825 8.4 1.0 45 285 105 140 40 155 90 110
9300S, 12300S W6 2795 1570 6.4 1.5 45 360 95 130 40 200 70 100

W1 5000 3825 9.7 2.0 45 430 80 120 40 250 60 85

9400S, 12400S W2 3795 2570 7.9 3.0 45 575 60 100 40 345 45 70
W3 2540 1315 5.9
Notes:
1. Maximum width of light type wingwalls is 2.5m.
B4.6
Vertical Reaction Horizontal Reaction
12400S
(kN/lin.m) (kN/lin.m)
Fig. C2 Light Type Precast Wingwall for BEBO Arches. Fill Depth Self Weight Soil AS 5100 Bridge Design Self Weight Soil AS 5100 Bridge Design
Over Crown @ @ Traffic Loading @ @ Traffic Loading
(m) 25 kN/cu.m. 21 kN/cu.m. M1600 HLP400 25 kN/cu.m. 21 kN/cu.m. M1600 HLP400
0.3 55 240 135 210 30 45 55 75
0.4 55 255 135 210 30 50 55 70
0.5 55 270 115 190 30 55 55 65
0.7 55 300 115 175 30 65 55 60
1.0 55 345 105 140 30 80 45 50
1.5 55 420 95 135 30 105 30 40
2.0 55 490 80 120 30 125 25 35
3.0 55 645 60 100 30 175 15 25

Notes:
1. Reactions are based on working loads.
2. The vertical reactions are assumed positive upwards. The horizontal reactions are assumed positive inwards (towards the centre of the arch).
3. Reactions for fill depths between those shown may be interpolated for preliminary design. The actual values should be obtained from Humes.
4. n/a = not allowed.

Heavy type wingwall.

14 7
 Tables B4 and B5 detail the maximum vertical and Where greater fill depth or user defined live loads are C.1.3 Wingwall Options Typically wing walls running at a skew angle to road
horizontal working load reactions to be used in encountered such as railway and heavy construction Wingwalls can be placed at 90 , 120 or 180 to the
O O O alignment are not subject to roadway traffic loading.
footing design for various arch profiles and fill heights. equipment, Humes can provide specific advice. spandrel face. It is possible for a structure to have a As a result standard wingwall designs do not consider
These reactions adopt AS 5100 Bridge Design live load combination of wingwall angles to suit the geometry roadway loadings.
Tables B4 and B5 Foundation Reactions
with allowance for impact. for BEBO and Classic Arches, respectively, are of the stream bed. Where wingwalls are to run parallel with the road-
currently under review. If foundation loads are The 180 wingwalls run parallel to the spandrel wall way (180 degrees) our engineers need to be advised
required for foundation design purposes, the so that roadway loads can be considered and the
Table B4. Foundation Reactions for BEBO Arches matter should be referred to Humes Sales staff. and hence do not support the wall. To overcome this,
the spandrel walls are restrained by tie rods spanning standard wingwalls evaluated for the suitability of
B4.1
across the structure. This method of construction is application.
Vertical Reaction Horizontal Reaction
6210S also used when precast spandrels are used without
(kN/lin.m) (kN/lin.m)
Fill Depth Self Weight Soil AS 5100 Bridge Design Self Weight Soil AS 5100 Bridge Design precast wingwalls.
Over Crown @ @ Traffic Loading @ @ Traffic Loading
(m) 25 kN/cu.m. 21 kN/cu.m. M1600 HLP400 25 kN/cu.m. 21 kN/cu.m. M1600 HLP400
0.3 20 80 105 100 10 15 55 45
0.4 20 85 100 95 10 20 50 45
0.5 20 95 95 95 10 25 45 45
0.7 20 110 85 90 10 30 45 45
1.0 20 130 70 85 10 35 35 40
1.5 20 170 60 70 10 50 30 35
2.0 20 210 50 65 10 65 25 30
3.0 20 290 35 50 10 95 15 25

B4.2
Vertical Reaction Horizontal Reaction
6310S
(kN/lin.m) (kN/lin.m)
Fill Depth Self Weight Soil AS 5100 Bridge Design Self Weight Soil AS 5100 Bridge Design
Over Crown @ @ Traffic Loading @ @ Traffic Loading
(m) 25 kN/cu.m. 21 kN/cu.m. M1600 HLP400 25 kN/cu.m. 21 kN/cu.m. M1600 HLP400
0.3 25 110 105 100 10 0 20 10
0.4 25 120 100 95 10 0 15 10
0.5 25 130 95 95 10 0 15 10 90 Wingwalls. 120 Wingwalls.

0.7 25 145 85 90 10 0 15 10
1.0 25 170 70 85 10 0 10 5
1.5 25 210 60 70 10 0 5 5
2.0 25 250 50 65 10 5 5 5
3.0 25 330 35 50 10 5 5 5

B4.3
Vertical Reaction Horizontal Reaction
9300S
(kN/lin.m) (kN/lin.m)
Fill Depth Self Weight Soil AS 5100 Bridge Design Self Weight Soil AS 5100 Bridge Design
Over Crown @ @ Traffic Loading @ @ Traffic Loading
(m) 25 kN/cu.m. 21 kN/cu.m. M1600 HLP400 25 kN/cu.m. 21 kN/cu.m. M1600 HLP400
0.3 40 150 120 160 20 30 55 80
0.4 40 160 120 160 20 35 55 80
0.5 40 170 120 150 20 40 55 75
0.7 40 190 105 135 20 50 50 65
1.0 40 225 90 120 20 60 45 55
1.5 40 280 75 100 20 80 40 45
2.0 40 335 65 90 20 105 30 40
3.0 40 450 50 75 20 145 20 30

180 Wingwalls.

6 15
 C.2 CLASSIC Arches B.2 Depth of Fill
C.2.1 Spandrel Walls B.2.1 Minimum Fill Heights
The precast concrete spandrel walls for the CLASSIC The minimum depths of fill required over the crown of
arch are typically made up of a number of elements the arch are detailed in Table B2.
as shown in Figure C4 on next page. Single unit Table B2. Minimum Depth of Fill
spandrel walls are placed as for the BEBO system.
The spandrel walls are placed adjacent to the end Minimum Depth of Compacted Fill
for various Live Loads (4) (m)
arches. Table C4 sets out the masses of the span-
drel wall units and Figure C4 shows the dimensions. Arch AS 5100 Bridge
Type Design Standard
All spandrels are supported by galvanised steel tie Loads M1600,
backs to the end arch and by the wingwall units. HLP 400, Including
impact
Spandrel walls can be plain concrete or veneered allowance
using stones, bricks and other architectural finishes. Bebo (see note 1) 0.3
Classic (see note 2) 0.5
Classic (see note 3) 1.5
Table C4 CLASSIC Spandrel Wall
Notes:
1. For one piece arch.
Spandrel Wall Unit Mass (tonnes) 2. For two piece arch with in situ joint.
Arch 3. For two piece arch with ball and socket joint.
Profile 4. Minimum depths are to top of pavement.
S1 S2 S4 S5 S8 S9
5. Construction traffic within highway traffic weight limits.
15500T 3.2 10.8
Spandrel and Wingwalls, 18600T CLASSIC Arch.
B.2.2 Maximum Fill Heights
18600T 5.8 11.6
For standard BEBO and CLASSIC arch profiles a
21700T 7.1 14.4
C.2.2 Wingwalls maximum depth of compacted fill, at 21 kN/ cu.m.,
Wingwalls for the CLASSIC arch are designed to resist is 3 metres for BEBO and 5 metres for CLASSIC
sliding and overturning without relying on an insitu arches.
concrete footing. Typically they are placed on Larger fill heights have been achieved for coal
compacted gravel material 150mm thick and the top stockpiles (up to 25 metres) and other lighter
surface levelled with a 50mm thick blinding layer materials. Our engineers should be consulted where
of 15 MPa concrete. The bearing capacity of the fill heights are in excess of the maximum nomi-
foundation needs to be assessed to ensure it is nated depth for standard units. In these cases project
adequate for a 250 kPa working load. specific designs will be recommended.
Wingwalls can be placed at either 90O or 120O to the B.3 Footings
spandrel face.
The BEBO and CLASSIC arches are designed to act
Dimensions and masses of the wingwalls are given in in service as structures with pinned base supports.
Table C5. The hinge at the foundation is achieved by provid-
Table C5. CLASSIC Arch Wingwalls ing a keyway into which the arches are placed. This
keyway is then grouted to form a lateral restrained
Standard Height Dimensions (see Fig. C4) (mm) Unit
Arch Wingwall pin connection.
Mass
Profile Type
C D W T1 T2 L (tonnes) Actual rotations at the hinge are very small during
backfilling operations andfor all practical purposes
21700T W1 7325 6330 3500 450 450 2500 22.7
zero once backfilling is complete.
21700T W2 6278 5223 3000 450 450 2500 20.9
The dimensions of the keyway required for each
21700T, 18600T W3 5170 4115 2500 400 355 2500 14.7 standard arch profile are given in Table B3.
21700T, 18600T W4 4063 3008 2000 400 355 2500 11.5 As horizontal thrust occurs both inward and outward
at the foundation keyway during backfilling, it is
21700T, 18600T W5 2955 1900 1500 400 250 2500 7.6
essential that the keyway is formed asa slot cast into
18600T W2A 6245 5223 3000 450 450 2500 20.0 the strip footing asshown in Fig. B5 and fully grouted
15500T HC1 5000 3825 2250 400 300 2580 13.5 before backfilling.
15500T HM2 3795 2570 2250 400 300 2580 11.5 Table B3 also gives the distance between the foot-
ings for each arch profile. This critical dimension is
15500T HM3 2540 1315 2250 400 300 2580 9.1
measured to the outside face of the keyway and takes
into account the concrete shim blocks placed behind
thearches to prevent spreading of thearch under
self weight.
16
Table B3. Critical Dimensions of Footings
Keyway Dimensions (see Fig. B5)
Critical
Arch Depth to Bottom Dimension of
Width (A) of Levelling Span Control
Type Points
(mm) Pad (B)
(mm) (mm)
6210S 400 150 6600
6310S 400 150 6600
9300S 450 150 9700
Construction (5) 9400S 450 150 9700
Traffic
12300S 500 150 12735
Including
impact 12400S 470 150 13100
allowance
15500T 550 200 15840
0.3 18600T 550 200 18885
0.5 21700T 550 200 21900
1.0 Notes:
1. To ensure the precast elements are placed on a level support, 50mm thick levelling
shims are included in the arch keyway and on spandrel and wingwall
footings. Supplied by contractor.
2. When specifying the length of the footing an allowance for 15mm gaps between
BEBO arches and 20mm gaps between CLASSIC Arches should be made.
3. Concrete shim blocks (90mm x 90mm), supplied by Humes.
Fig. B5. Critical Dimensions and Control Points
Typically foundations for the BEBO and CLASSIC
arches consist of two strip footings designed to resist
horizontal and vertical loads. The keyway is designed
to act as a hinge and no movement is transferred to
the footing.
The arches are relatively insensitive todifferential
settlement. A differential settlement of up to 75mm
between strip footings would not cause serious
damage, dependent on the loading application.
In the longitudinal direction, differential settlements
of up to 15mm in 5 metres between the end arch and
the centre of the structure are accommodated by gaps
between the precast elements.
There are essentially no special requirements when
designing footings for BEBO and CLASSIC arch
structures. Where underlying soils do not have
adequate bearing capacity the structure may be
supported by piles. Humes will provide advice on the
footing reaction for the design and should always be
consulted during the early design stages.
Final footing design is the responsibility of the project
structural engineer.
Humes are able to supply precast concrete footings if
the designer wishes to consider this option.
5
 Fig. C4 Spandrels and Wingwalls, CLASSIC Arch
B.1.2 3-Pin Arches
Humes standard arch system designs have been
limited to the above range of products that are easily
adaptable to a wide range of applications from simple
single and multiple span bridge structures to multi-
ple 3D structures for underground wine cellars. All
these shapes have been designed to comply with the
current Australian Standard, AS 5100 - Bridge Design,
design loadings as well as a maximum 3 metres of
overlying fill.
Humes can also adapt these arch shapes and/or
portions of these arch shapes to produce a large range
of custom designs for both heavy loading criteria
and/or 3-pin arch solutions (2 piece arches) to meet
a variety of complex loading and internal clearance
criteria. The 3-pin arch solution has been widely used
in mining applications for reclaim tunnels designed to
cater for coal stockpiles up to 25 metres.
Figure B4 below details a sample of how many
combinations may be achieved using existing profiles Mining application - 3-pin arch reclaim tunnel.
in a 3-pin arch configuration. These arch profiles can
be further customised to meet specific clearance enve-
lopes. Humes engineers are able to provide many
custom solutions using varying configurations.

Fig. B4 Custom Arch

CLASSIC Arch completed with Spandrel and wingwalls.

4 17

D. HANDLING AND
INSTALLATION
Detailed instructions on the handling and installation
of BEBO and CLASSIC arch bridges are available
in Humes Handling and Installation Guide for each
system. This section outlines some main installation
considerations.
D.1 BEBO Arches
BEBO arch units are transported in the vertical
(as cast) position i.e. perpendicular to the final
position. The arches are rotated on site from the
vertical to the horizontal position in mid air.
Spandrel units are also supplied and transported
horizontally as one complete unit. They require
rotation on site in mid-air to the vertical position.
Crane capacity required during erection depends on
the site conditions. Either a double hook crane is used
for the rotation of precast elements or two cranes are
required.
Arches should be lifted from the delivery trucks
and set directly onto the previously prepared strip
footings (never temporarily stored on the ground).
D.2 CLASSIC Arches
CLASSIC arch units are transported in the vertical (as
cast) position i.e. perpendicular to the final position.
For half arch units each arch half is lifted and
positioned simultaneously to form the complete
span.
Where the two halves are required to act as one
complete structural arch, a fully fixed connection is
achieved by joining the two halves together with
insitu concrete placed at the crown of the arch.
No on-site formwork is required to support this
concrete as the support is cast integrally with the
concrete arch. All reinforcement for this joint is
supplied with the arch. A patent is held by Humes for
this construction detail.
Fig. D1 Backfill Zones
18
For arch structures designed with a rotating joint Fig. B1 Two Lane Road passing under CLASSIC arch 217 Profile
at the apex, the arch half units are rested onto the
footings and allowed to rotate downwords at the top
to make the male/female joint complete.
D.3 Sealing of Joints
Typically BEBO arches are butted to each other with
a 15mm nominal gap while for CLASSIC arches the
gap is 20mm nominal. The joints between the arches
are covered with a 250mm wide strip of adhesive
mastic backed with a durable synthetic laminate.
D.4 Backfilling
The critical zones for backfilling are indicated in
Figure D1.
Zone A: Existing soil or constructed embankment
Zone B: Sidefill or existing ground essential for
effective arch support
Zone C: Overfill providing uniform loading
Zone D: Road superstructure or embankment
The handling and installation guides set out in detail
the particular material requirements in each of these Fig. B2 Profile of CLASSIC Arches
zones. The Zone B material, which is critical for the
structure to perform as designed, consists of a soil
with a liquid limit equal to or less than 30% and a
plasticity index equal to or less than 10 and which
when compacted exhibits an angle of internal fric-
tion of not less than 30 degrees. Grading limits are
also applied to ensure compactability and stability of
compacted material when wetted.
The material in Zone B is compacted in 300mm layers
to not less than 95% of the maximum dry density for
standard compaction, as determined in accordance
with AS 1289.5.1.1.
The most critical factor during backfilling is that the
maximum difference in the level of fill on opposite
sides of the arch must not exceed 600mm.
For 3-pin arches with a rotating joint at the apex,
a zone of material 300mm thick within Zone B and
adjacent to arch surface profile must be placed loose
and receive no compaction. Fig. B3 Profiles of Bebo Arches
PROFILE 6310S & 9400S PROFILE 6210S, 9300S, 12300S & 12400S
3
 All Humes arches will continue to be offered as
either one or two piece elements. The number of piec-
es is generally dependent on the span required, the
transportability of the pieces or the loadings imposed
on the structure.
To assist our customers with concept and feasibil-
ity design, Humes have adopted a convention for
defining the arch configuration for design,
manufacture and ordering of a Humes Arch.
The convention is based on horizontal span and
internal vertical height and is based on a 4(5)-
digit number/letter system. The first number or two
numbers (when the span is 10 or more metres) is
the span dimension expressed in metres and the last
three numbers are the internal vertical height
expressed in centimetres. The final digit is either
a T for a two-piece arch or an S for a single
piece arch.
By example an arch with an 18-metre span and an
internal vertical height of 6.0 metres designed in two
pieces is an 18600T.
Similarly a 9300S, which is a one piece arch with
9.0 metre span and a 3.0 metre rise configured in
single piece, previously known as a BEBO L9.
BEBO Arch.
This convention eliminates any chance of confusion
in the interfaces between our customers and sales
consultants and then internally between our sales,
design and production centres. See Table B1 for
details.
B. Details of
arch elements
B.1 Geometry of Arches
B.1.1 Standard Arch Data
The standard arch data detailed here in covers a
broad range of spans and heights to accommodate
many applications. The extensive track record of these
standard arches reflects a constantly increasing
demand for the products and with this standardisa-
tion economies of scale may be realised.
E. MULTICELL INSTALLATIONS
Double, triple or multiple cell installations can be
constructed to cross large expanses of water, flood
plains or low lying ground. It is possible to combine
the BEBO arch with the CLASSIC arch in multiple
installations. One such structure completed at the
Hope Island resort consists of a central 18600T
CLASSIC arch flanked on each side with 12400S
BEBO arches.
In Canberra, two large multiple cell structures have
Combination of CLASSIC and BEBO arches, Hope Island.
been constructed on the Eastern Parkway to cross
floodways at Dairy Flat. One structure consists of
8 cells of 12300S arches while the other has
11 cells of 12300S arches. Both structures also
incorporate a horizontal curved alignment of the
road.
The support of the centre spandrel walls in multiple
installations is achieved by using galvanised steel tie
rods connecting opposite end spandrels to each other.
This is identical to the spandrel support recommended
for 180O wingwalls. Alternatively, tie bars raked back
to the insitu footing may be used.
Triple cell BEBO structure, Bribie Island, QLD.

CLASSIC Arch.

Table B1. Standard Arch Data

Dimensions
No of Unit Total Old
Profile Internal Internal Dimension Thickness Unit Pieces Mass Mass Designation
Span S Height H a t Length

6210S 6.0 2.1 0.00 200 2500 One 11.9 11.9 Classic 621

6310S 6.0 3.1 1.00 200 2500 One 13.2 13.2 Classic 631

9300S 9.0 3.0 0.00 250 1800 One 14.2 14.2 BEBO L9

9400S 9.0 4.0 1.00 250 1800 One 16.5 16.5 BEBO M9

12300S 12.0 3.0 0.00 250 1800 One 16.8 16.8 BEBO L12

12400S 12.0 4.0 0.00 250 1800 One 18.9 18.9 BEBO M12

15500T 15.0 5.0 0.00 350 1800 Two 15.6 31.1 Classic 155

18600T 18.0 6.0 0.00 350 1800 Two 18.8 37.6 Classic 186

21700T 21.0 7.0 0.00 350 1800 Two 22.7 45.3 Classic 217

Please Note
Standard two piece arches may be configured with either a concrete interlocking joint to an insitu concrete joint and this detail is of extreme importance
to the installer. Humes designers will detail in the drawings the type of connection that will be required.
BEBO structure, Eastern Parkway, Canberra.

2 19

F. Special installations A. Introduction and
product development
Often customer requirements result in special
installations. Humes can offer advice and provide Humes manufactures an extensive range of pre-
practical solutions to the special needs of the cast concrete arch systems. These may be used
customer. One example of a non-standard in a myriad of applications that include bridges,
installation is shown in Fig. F1 and the photographs underpasses, tunnels, mine adits and drainage culvert
demonstrate the versatility of the BEBO and structures. The range of products available easily
CLASSIC Arch system.
allows for the adoption of standard unit sections to
provide a choice of geometric envelopes to meet
access and waterway area requirements.
The elements of the Humes Arch system are
Custom artwork cast in during manufacture primarily,
A precast arch unit
A precast spandrel wall
A precast wing wall
Fig. F1 Concept for Railway Tunnel, CLASSIC (3 pin) Arch.
The arches are installed on an insitu concrete strip
foundation and are placed end to end to form the
structure length. The system provides crossings for
waterways and for a variety of intermodal trans-
port requirements including pedestrian thoroughfares.
Where large expanses are to be crossed, for example a
flood plain, multiple arch spans are placed side by side
and provide an aesthetically pleasing structure.
The spandrel walls run parallel to the arch, retaining
Mid-span Spandrel walls create skylights in this underpass.
the backfill at each end of the structure, enhancing
its appearance.
Fig. A1 General Assembly, CLASSIC and BEBO Arches
Mitred BEBO arches to accommodate a skewed application.
Fig. A2 General Assembly, CLASSIC Arch
Insitu stone spandrel wall.
20
Precast concrete wing walls, placed at each end of the
spandrel wall, not only retain the backfill and support
the spandrel walls but can also act as training walls
for waterways.
All of these elements may be finished in either
conventional concrete or a variety of applied finishes
to suit the specific environment. Examples of this are
included in this brochure.
In 1984 Humes entered into an exclusive agreement
with BEBO Arch International AG for the manufac-
ture of BEBO arches in Australia. Humes has a
commitment to technical excellence and consist-
ent with this it was mandatory to ensure the first
arch installed was instrumented and design theories
validated. Since that time Humes have undertaken
development work in consultation with BEBO Group
and has extended the BEBO concept into a unique
portfolio of arches which were initially marketed as
the Classic Arch series.
When BEBO commenced operations the original
arch was developed from small flat slab elements,
which were joined together to form the arch profile,
similar to a block and keystone arrangement. This in
turn led to the one-piece arch and hence BEBO arch
may be configured with one or more elements.
The ongoing development work at Humes has
produced a product range which consists of a mix of
one and two-piece arches.
Humes continues to undertake the development and
refinement of the design methodology, using both
the original BEBO finite displacement model and
the more recently available design methodology of
finite element analysis, which was used to confirm
the designs of our Classic Arch range. This work
ensures refinement to product design adopting sound
engineering practices and at the same time ensur-
ing compliance to Australasian Standards and user
specifications.
In both the installation of the first BEBO arch and
the first Classic Arch, Humes engaged Adelaide and
Sydney Universities respectively to fully instrument
the structures, to validate the design methodology
and its relevance to Australian conditions and
requirements.
As the development work continues the soil structure
relationship for all arches will be defined using the
finite element methodology, which is more commonly
used in general engineering, and allows greater scope
for the analysis of structure response to site specific
conditions.
Tables are provided in Section B for foundation
reactions where overlaying fills over the crown of
the arch are up to three metres in height for BEBO
and five metres in height for Classic. For greater fill
heights, designers need to refer to their local Humes
office for advice from the Humes Technical (Design)
Service Group.
1
contents
A. Introduction and Product Development.............. 1
B. Details of Arch Elements..................................... 2
B.1 Geometry of Arches................................. 2
B.2 Depth of Fill............................................. 5
B.3 Footings................................................... 5
B.4 Hydraulics................................................ 9
B.5 Scour Protection..................................... 12
C. End Treatment................................................... 13
C.1 BEBO Arches...................................... 13
C.2 CLASSIC Arches..................................... 16
D. Handling and Installation................................. 18
D.1 BEBO Arches...................................... 18
D.2 CLASSIC Arches..................................... 18
D.3 Sealing of Joints..................................... 18
D.4 Backfilling.............................................. 18
E. Multicell Installations....................................... 19
F. Special Installations.......................................... 20
G. Features and Benefits....................................... 21
G. features and Benefits
There are many benefits of the BEBO and CLASSIC
arches to all stakeholders when compared with
conventional bridge or culvert applications. We have
detailed these by specific market sector and end use
application.
Owner Sector
Cost
A cost effective system achieved by quick installation,
minimal design cost and low maintenance.
Durability
The use of high strength concrete efficiently
compacted during manufacture at the factory ensures
a high strength durable product produced under a
stringent quality assurance system.
Appearance
The graceful appearance of the arch complements the
environment and is aesthetically pleasing. Surface
treatment can be tailored to suit specific applications.
Environmental Impact
The arches can be sized to span most waterways
without midstream support thus preserving the
natural stream bed and providing a fish friendly
environment. Land based fauna requirements may
also be readily accommodated.
Maintenance
The high quality concrete ensures a maintenance free
life with minimal inspections required by the owner
throughout the life of the structure.
Consulting Engineer
Structural Design Systems
All arches, spandrels and wingwalls are designed by
Humes in accordance with the Australian Concrete
Structures Standard AS3600 using standard loadings
set out in AS 5100 - Bridge Design.
Humes can also advise on the design of the cast
insitu strip footings.
Hydraulic Efficiency
The large span to height ratio for standard profiles
minimises hydraulic disturbance for wide low flow
streams and channels. Other profiles with various
span to height ratios can be supplied to accommodate
other stream or channel flow requirements.
Versatility of Profile
Several basic arch shapes and the option of using
multiple cell arches allows easy application to most
site configurations. Various spandrel wall and
wingwall options at the bridge ends compliment the
choice. Pedestal footings may be used if necessary to
increase headroom clearances.
ContractoR
Fast Construction
Both BEBO and CLASSIC arches are simple to
assemble which results in very fast erection times.
The ability to manufacture and deliver the arches
simultaneously with site works reduces overall project
time and allows quick construction access across the
spanned distance.
Minimal Waste
Both the BEBO and CLASSIC arches require simple
strip footings to resist only vertical and horizontal
forces. No moment is transferred to the footings
simplifying their design and construction details.
Precast foundations are an option.
Backfill protocol defined
The inherent strength of high quality concrete used in
the precast concrete arches results in:
only the first 300mm of fill, adjacent to the arch,
requires hand compaction. This applies to single
piece arches. For two piece in-service arches the
first 300mm of fill is not compacted. The majority
of the backfill can be compacted with vibratory
rollers.
the maximum difference in the levels of fill on
opposite sides of the arch can be as high as
600mm for the majority of the backfill.
the use of precast concrete spandrels and
wingwalls allows backfill operations to commence
sooner than if insitu concrete structures were
used.
Construction traffic that is within highway traffic
weight limits can cross over the arches with
compacted earth covers as low as 300mm for BEBO
arches and 500mm for two piece arches such as
CLASSIC.
Where a two piece in-service arch, such as a Humes
ball and socket joint arch, is used then this minimum
earth cover increases to 1500mm.
Eliminates Scaffolding
All arches are free standing and require no scaffolding
for temporary support during erection.
Wing walls and spandrels supplied in precast
End User
Differential Settlement Reduced
The precast concrete arch bridges are completely
backfilled overcoming the traditional bump
experienced when driving over conventional bridges
caused by differential settlement between the
concrete abutment and adjacent fill.
21
 Mandalong Mine, NSW. Mariners Cove, WA.

Lander Road, Adelaide, SA. Yandina Bypass, QLD.

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on our
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Copyright Humes 2007.

expertise
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