11 This question is about chlorofluorocarbons, CFCs.

Most CFCs are now banned in the UK.

This is because they damage the ozone layer.

(a) Chlorofluorocarbons contain three different elements.

Two of these elements are chlorine and carbon.

Write down the name of the other element.

............................................................................................................................................ [1]

(b) Write down two uses of chlorofluorocarbons.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

2 ......................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) The damage to the ozone layer can cause medical problems.

Write down two of these problems.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

2 ......................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 5]
10 This question is about the ozone layer.

The ozone layer is damaged by free radicals.

Chlorofluorocarbons, CFCs, are one source of free radicals.

Most CFCs are now banned in the UK.

(a) Look at the diagram. It shows a dot and cross diagram for a hydrogen molecule.

H H
X

The two hydrogen atoms are joined by a covalent bond.

This covalent bond is a shared pair of electrons.

The covalent bond can be broken to make two free radicals.

Explain what happens to the electrons when free radicals are made.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................ [1]

(b) Small numbers of free radicals can do a lot of damage to the ozone layer.
 Explain why.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................ [1]

(c) Chlorofluorocarbons will continue to damage the ozone layer for a long time after they

have been banned. Explain why.

............................................................................................................................................ [1]

(d) Suggest a replacement for chlorofluorocarbons.

............................................................................................................................................ [1]

[Total: 4]

9 Look at the table.

It shows the concentration of some gases found in the atmosphere over the last 100 years.

concentration of oxides of concentration of carbon

year
nitrogen in parts per million dioxide in parts per million

1900 18 300

1920 18 305

1940 20 310

1960 25 320

1980 30 340

2000 35 370

(a) (i) How does the concentration of oxides of nitrogen change from 1900 to 2000?

.................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Suggest what the concentration of carbon dioxide might be in the atmosphere in the
year 2020.

concentration .................................. parts per million

Explain your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Oxides of nitrogen are pollutants in the air.

Where do the oxides of nitrogen come from?

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................ [1]

(c) Sulfur dioxide is another gas that pollutes the air.

 It is made when sulfur impurities in fossil fuels burn.

What environmental problem can sulfur dioxide cause?

............................................................................................................................................ [1]

11 This question is about chlorofluorocarbons, CFCs.

Most CFCs are now banned in the UK.

This is because they damage the ozone layer.

(a) Chlorofluorocarbons contain three different elements.

Two of these elements are chlorine and carbon.

Write down the name of the other element.

............................................................................................................................................ [1]

(b) Write down two uses of chlorofluorocarbons.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

2 ......................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) The damage to the ozone layer can cause medical problems.

Write down two of these problems.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

2 ......................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 5]
8 Look at the table.

It shows the concentration of some gases found in the atmosphere over the last 100 years.

concentration of oxides of concentration of carbon

year
nitrogen in parts per million dioxide in parts per million

1900 18 300

1920 18 305

1940 20 310

1960 25 320

1980 30 340

2000 35 370

(a) Suggest what the concentration of carbon dioxide might be in the atmosphere in the year
2020.

concentration .................................. parts per million

Explain your answer.

 ...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................ [1]

(b) Oxides of nitrogen are pollutants in the air.

Where do the oxides of nitrogen come from?

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................ [1]

(c) Sulfur dioxide, SO2, is another atmospheric pollutant.

It reacts with water and oxygen, O2, to give dilute sulfuric acid, H2SO4.

Write a balanced symbol equation for this reaction.

............................................................................................................................................ [2]

[Total: 4]
12 This question is about reactions of metals.

This large statue is made from iron.

(a) The statue is going rusty.

Two substances are needed for iron to go rusty.

Write down the names of these two substances.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

2 ......................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) Covering iron in oil or grease stops iron rusting.

(i) Explain why.

.................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Write down one other method of stopping iron from rusting.
 .................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) John investigates the reactions of four metals, iron, magnesium, tin and zinc.

He puts pieces of each metal into different solutions.

solution

metal

The solutions are iron(II) sulfate, magnesium sulfate, tin(II) sulfate and zinc sulfate.

The table shows his results.

A tick () means there is a reaction.

A cross () means there is no reaction.

metal added
solution used
iron magnesium tin zinc

iron(II) sulfate
magnesium sulfate
tin(II) sulfate
zinc sulfate

Write down the order of reactivity of these four metals.

Use the table of results to help you.

most reactive .....................................

.....................................

.....................................

least reactive ..................................... [1]

[Total: 5]
11 This question is about reactions of metals.

This large statue is made from iron.

(a) The statue is going rusty.

Covering iron in oil or grease stops iron rusting.

(i) Explain why.

.................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) The statue can also be coated with zinc.

This is called galvanising.

Explain why galvanising stops iron rusting.

...........................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) Look at the equation.

Fe 2e Fe2+

The equation shows what happens when iron starts to rust.

What sort of reaction is this?

Choose from the list.

oxidation reduction saponification tinning

answer ............................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total:

4]
8 Nigel investigates the rusting of iron.

Look at the diagram.

It shows how he sets up his investigation.

Each test tube contains an iron nail.

1 2 3 4

air nitrogen air

iron nail

distilled water dry air water with no salty water

dissolved oxygen

After 2 weeks the nail in tube 1 was a bit rusty.

The nails in tubes 2 and 3 were not rusty.

The nail in tube 4 was very rusty.

(a) Two substances are needed for iron to rust.

Which two substances?

1 ................................................................................................................................................

2 ......................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) What substance speeds up rusting?

............................................................................................................................................ [1]

(c) Nigel repeats the investigation using aluminium instead of iron.

Aluminium does not corrode in any of the experiments.

Explain why.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................ [2]

[Total: 5]
9 Look at the table.

It shows the concentration of some gases found in the atmosphere over the last 100 years.

concentration of oxides of concentration of carbon

year
nitrogen in parts per million dioxide in parts per million

1900 18 300

1920 18 305

1940 20 310

1960 25 320

1980 30 340

2000 35 370

(a) (i) How does the concentration of oxides of nitrogen change from 1900 to 2000?

.................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Suggest what the concentration of carbon dioxide might be in the atmosphere in

the
year 2020.

concentration .................................. parts per million

Explain your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Oxides of nitrogen are pollutants in the air.

Where do the oxides of nitrogen come from?

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................ [1]

(c) Sulfur dioxide is another gas that pollutes the air.

It is made when sulfur impurities in fossil fuels burn.

What environmental problem can sulfur dioxide cause?

............................................................................................................................................ [1]

[Total: 4]
10 This question is about fuel cells.

Look at the diagram.

It shows a fuel cell.

light bulb

hydrogen gas oxygen gas

electrodes

electrolyte

Hydrogen and oxygen react in a fuel cell to release energy.

(a) Hydrogen reacts with oxygen to make water.

Write a word equation for this reaction.

............................................................................................................................................ [1]

(b) Car makers may replace diesel or petrol engines with fuel cells.

Write down two reasons for doing this, other than cost.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

2 ......................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) Hydrogen gas, H2, reacts at one electrode in a fuel cell.

The reaction makes hydrogen ions, H+, and electrons.

Write an equation for this reaction. Use e to show an electron.

............................................................................................................................................ [2]

(d) Hydrogen can explode when it reacts with oxygen.

Heat energy is given out.

What type of reaction gives out heat?

Choose from the list.

dehydration

electrolysis
 endothermic

exothermic

answer ............................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 6]
11 This question is about reactions of metals.

This large statue is made from iron.

(a) The statue is going rusty.

Covering iron in oil or grease stops iron rusting.

(i) Explain why.

.................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) The statue can also be coated with zinc.

This is called galvanising.

Explain why galvanising stops iron rusting.

...........................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) Look at the equation.

Fe 2e Fe2+

The equation shows what happens when iron starts to rust.

What sort of reaction is this?

Choose from the list.

oxidation reduction saponification tinning

answer ............................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total:

4]
7 Limestone is a rock used to make buildings.

Limestone is obtained from a quarry.

A quarry is a very large hole dug into rocks.

Look at the picture of a quarry.

(a) Quarries can cause environmental problems.

One of these problems is that they take up lots of land.

Write about other environmental problems caused by quarrying.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................ [2]

(b) The chemical name for limestone is calcium carbonate.

When heated strongly calcium carbonate changes into calcium oxide.

calcium carbonate calcium oxide + carbon dioxide

This change is called thermal decomposition.

What is thermal decomposition?

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................ [1]
 (c) Harry investigates the decomposition of calcium carbonate.

Look at the diagram. It shows the apparatus he uses.

calcium
carbonate

HEAT

Harry measures the mass of the test tube and its contents before and after heating.

Look at his results table.

mass in grams

mass of test tube and contents before heating 17.45

mass of test tube and contents after heating 16.96

(i) The mass of the test tube and its contents decreases.

Suggest why.

.................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) What is the change in mass of the test tube and its contents?

change in mass = ................................... g [1]

[Total: 5]

4 The Carlsbad caverns in New Mexico are very large underground caves. Although the walls of these
caves are coated with gypsum (hydrated calcium sulphate), the caves have been formed in limestone.

(a) It is believed that the caves were formed by sulphuric acid reacting with the limestone.

(i) Complete the word equation.

calcium + sulphuric calcium + +

carbonate acid sulphate
[1]
 (ii) Describe how you could test the water entering the cave to show that it
contained sulphate ions.

test

result [2]

(iii) How could you show that the water entering the cave has a high
concentration of hydrogen ions?

[1]

(b) Hydrogen sulphide gas which was escaping from nearby petroleum deposits was
being oxidised to sulphuric acid.

(i) Complete the equation for this reaction forming sulphuric acid.

H2S + O2 [2]

(ii) Explain why all the hydrogen sulphide should be removed from the
petroleum before it is used as a fuel.

[1]

(iii) Draw a diagram to show the arrangement of the valency electrons in one molecule of the
covalent compound hydrogen sulphide.
Use o to represent an electron from a sulphur atom. Use x to
represent an electron from a hydrogen atom.

[2]

(c) Sulphuric acid is manufactured by the Contact Process. Sulphur dioxide is oxidised to
sulphur trioxide by oxygen.

2SO2 + O2 2SO3

(i) Name the catalyst used in this reaction.

(ii) What
temperat
ure is
used for
this reaction?
[1]

[1]

(iii) Describe how sulphur trioxide is changed into sulphuric acid.

 [2]

(d) Gypsum is hydrated calcium sulphate, CaSO4.xH2O. It contains 20.9% water by mass.
Calculate x.

Mr: CaSO4, 136; H2O, 18.

79.1 g of CaSO4 = moles

20.9 g of H2O = moles

x= [3]

2 Clean air contains a number of different gases.

(a) State the names of the two gases which make up most of the air.

[2]

(b) A sample of air is drawn through the apparatus shown below.

to
air suction
pump

heated copper

white (anhydrous) limewater

copper sulphate
 (i) When the air is drawn through the apparatus, the lime water turns milky. Which
gas turns lime water milky?

[1]

(ii) The white (anhydrous) copper sulphate turns blue. State the name of the
substance which turns white copper sulphate blue.

[1]

(iii) Oxygen is removed from the air by passing it over heated copper.
Complete the equation for this reaction.

2Cu + CuO [2]

(c) Pure air contains about 1% argon.

(i) In which Period of the Periodic Table is argon?

[1]

(ii) State the name of the Group of elements to which argon belongs.

[1]

(iii) Draw the electronic structure of argon.

[1]

(iv) Why is argon used in lamps?

[1]

(v) An isotope of argon has a mass number of 40.

Calculate the number of neutrons in this isotope of argon.
A
few
com
poun
ds of
(d) A small amount of xenon is present in the air. xeno
n have been made in recent years.
[1]
Calculate the relative molecular mass of xenon difluoride, XeF2.
 [1]

(e) The structure of another compound of xenon is shown below.

O
F F
Xe
F F

(i) Write the simplest formula for this compound of xenon.

[1]

(ii) Describe the type of bonding in this compound.

[Total : 14]

2 The diagram shows a statue in a park in an industrial town. The statue is made from limestone.

iron pins
inside statue

statue when the same statue

first erected after 20 years

(a) State the name of the chemical present in limestone.

statu
e
chan
ges
over
(b) Use ideas about the chemistry of atmospheric pollutants to suggest how and why the 20
 years.
[1]

[4]

(c) Parts of the statue are joined together with iron pins. After 30 years, the arm falls off the
statue.
Suggest why the arm falls off.

[1]

(d) Iron has several isotopes.

(i) What do you understand by the term isotopes?

[1]

(ii) The table shows the number of subatomic particles in an atom of iron.

type of particle number of particles relative charge on the particle

electron 26

neutron 30

proton 26

Complete the table to show the relative charge on each particle. [3]

(iii) State the number of nucleons in this isotope of iron.

[1]

(e) Some isotopes are radioactive. State one industrial use of radioactive isotopes.

[1]

(f) Iron reacts with very dilute nitric acid.

Fe + 2HNO3 Fe(NO3)2 + H2

Write a word equation for this reaction.

 [1]

[Total: 13]