November 2006 doc.: IEEE 802.

22-05/0263r0

IEEE P802.22 Wireless RANs

Contribution for IEEE 802.22 WRAN Systems
Sensing Scheme for DVB-T
Date: 2006-11-10

Author(s):

Name Company Address Phone email

Huawei Technologies
Linjun Lv Shenzhen, China 86-755-28973119 lvlinjun@huawei.com

Zhou Wu Huawei Technologies Shenzhen, China 86-755-28979499 wuzhou@huawei.com

Huawei Technologies 86-755-28972660
Mingwei Jie Shenzhen, China jiemingwei@hauwei.com
Soo-Young Chang Huawei Technologies Davis, CA, U.S. 1-916 278 6568 sychang@ecs.csus.edu

Jianwei Zhang Huawei Technologies Shanghai, China 86-21-68644808 zhangjianwei@huawei.com

Jun Wang UESTC Chengdu, China 86-28-83206693 junwang@uestc.edu.cn
Shaoqian Li UESTC Chengdu, China 86-28-83202174 lsq@uestc.edu.cn
UESTC
Qihang Peng Chengdu, China 86-13096307946 honey_puma@sina.com
UESTC Chengdu, China
Lei Chen 86-13880765377 ocean_chl@163.com
UESTC Chengdu, China
Meng Zeng 86-13568886741 truedream82321@sina.com

Abstract
Contents
In this contribution, some schemes to detect the existence of DVB-T signals are proposed. Simulation results are provided
to show the performances of all these schemes. From these results, it is proved that the DVB-T signals can be effectively
detected by utilizing the characteristics of the pilots inserted in the OFDM symbols.
Notice: This document has been prepared to assist IEEE 802.22. It is offered as a basis for discussion and is not binding on the
contributing individual(s) or organization(s). The material in this document is subject to change in form and content after
further study. The contributor(s) reserve(s) the right to add, amend or withdraw material contained herein.

Release: The contributor grants a free, irrevocable license to the IEEE to incorporate material contained in this contribution,
and any modifications thereof, in the creation of an IEEE Standards publication; to copyright in the IEEEs name any IEEE
Standards publication even though it may include portions of this contribution; and at the IEEEs sole discretion to permit
others to reproduce in whole or in part the resulting IEEE Standards publication. The contributor also acknowledges and
accepts that this contribution may be made public by IEEE 802.22.

Document Policy and Procedures: The contributor is familiar with the IEEE 802 Document Policy and Procedures
<http://standards.ieee.org/guides/bylaws/sb-bylaws.pdf>, including the statement "IEEE standards may include the known
use of document(s), including document applications, provided the IEEE receives assurance from the document holder or
applicant with respect to documents essential for compliance with both mandatory and optional portions of the standard."
Early disclosure to the Working Group of document information that might be relevant to the standard is essential to reduce the
possibility for delays in the development process and increase the likelihood that the draft publication will be approved for
publication. Please notify the Chair <Carl R. Stevenson> as early as possible, in written or electronic form, if documented
technology (or technology under document application) might be incorporated into a draft standard being developed within the
IEEE 802.22 Working Group. If you have questions, contact the IEEE Document Committee Administrator at
<patcom@ieee.org>.

Submission page 1 Soo-Young Chang, Huawei

November 2006 doc.: IEEE 802.22-05/0263r0

List of Figures
Figure 1 The generation of PRBS sequence..................................................................................................7
Figure 2 OFDM Structure.............................................................................................................................8
Figure 3 Sliding Correlation Based on CP....................................................................................................8
Figure 4 Sliding Correlation Based on time domain of Pilot in CP...............................................................9
Figure 5 Simulation Result (sensing time is 17.92ms, false alarm rate is 0.1)............................................10
Figure 6 Simulation Result (sensing time is 17.92ms, false alarm rate is 0.01)...........................................11

Submission page 2 Soo-Young Chang, Huawei

November 2006 doc.: IEEE 802.22-05/0263r0

List of Tables
Table 1 The duration of CP for 8MHz channel................................................................................................5
Table 2 Location of continual pilot carriers.....................................................................................................6

Submission page 3 Soo-Young Chang, Huawei

November 2006 doc.: IEEE 802.22-05/0263r0

1. Reference
[1] ETSI EN 300 744, Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB): Framing structure, channel coding and modulation for
digital terrestrial television.
[2] J.J. Van de Beek, M. Sandell, and P. O. Borjesson, ML estimation of time and frequency offset in OFDM
systems, IEEE trans. Signal Processing, vol. 45, pp. 1800-1805, July 1997.
[3] D. Landstrom, S. K. Wilson, J. J. Van de Beek, Per Odling, and P. O. Borjesson, Symbol time offset estimation
in coherent OFDM systems, IEEE trans. On communications, vol. 50, No. 4, April, 2002.
[4] M. D. Duncan, and A. S. Robert, Acquisition of spread spectrum signals by an adaptive array, IEEE trans. On
acoustics, speech, and signal processing, vol. 37, No. 8, Aug. 1989.
[5] D. Landstrom, S. K. Wilson, J. J. Van de Beek, Per Odling, and P. O. Borjesson, Synchronization for a DVB-T
receiver in presence of co-channel interference, PIMRC, IEEE, vol. 5, pp. 2307-2311, Sept. 2002.

2. Introduction to DVB-T Signal

Digital Video Broadcasting-Terrestrial (DVB-T), the European Standard on digital TV radio, has already been adopted by
more than 30 countries, so it is reasonable to develop DVB-T sensing algorithms for IEEE 802.22 WRAN system. There
are some distinct characteristics of DVB-T signal, such as OFDM, Cyclic Prefix (CP), Pilot symbols etc, several sensing
algorithms based on these characteristics are proposed in this document. They are cyclic prefix based sliding correlation
detection,, time domain pilot signals ,based sliding correlation, time domain pilot signals in cyclic prefix based sliding
correlation and multi-antennas detection. In this document, all of these algorithms are described corresponding
simulation results are presented.
DVB-T adopts Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Modulation (COFDM) scheme. The number of OFDM
subcarriers is as large as 2K or 8K. Each OFDM symbol contains 6817 data subcarriers in the 8K mode and 1705 data
subcarriers in the 2K mode respectively. Also, the OFDM symbol is composed of two parts: the data subcarriers and the
pilot subcarriers. According to the locations of the pilot subcarriers, the pilot is divided to two parts: continual pilot and
scattered pilot. The location of continual pilot subcarriers within each OFDM symbol is fixed, whereas the location of
scattered pilot carriers within each OFDM symbol is changed regularly. Meanwhile, in order to eliminate inter-symbol
interference caused by multipath propagation, a cyclic prefix is inserted at the beginning of each OFDM symbol.

2.1 The Cyclic Prefix

To protect DVB-T signal against inter-symbol interference (ISI), a cyclic prefix which copy the last part of the symbol is
added at the beginning of each OFDM symbol. The duration of CP for the 2K and 8K mode is listed in Error: Reference
source not found respectively, where T is the elementary period, which equal to 7 / 64 s for 8MHz channel.

Table 1 The duration of CP for 8MHz channel

Mode 8K mode 2K mode

CP 1/4 1/8 1/16 1/32 1/4 1/8 1/16 1/32
Duration of 8192 T 2048 T
symbol part 896 s 224 s

Duration of 2048 T 1024 T 512 T 256 T 512 T 256 T 128 T 64 T

cyclic prefix 224 s 112 s 56 s 28 s 56 s 28 s 14 s 7 s

Symbol 10240 T 9216 T 8704 T 8448 T 2560 T 2304 T 2176 T 2112 T

Submission page 4 Soo-Young Chang, Huawei

November 2006 doc.: IEEE 802.22-05/0263r0

duration 1120 s 1008 s 952 s 924 s 280 s 252 s 238 s 231 s

2.2 Location of scattered pilot carriers

There are 68 OFDM symbols in one frame, for the symbol of index l (ranging from 0 to 67), the scattered pilot carriers
for which index k belongs to the subset
k K min 3 (l mod 4) 12 p p integer,p 0, k [ K min; K max ]
where k is the frequency index of the OFMD subcarriers and p is an integer that takes all possible values greater than
k [ K min; K max ]
or equal to zero, provided that the resulting value for does not exceed the valid range .

2.3 Location of continual pilot carriers

In addition to the scattered pilots described above, 177 continual pilots in the 8K mode and 45 in the 2K mode are
inserted according to Error: Reference source not found. Where continual means that they occur on every symbol.
Table 2 Location of continual pilot carriers

2.4 The generation and modulation of pilot

wk , corresponding to
The continual and scattered pilot are generated by a Pseudo Random Binary Sequence (PRBS),
their respective carrier index k . The PRBS sequence is generated according to Error: Reference source not foundThe
PRBS is initialized so that the first output bit from the PRBS coincides with the first active carrier. A new value is
generated by the PRBS on every used subcarrier (whether or not it is a pilot).

Submission page 5 Soo-Young Chang, Huawei

November 2006 doc.: IEEE 802.22-05/0263r0

Figure 1 The generation of PRBS sequence

The polynomial for the PRBS generator shall be:

X 11 X 2 1
The pilot cells are always transmitted at the boosted power level. Thus the corresponding modulation is given by:

Re cm ,l , k 3 / 4 2(1/ 2 wk )

Im cm ,l ,k 0

where m is the frame index, k is the frequency index of the subcarriers and l is the time index of the OFDM symbols.

3. Detection of DVB-T Signals

3.1 Single Antenna Scenario

The problem of determining whether there is a DVB-T signal or not on the specific spectrum band can be categorized
into the following binary hypothesis test with the null hypothesis H0 corresponding to DVB-T signal absent and the
alternative hypothesis H1 corresponding to DVB-T signal existing, that is

Lh 1

H1 : r k

h s k l n k
l 0
l

H : r k n k
0

r k s k hl l 0,K , Lh 1
where represents the kth sample of received signal, and are transmitted signal and the lth
n k
path fading coefficient of the channel respectively, and the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) is modeled as
independent complex Gaussian random variables.
Based on this detection model and the characteristics of DVB-T signal described above, we proposed the following
effective schemes to detect the existence of DVB-T signals.

3.1.1 CP Based Sliding Correlation

Lets assume that there are N carriers in a OFDM symbol and the length of CP is L . Therefore, in time domain, the

Submission page 6 Soo-Young Chang, Huawei

November 2006 doc.: IEEE 802.22-05/0263r0

length of a OFDM symbol is N L . As shown in Error: Reference source not found, the first L samples are the same to
the last L samples in the same OFDM symbol. Consequently, there exits correlation between these two parts for this
construction.

Figure 2 OFDM Structure

From the description and analysis above, the following detection statistics is derived for DVB-T signal detection:
L 1
B _ CP r k r k N
k

where ranges from o to N L 1 . The corresponding implementation diagram for this scheme is illustrated in Error:
Reference source not found

Figure 3 Sliding Correlation Based on CP

3.1.2 Detection Based on IFFT of Pilot

As described in the previous section, there are a number of pilots (including both continuous ones and scattered ones).
This significant characteristic can be utilized for its existence detection.
N
There are totally N carriers in an OFDM symbol in the frequency domain. Let p represent the number of the pilot
N Np
subcarriers. The transmitted DVB-T Signal can be divided into two parts: the first part is made up of data
carriers and it can be expressed as
1
st k
N

n 0,K , N 1 \
xn e j 2 kn / N

Np
in time domain , the second part is made up of pilot subcarrier and the corresponding representation in time domain
is given as
1
m k
N
p e
n
n
j 2 kn / N

Therefore the binary hypothesis test in can be transformed into the following equations:

Lh 1

H1 : r k

h s k l m k l
l 0
l t n k
H : r k n k
0

Submission page 7 Soo-Young Chang, Huawei

November 2006 doc.: IEEE 802.22-05/0263r0

3.1.2.1 Time Domain Pilot Based Sliding Correlation

N L 1
P1
k
r k m k

is the time delay between the transmitter and the receiver, r k is the conjunction of receiving signal r k . In this

algorithm, it is similar to the situation in Section 3.1.1, the value of is unknown, so the sliding correlation between
r k m k
and is necessary. The implementation diagram is very similar to Error: Reference source not found

3.1.2.2 Time domain Pilot in Cyclic Prefixes Based Sliding Correlation

L 1

r k r k N m k

P2
k

It is obvious that the length of summation in is N L 1 . In order to reduce the length of this operation, thus reducing
the complexity of the whole detection process, and considering the CP inherited in DVB-T signals, we propose another
r k r k N

r k r k N
DVB-T signal detection algorithm, as illustrated in , where is the conjunction of ,
is the time delay between the transmitter and the receiver, the implementation diagram of this scheme is depicted in
Error: Reference source not found.

Figure 4 Sliding Correlation Based on time domain of Pilot in CP

3.1.3 Simulation results

For our simulations, we choose 2K mode of 8MHz bandwidth DVB-T signal, A cyclic prefix with 56 s length is added
at the beginning of each OFDM symbol, and the resulted total OFDM symbol duration is 280 s . The channel
parameters is set according to the annex B of the DVB-T standard document ETSI EN 300 744 , which is a 20 paths
Rayleigh fading channel. The sensing time for all the simulations is 17.92ms , that means the duration of 64 OFDM
symbols. The simulation results are shown in Error: Reference source not found and Error: Reference source not found in
terms of ROC curves.

Submission page 8 Soo-Young Chang, Huawei

November 2006 doc.: IEEE 802.22-05/0263r0

Figure 5 Simulation Result (sensing time is 17.92ms, false alarm rate is 0.1)

Submission page 9 Soo-Young Chang, Huawei

November 2006 doc.: IEEE 802.22-05/0263r0

Figure 6 Simulation Result (sensing time is 17.92ms, false alarm rate is 0.01)

3.2 Multi-Antenna Scenario

As multiple antennas utilized at Base Station (BS) is one possible solution, thus making multi-antenna detection scenario
available.
The detection model in multi-antenna scenario is
H1 : x n k hs k w n k

H 0 : x n k w n k

x g s g h w g
where M 1 vector is the received signal vector from M receiver antennas and , and are transmitted
n 0,1, K , N 1 N
signal, channel fading coefficients vector and noise vector respectively. Here r ( r is the length of
k 0,1, K , N 1 N N L
received signal) and d ( d ).
The detection statistics is
1
c n 2
H
rxm n R xx1 n rxm n
m

g
H

where denotes conjunction transpose operation and

N L 1

m k
2 2
m
k 0

Submission page 10 Soo-Young Chang, Huawei

November 2006 doc.: IEEE 802.22-05/0263r0

N L 1
rxm n x n k m k
k 0

N L 1
n
R xx x n k x n k
k 0
H

3.2.1 Simulation Results

The simulation setup is same as before except that the sensing time is set to be 1.12ms , that means 4 times OFDM
symbol duration and the number of receiver antennas is two.

Figure 1 Simulation Result for 2 antenna detection (sensing time is 1.12ms)

4. Conclusion
In this document, several algorithms are proposed to detect the existence of DVB-T signals. Simulation results are also
provided to shown the performances of all these schemes. From these results, it can be concluded that the DVB-T signals
can be effectively detected by utilizing the characteristics of the pilots inserted in the OFDM symbols.

Submission page 11 Soo-Young Chang, Huawei