CNPM 4281

Gio trnh tm tt Cng Ngh Phn Mm
Gio trnh tm tt
Cng ngh phn mm
1
MC LC
M U.................................................................................................................................................. 25
M U.................................................................................................................................................. 25
................................................................................................................................................................. 26
................................................................................................................................................................. 26
PHN MM V K NGH PHN MM............................................................................ 26
PHN MM V K NGH PHN MM............................................................................ 26
I. Phn mm- Software.......................................................................................................................... 26
I. Phn mm- Software.......................................................................................................................... 26
1.3 Cc c trng ca phn mm ....................................................................................................... 27
1.3 Cc c trng ca phn mm ....................................................................................................... 27
1.4 Phn loi phn mm........................................................................................................................ 28
1.4 Phn loi phn mm........................................................................................................................ 28
1.5 Cc Cc ngn ng lp trnh............................................................................................................. 29
1.5 Cc Cc ngn ng lp trnh............................................................................................................. 29
1.6 Vic ng dng phn mm.............................................................................................................. 35
1.6 Vic ng dng phn mm.............................................................................................................. 35
1.7 Cc thch thc i vi phn mm my tnh................................................................................. 36
1.7 Cc thch thc i vi phn mm my tnh................................................................................. 36
II. K ngh phn mm.......................................................................................................................... 37
II. K ngh phn mm.......................................................................................................................... 37
2.0.i tng mn hc.......................................................................................................................... 37
2.0.i tng mn hc.......................................................................................................................... 37
2.1 nh ngha.......................................................................................................................................... 37
2.1 nh ngha.......................................................................................................................................... 37
Cch tip cn 1: M hnh vng i c in........................................................................................ 37
Cch tip cn 1: M hnh vng i c in........................................................................................ 37
Cch tip cn 2: M hnh lm bn mu.............................................................................................. 39
Cch tip cn 2: M hnh lm bn mu.............................................................................................. 39
Cch tip cn 3: M hnh xon c....................................................................................................... 40
Cch tip cn 3: M hnh xon c....................................................................................................... 40
Cch tip cn 4: K thut th h th t........................................................................................... 41
Cch tip cn 4: K thut th h th t........................................................................................... 41
2.6 Cch tip cn 5: T hp cc khun cnh...................................................................................... 43
2.6 Cch tip cn 5: T hp cc khun cnh...................................................................................... 43
3. Cc giai on trong tin trnh k ngh phn mm....................................................................... 44
3. Cc giai on trong tin trnh k ngh phn mm....................................................................... 44
3.1 Giai on xc nh lm ci g ?........................................................................................................ 44
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3.1 Giai on xc nh lm ci g ?........................................................................................................ 44

3.2 Giai on pht trin lm nh th no ?..................................................................................... 44
3.2 Giai on pht trin lm nh th no ?..................................................................................... 44
3.3 Giai on bo tr............................................................................................................................... 44
3.3 Giai on bo tr............................................................................................................................... 44
PHN TCH YU CU V C T PHN MM................................................................... 46
PHN TCH YU CU V C T PHN MM................................................................... 46
1. Nhng k nng cn c Ngi phn tch(k s h thng)......................................................... 46
1. Nhng k nng cn c Ngi phn tch(k s h thng)......................................................... 46
2. Nhim v phn tch yu cu............................................................................................................. 46
2. Nhim v phn tch yu cu............................................................................................................. 46
4.Vic xc nh cc yu cu................................................................................................................... 49
4.Vic xc nh cc yu cu................................................................................................................... 49
5. c t phn mm.............................................................................................................................. 50
5. c t phn mm.............................................................................................................................. 50
5.1 Cch c t v biu din................................................................................................................ 50
5.1 Cch c t v biu din................................................................................................................ 50
5.1.1 Khi nim c t - specification.................................................................................................. 50
5.1.1 Khi nim c t - specification.................................................................................................. 50
5.1.2 Biu din ....................................................................................................................................... 50
5.1.2 Biu din ....................................................................................................................................... 50
5.2 Cc nguyn l c t........................................................................................................................ 51
5.2 Cc nguyn l c t........................................................................................................................ 51
Cc mc tru tng ca c t.......................................................................................................... 55
Cc mc tru tng ca c t.......................................................................................................... 55
5.4 c t yu cu.................................................................................................................................. 55
5.4 c t yu cu.................................................................................................................................. 55
5.4.1 Nhng hn ch ca vic c t bng ngn ng t nhin....................................................... 56
5.4.1 Nhng hn ch ca vic c t bng ngn ng t nhin....................................................... 56
5.4.2 Cc yu cu phi chc nng............................................................................................................ 56
5.4.2 Cc yu cu phi chc nng............................................................................................................ 56
5.4.3 Kh khn ca vic xc nh c t yu cu .............................................................................. 56
5.4.3 Kh khn ca vic xc nh c t yu cu .............................................................................. 56
5.4.4 Thm nh yu cu........................................................................................................................ 57
5.4.4 Thm nh yu cu........................................................................................................................ 57
5.5 Dn bi c t yu cu phn mm................................................................................................ 57
5.5 Dn bi c t yu cu phn mm................................................................................................ 57
5.6 Xt duyt c t............................................................................................................................... 58
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5.6 Xt duyt c t............................................................................................................................... 58

5.6.1 Mc v m....................................................................................................................................... 58
5.6.1 Mc v m....................................................................................................................................... 58
5.6.2 Mc chi tit.................................................................................................................................... 59
5.6.2 Mc chi tit.................................................................................................................................... 59
6. K ngh h thng v to nguyn mu............................................................................................ 60
6. K ngh h thng v to nguyn mu............................................................................................ 60
6.1 K ngh h thng system engineering........................................................................................ 60
6.1 K ngh h thng system engineering........................................................................................ 60
6.1.1 Cc hot ng c bn trong tin trnh phn tch h thng .................................................... 60
6.1.1 Cc hot ng c bn trong tin trnh phn tch h thng .................................................... 60
6.1.2 c t h thng............................................................................................................................ 62
6.1.2 c t h thng............................................................................................................................ 62
6.2 To nguyn mu (prototype)........................................................................................................... 65
6.2 To nguyn mu (prototype)........................................................................................................... 65
6.2.1 Li ch ca vic pht trin nguyn mu..................................................................................... 65
6.2.1 Li ch ca vic pht trin nguyn mu..................................................................................... 65
6.2.2 Cc giai on trong vic pht trin nguyn mu....................................................................... 65
6.2.2 Cc giai on trong vic pht trin nguyn mu....................................................................... 65
6.2.3 To nguyn mu trong tin trnh phn mm............................................................................ 66
6.2.3 To nguyn mu trong tin trnh phn mm............................................................................ 66
6.2.4 Hn ch ca cch tip cn to nguyn mu............................................................................. 67
6.2.4 Hn ch ca cch tip cn to nguyn mu............................................................................. 67
6.2.5 Cc bc tin hnh lm nguyn mu phn mm..................................................................... 67
6.2.5 Cc bc tin hnh lm nguyn mu phn mm..................................................................... 67
6.2.6 Cc phng php v cng c lm nguyn mu.......................................................................... 69
6.2.6 Cc phng php v cng c lm nguyn mu.......................................................................... 69
............................................................................................................................................................... 71
............................................................................................................................................................... 71
THIT K PHN MM........................................................................................................................ 71
THIT K PHN MM........................................................................................................................ 71
I.Khi nim v Thit k phn mm .................................................................................................. 71
I.Khi nim v Thit k phn mm .................................................................................................. 71
1.1 Thit k phn mm trong k ngh phn mm.......................................................................... 71
1.1 Thit k phn mm trong k ngh phn mm.......................................................................... 71
1.2 Cc giai on trong thit k phn mm....................................................................................... 72
1.2 Cc giai on trong thit k phn mm....................................................................................... 72
1.3 Qu trnh thit k ............................................................................................................................ 72
3
1.3 Qu trnh thit k ............................................................................................................................ 72

I.3.1 Cc hot ng thit k................................................................................................................. 72
I.3.1 Cc hot ng thit k................................................................................................................. 72
1.3.2 Vic m t thit k....................................................................................................................... 74
1.3.2 Vic m t thit k....................................................................................................................... 74
1.4 Phng php thit k ..................................................................................................................... 75
1.4 Phng php thit k ..................................................................................................................... 75
1.4.1 Phng php thit k .................................................................................................................. 75
1.4.1 Phng php thit k .................................................................................................................. 75
1.4.2 Cc khi nim nn tng ca thit k ........................................................................................ 76
1.4.2 Cc khi nim nn tng ca thit k ........................................................................................ 76
1.4.3 Cc chin lc thit k................................................................................................................ 84
1.4.3 Cc chin lc thit k................................................................................................................ 84
1.4.3.1 Thit k chc nng.................................................................................................................... 84
1.4.3.1 Thit k chc nng.................................................................................................................... 84
1.4.3.2 Thit k hng i tng....................................................................................................... 84
1.4.3.2 Thit k hng i tng....................................................................................................... 84
1.4.4 Cht lng thit k...................................................................................................................... 86
1.4.4 Cht lng thit k...................................................................................................................... 86
1.4.4.1 S lin kt gia cc thnh phn (Cohension).......................................................................... 86
1.4.4.1 S lin kt gia cc thnh phn (Cohension).......................................................................... 86
1.4.4.2 kh nng ghp ni (Coupling)................................................................................................... 86
1.4.4.2 kh nng ghp ni (Coupling)................................................................................................... 86
1.4.4.3 S hiu c (Understandability)............................................................................................ 87
1.4.4.3 S hiu c (Understandability)............................................................................................ 87
1.4.4.4 Kh nng thch nghi(Adaptability) ......................................................................................... 87
1.4.4.4 Kh nng thch nghi(Adaptability) ......................................................................................... 87
2. Thit k hng i tng (Object Oriented Design).................................................................... 88
2. Thit k hng i tng (Object Oriented Design).................................................................... 88
2.1 Cch tip cn hng i tng.................................................................................................... 88
2.1 Cch tip cn hng i tng.................................................................................................... 88
2.2 c trng ca thit k hng i tng.................................................................................... 88
2.2 c trng ca thit k hng i tng.................................................................................... 88
2.3 Cc u nhc im ca thit k hng i tng .................................................................. 88
2.3 Cc u nhc im ca thit k hng i tng .................................................................. 88
2.4 Phn bit gia thit k hng i tng v lp trnh hng i tng............................... 89
2.4 Phn bit gia thit k hng i tng v lp trnh hng i tng............................... 89
3. Thit k hng cu trc................................................................................................................... 89
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3. Thit k hng cu trc................................................................................................................... 89

3.1 Cch tip cn hng cu trc........................................................................................................ 89
3.1 Cch tip cn hng cu trc........................................................................................................ 89
3.2 Biu lung d liu..................................................................................................................... 90
3.2 Biu lung d liu..................................................................................................................... 90
3.3 Lc cu trc ............................................................................................................................ 90
3.3 Lc cu trc ............................................................................................................................ 90
3.4 T in d liu................................................................................................................................ 91
3.4 T in d liu................................................................................................................................ 91
4. Giao din ngi s dng.................................................................................................................. 91
4. Giao din ngi s dng.................................................................................................................. 91
4.1 Nhn t con ngi v tng tc ngi my................................................................................. 91
4.1 Nhn t con ngi v tng tc ngi my................................................................................. 91
4.2 Thit k giao din
ngi - may ......................................................................................................... 92
4.2 Thit k giao din
ngi - may ......................................................................................................... 92
thit k giao din
4.2.1. M hinh ............................................................................................................. 93
thit k giao din
4.2.1. M hinh ............................................................................................................. 93
va m hinh
4.2.2. Phn tich hoa nhim
vu trong thit k giao din................................................... 93
va m hinh
4.2.2. Phn tich hoa nhim
vu trong thit k giao din................................................... 93
trong thit k giao din............................................................................................. 94
4.2.3. Cc vn
trong thit k giao din............................................................................................. 94
4.2.3. Cc vn
4.2.3.1 Thi gian h thng p ng...................................................................................................... 94
4.2.3.1 Thi gian h thng p ng...................................................................................................... 94
4.2.3.2 Tin nghi gip ngi dng.................................................................................................. 94
4.2.3.2 Tin nghi gip ngi dng.................................................................................................. 94
4.2.3.3 Gii quyt thng tin li.............................................................................................................. 95
4.2.3.3 Gii quyt thng tin li.............................................................................................................. 95
4.2.3.4 Gn nhn ch lnh...................................................................................................................... 95
4.2.3.4 Gn nhn ch lnh...................................................................................................................... 95
4.2.4. Cng cu cai t ............................................................................................................................... 96
4.2.4. Cng cu cai t ............................................................................................................................... 96
hoa thit k.............................................................................................................................
4.2.5. Tin 96
hoa thit k.............................................................................................................................
4.2.5. Tin 96
4.3. Hng dn
thit k giao din
.......................................................................................................... 98
4.3. Hng dn
thit k giao din
.......................................................................................................... 98
4.3.1 Tng tac chung............................................................................................................................ 98
4.3.1 Tng tac chung............................................................................................................................ 98
thi thng tin............................................................................................................................ 99
4.3.2 Hin
5
thi thng tin............................................................................................................................ 99

4.3.2 Hin
4.3.3 Vao d liu
..................................................................................................................................... 99
4.3.3 Vao d liu
..................................................................................................................................... 99
4.4 Chun giao din ............................................................................................................................. 100
4.4 Chun giao din ............................................................................................................................. 100
5. Ti liu thit k phn mm........................................................................................................... 100
5. Ti liu thit k phn mm........................................................................................................... 100
M BO, KIM TH V BO TR PHN MM................................................................ 105
M BO, KIM TH V BO TR PHN MM................................................................ 105
1. m bo cht lng phn mm................................................................................................... 105
1. m bo cht lng phn mm................................................................................................... 105
1.1 Cc nhn t cht lng phn mm............................................................................................. 105
1.1 Cc nhn t cht lng phn mm............................................................................................. 105
1.2 o cht lng phn mm ...................................................................................................... 107
1.2 o cht lng phn mm ...................................................................................................... 107
1.2.1 Ch s cht lng phn mm .................................................................................................. 107
1.2.1 Ch s cht lng phn mm .................................................................................................. 107
1.2.2 Khoa hc phn mm ca HALSTEAD..................................................................................... 108
1.2.2 Khoa hc phn mm ca HALSTEAD..................................................................................... 108
1.2.3 o phc tp ca Thomas McCabe....................................................................................... 110
1.2.3 o phc tp ca Thomas McCabe....................................................................................... 110
1.3 tin cy phn mm.................................................................................................................... 111
1.3 tin cy phn mm.................................................................................................................... 111
1.4 Cch tip cn bo m cht lng phn mm ....................................................................... 112
1.4 Cch tip cn bo m cht lng phn mm ....................................................................... 112
1.4.1 Xem xt nhu cu cho SQA........................................................................................................... 112
1.4.1 Xem xt nhu cu cho SQA........................................................................................................... 112
1.4.2 Lp k hoch SQA v cc chun.............................................................................................. 113
1.4.2 Lp k hoch SQA v cc chun.............................................................................................. 113
2. Kim th phn mm....................................................................................................................... 114
2. Kim th phn mm....................................................................................................................... 114
2.1 Nn tng ca kim th phn mm............................................................................................. 114
2.1 Nn tng ca kim th phn mm............................................................................................. 114
2.1.1 Mc ch kim th...................................................................................................................... 114
2.1.1 Mc ch kim th...................................................................................................................... 114
2.1.2 Lung thng tin kim th........................................................................................................... 115
2.1.2 Lung thng tin kim th........................................................................................................... 115
2.2 Chin lc kim th phn mm................................................................................................. 115
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2.2 Chin lc kim th phn mm................................................................................................. 115

2.2.1 Cch tip cn chin lc ti kim th phn mm .............................................................. 115
2.2.1 Cch tip cn chin lc ti kim th phn mm .............................................................. 115
2.2.2 Chin lc kim th phn mm.............................................................................................. 116
2.2.2 Chin lc kim th phn mm.............................................................................................. 116
2.2.3 T chc vic kim th phn mm........................................................................................... 117
2.2.3 T chc vic kim th phn mm........................................................................................... 117
2.2.3.1 Kim th n v ...................................................................................................................... 117
2.2.3.1 Kim th n v ...................................................................................................................... 117
2.2.3.2 Kim th tch hp.................................................................................................................... 118
2.2.3.2 Kim th tch hp.................................................................................................................... 118
2.2.3.3 Kim th hp l....................................................................................................................... 121
2.2.3.3 Kim th hp l....................................................................................................................... 121
2.2.3.4 Kim th h thng (System Test)........................................................................................... 122
2.2.3.4 Kim th h thng (System Test)........................................................................................... 122
3. Bo tr phn mm............................................................................................................................ 123
3. Bo tr phn mm............................................................................................................................ 123
3.1 nh ngha v bo tr phn mm................................................................................................. 123
3.1 nh ngha v bo tr phn mm................................................................................................. 123
3.2 Cc c trng bo tr .................................................................................................................... 124
3.2 Cc c trng bo tr .................................................................................................................... 124
3.2.1 Bo tr c cu trc so vi phi cu trc ..................................................................................... 124
3.2.1 Bo tr c cu trc so vi phi cu trc ..................................................................................... 124
3.2.2 Chi ph bo tr ............................................................................................................................. 125
3.2.2 Chi ph bo tr ............................................................................................................................. 125
3.3 T chc bo tr............................................................................................................................... 126
3.3 T chc bo tr............................................................................................................................... 126
3.4 Lung s kin................................................................................................................................. 127
3.4 Lung s kin................................................................................................................................. 127
3.5 Bo tr chng trnh xa l............................................................................................................. 128
3.5 Bo tr chng trnh xa l............................................................................................................. 128
........................................................................................................................................................ 131
........................................................................................................................................................ 131
LP TRNH HIU QU..................................................................................................................... 131
LP TRNH HIU QU..................................................................................................................... 131
1. Cc c trng ngn ng lp trnh.................................................................................................. 131
1. Cc c trng ngn ng lp trnh.................................................................................................. 131
7
Ngn ng lp trnh l phng php lin lc gia con ngi v my tnh. Lp trnh l mt
hot ng ca con ngi, l s lin lc thng qua ngn ng lp trnh, l mt bc ct li trong
tin trnh k ngh phn mm............................................................................................................ 131
1.1 c trng tm l ca ngn ng lp trnh.................................................................................... 131
1.1 c trng tm l ca ngn ng lp trnh.................................................................................... 131
Trong cun sch Tm l phn mm, tc gi Ben Shneiderman vi t v vai tr c a nh tm l
phn mm nh sau: h tp trung vo mi quan tm ca con ngi nh tnh d dng, n
gin khi hc, nng cao tin cy, gim tn sut li v tng s tho mn vi ngi dng, trong
khi khng qun tnh hiu qu ca my, kh nng phn mm v s rng buc ph n cng.
Trong khi , ngi thit k ngn ng lp trnh thng bp cch tip cn ti vn sao cho
cch tip cn khp vi nhng rng buc ring do ngn ng lp trnh p t.............................131
V nhn t con ngi c tm quan trng ch cht trong vic thit k ngn ng l p trnh nn
cc c trng tm l ca ngn ng c tc ng mnh m ln s thnh cng ca vic thit k
trong khi dch v ci t....................................................................................................................... 131
Mt s c trng ca tm l xut hin nh kt qu ca vic thit k ngn ng lp trnh.
Mc du nhng c trng ny khng o c theo bt c cch thc nh lng no, nhng
chng ta tha nhn biu hin ca chng trong mi ngn ng lp trnh...................................... 131
a. Tnh ng u: ch ra mc theo ngn ng k php nht qun....................................... 131
b. Tnh m h: ngn ng lp trnh c ngi lp trnh cm nhn. Trnh bin dch bao gi
cng din gii mt cu lnh theo mt cch. Nhng c gi c th hiu cu lnh theo cch
khc. Ti y c s m h tm l. Vic thiu tnh ng u v s m h tm l th ng i km
nhau. Nu ngn ng lp trnh l ra nhng kha cnh tiu cc ca cc c trng ny th
chng trnh ngun s kh c v vic dch t thit k ra d sinh li nhiu hn...................131
c.Tnh gn gng: ch dn v khi lng thng tin hng chng trnh m con ngi phi ghi
nh. Trong cc thuc tnh ngn ng o tnh gn gng c:............................................................... 131
Mc ngn ng h tr cho cc kt cu c cu trc v gii quyt vic kh theo logic ........131
Loi t kho v cch vit tt c th c dng.............................................................................. 131
S phong ph ca cc kiu d liu v c trng mc nh........................................................... 131
S cc php ton logic v s hc......................................................................................................... 131
S cc hm c sn................................................................................................................................. 131
V d: APL l mt ngn ng lp trnh gn gng ngoi l, thnh kh c v kh hiu..............131
Cc c trng k c con ngi c tc ng mnh m n cch ta dng ngn ng. K c v
vic nhn dng ca con ngi c th chia thnh hai lnh vc ton thi v tun t. K c ton
thi ch cho php chng ta nh v nhn li mi th nh mt tng th. (nh chng ta nh n ra
khun mt ngi ngay tc th, nhng chng ta khng c thc v tng ph n ring bi t trn
khun mt trc khi nhn dng). K c tun t, cung cp mt ph ng tin nh li ph n
t tip trong mt dy (nh dng tip theo trong bi ht, khi c cho nhng dng tr c ).
Mi c trng ny u c nh hng n c trng ngn ng lp trnh vn c gi l tnh
cc b v tnh tuyn tnh..................................................................................................................... 132
d. Tnh cc b: l c trng ton thi ca ngn ng lp trnh. Tnh cc b c lm ni bt
khi cc cu lnh c th c t hp thnh cc khi, khi cc kt c u c c u trc c th c ci
t trc tip, khi thit k v chng trnh gc u mang tnh module. Mt c trng ca ngn
ng h tr hay khuyn khch cho x l bit l u vi phm vo tnh cc b ny.....................132
e. Tnh tuyn tnh: l mt c trng tm l c lin quan cht ch vi khi nim bo tr c a lnh
vc chc nng. Tc l, nhn bit con ngi c thun li khi gp mt dy tuyn tnh cc
thao tc logic. Nhng nhnh xy ra (cc chu trnh ln) vi ph m tnh tuyn tnh c a x l. Mt
8
ln na, vic ci t thng tin trc tip cho cc kt cu c cu trc tr gip cho tuyn tnh c a
ngn ng lp trnh................................................................................................................................ 132
Kh nng hc mt ngn ng mi ca chng ta b nh hng bi truyn thng. Cc kt cu
l tng t nhau, hnh dng th tng thch v cm gic v nh dng ngn ng lp trnh c
bo ton................................................................................................................................................. 132
Cc c trng tm l ca ngn ng lp trnh c ngha quan trng ti kh nng ca chng ta
trong vic hc, p dng v duy tr chng. Tm li, ngn ng lp trnh to ra mu s c, cho chng
ta cch ngh v chng trnh v gii hn c hu cch chng ta lin lc vi my tnh. ..............132
1.2 M hnh c php v ng ngha....................................................................................................... 132
1.2 M hnh c php v ng ngha....................................................................................................... 132
Shniderman pht trin mt m hnh c php - ng ngha cho ti n trnh lp trnh c lin quan
n vic xem xt cc bc lp trnh. Khi ngi lp trnh cc ph ng php k ngh ph n mm
(nh phn tch yu cu thit k) vn c lp vi ngn ng lp trnh th ng ti vn tri
thc ng ngha. Tri thc ng ngha mt khc li l c lp vi ngn ng, tp trung vo cc c
trng ca ngn ng xc nh.............................................................................................................. 132
V cc kiu tri thc ny, tri thc ng ngha l kh thu nhn c h n c v i hi dng
nhiu tr tu. Tt c cc bc k ngh phn mm trc phn lp trnh u dng rt nhi u
tri thc ng ngha. Bc lp trnh p dng tri thc c php vn l bt k v theo l nh c
hc theo kiu vt. Khi hc mt ngn ng lp trnh mi th thng tin c php mi c thm
vo k c. Nhiu vn lin quan ti phn mm my tnh khng l quan trng do vic
thiu tri thc c php, nhng li quan trng trong phm vi tri th c ng ngha v kh nng c a
chng ta p dng n. Mc tiu ca k ngh phn mm l m rng tri th c v ng ngha
ca vic pht trin phn mm........................................................................................................... 132
1.3 Hng quan im k ngh .......................................................................................................... 132
1.3 Hng quan im k ngh .......................................................................................................... 132
Cch nhn k ngh phn mm v cc c trng ca ngn ng lp trnh tp trung vo nhu cu
xc nh d n pht trin phn mm ring. Mc du ngi ta vn cn cc yu c u ring cho
chng trnh gc, c th thit lp c mt tp hp tng qut nhng c trng k ngh : . 132
(1)d dch thit k sang chng trnh............................................................................................... 132
(2)c trnh bin dch hiu qu............................................................................................................. 132
(3)kh chuyn chng trnh gc........................................................................................................ 132
(4)c sn cng c pht trin................................................................................................................ 133
(5)d bo tr.......................................................................................................................................... 133
Bc lp trnh bt u sau khi thit k chi tit c xc nh, xt duyt v s a i n u
cn. V l thuyt, vic sinh chng trnh gc t mt c t chi tit nn l trc tip. D dch
thit k sang chng trnh a ra mt ch dn v vic mt ngn ng lp trnh ph n x gn
gi n mc no cho mt biu din thit k. Mt ngn ng ci t trc tip cho cc kt cu
c cu trc, cc cu trc d liu phc tp, vo/ra c bit, kh nng thao tc bit, v kt c u
hng s vt s lm cho vic dch t thit k sang chng trnh gc d hn nhiu (nu cc
thuc tnh ny c xc nh trong thit k)................................................................................... 133
Mc du nhng tin b nhanh chng trong tc x l v mt nh bt u lm gim
nh nhu cu chng trnh siu hiu qu, nhiu ng dng vn cn i hi cc chng trnh
nhanh, gn (yu cu b nh thp). Cc ngn ng vi trnh bin dch ti u c th l hp dn
nu hiu nng phn mm l yu cu ch cht................................................................................ 133
a. Tnh kh chuyn chng trnh gc: l mt c trng ca ngn ng lp trnh c th c
hiu theo ba cch khc nhau: ............................................................................................................ 133
9
(1) Chng trnh gc c th c chuyn t b x l ny sang b x l khc v t trnh bin

dch n sang trnh bin dch kia vi rt t hoc khng sa i g.................................................. 133
(2) Chng trnh gc vn khng thay i ngay c khi mi trng ca n thay i (nh vic ci
t bn mi ca h iu hnh)......................................................................................................... 133
(3) Chng trnh gc c th c tch hp vo trong cc b trnh ph n mm khc nhau vi t
hay khng cn thay i g v cc c trng ca ngn ng lp trnh.............................................. 133
Trong s ba cch hiu v tnh kh chuyn ny th cch th nht l thng dng nht. Vic
chun ha (do t chc quc t IFO/hoc Vin tiu chun quc gia M ANSI) nh m nng cao
tnh kh chuyn ngn ng lp trnh.................................................................................................. 133
b. Tnh sn c ca cng c pht trin: c th lm ngt bt thi gian cn sinh ra ch ng
trnh gc v c th ci thin cht lng ca chng trnh. Nhiu ngn ng lp trnh c th
cn ti mt lot cng c k c trnh bin dch g li, tr gip chng trnh gc, cc tin nghi
son tho c sn, cc cng c kim sot chng trnh gc, th vin chng trnh con m rng
trong nhiu lnh vc ng dng, cc trnh duyt, trnh bin dch cho cho pht tri n b x l,
kh nng b x l macro, cng c k ngh ngc v nhng cng c khc. Trong th c t, khi
nim v mi trng pht trin phn mm tt (bao hm c cng c) c th a nhn nh
nhn t ng gp cho chnh k ngh phn mm thnh cng.......................................................... 133
c. Tnh d bo tr ca chng trnh gc c tm quan trng ch cht cho tt c cc n l c pht
trin phn mm khng tm thng. Vic bo tr khng th c tin hnh ch ng no ngi
ta cha hiu c phn mm. Cc yu t ca cu hnh phn mm (nh ti liu thit k) a
ra nn tng cho vic hiu bit, nhng cui cng th chng trnh gc vn phi c c v
sa i theo nhng thay i trong thit k...................................................................................... 133
Tnh d dch thit k sang chng trnh l mt yu t quan trng d bo tr ch ng trnh
gc. Bn cnh , cc c trng t lm ti liu ca ngn ng (nh chiu di c php c a tn
gi, nh dng nhn, nh ngha kiu, cu trc d liu) c nh hng mnh n tnh bo tr.
................................................................................................................................................................. 133
1.4 Vic chn ngn ng....................................................................................................................... 133
1.4 Vic chn ngn ng....................................................................................................................... 133
Vic chn ngn ng lp trnh cho mt d n ring phi tnh ti c c trng k ngh v tm
l. Tuy nhin, vn lin quan n vic chn la c th bn ti ch khi ngn ng l c sn hay
c quy nh bi ngi yu cu...................................................................................................... 134
Meek gi mt quan im tng qut khi phi chn mt ngn ng lp trnh: ngh thu t ch n
ngn ng l bt u t vn , quyt nh xem ci g l yu cu ca n v tm quan tr ng
tng i ca chng, v c th s khng th no tho mn c chng nh nhau (vi mt ngn
ng)...cc ngn ng c sn nn c ng vi danh sch yu cu................................................ 134
Cc tiu chun c p dng khi nh gi v ngn ng c sn. Min ng dng ca d n l
mt tiu chun hay c p dng nht trong vic p dng ngn ng......................................... 134
Xu hng pht trin phn mm hng i tng xuyn sut phn ln cc min ng dng
m ra nhiu ngn ng mi v cc d bn ngn ng quy c. Cc ngn ng lp trnh hng i
tng c dng rng ri nht l Smalltalk, C++, Objected Pascal, v nhi u ngn ng khc. . 134
S pht trin gia tng ca cc ngn ng lp trnh mi v tt hn vn ang pht trin. M c d
c nhiu ngn ng kh hp dn, tuy nhin i khi tt hn c vn l chn ngn ng yu hn
(c) nhng c ti liu chc chn v phn mm h tr, quen thuc vi nhiu ngi trong
nhm pht trin phn mm v tng p dng thnh cng trong qu kh . Tuy nhin, nn c
nh gi k cng v cc ngn ng mi v vic chuyn dch t ngn ng c sang ngn ng mi
nu c, vi vic tha nhn s khng c v tm l i vi thay i thng hay gp ph i trong
mi t chc........................................................................................................................................... 134
1.5 Ngn ng lp trnh v k ngh phn mm .............................................................................. 134
10
1.5 Ngn ng lp trnh v k ngh phn mm .............................................................................. 134

Bt k khun cnh k ngh phn mm no, ngn ng lp trnh s c tc ng ti vic vch
k hoch d n, phn tch, thit k, lp trnh, kim th v bo tr. ............................................ 134
Trong khi lp k hoch d n, him khi ngi ta tin hnh xem xt cc c trng k thu t
ca ngn ng lp trnh. Tuy nhin, vic lp k hoch cho cc cng h tr c lin quan ti ti
nguyn cn c, c th yu cu rng mt trnh bin dch chuyn dng (v ph n mm lin k t)
hay mi trng lp trnh c xc nh........................................................................................... 134
Mt khi cc yu cu phn mm c thit lp, th cc c trng ngn ng l p trnh ng c
vin tr thnh quan trng hn. Nu cn ti cu trc d liu phc tp th ngn ng vi s h
tr cho cc cu trc d liu phc tp (nh Pascal hay ngn ng khc) nn c tnh ti mt
cch cn thn. Nu cn kh nng cao, nh thi gian thc, th ngn ng c thit k cho ng
dng thi gian thc nh ADA hay hiu qu v tc nh nh C c th c xc nh. Nu
cn a ra nhiu bo co hay thao tc tp th cc ngn ng nh COBOL, VB hay PRG c th
thch hp. Mt cch l tng, cc yu cu phn mm nn kt tinh vic la ch n ngn ng thch
hp nht cho vic x l cn thc hin. Tuy nhin trong thc hnh, mt ngn ng th ng c
chn la bi v n l ngn ng duy nht m chng ta c chy trn my ca mnh..................134
Cht lng ca thit k phn mm c thit lp theo cch c lp vi cc c trng ngn
ng lp trnh (mt ngoi l ng lu l thit k hng s vt). Tuy nhin thuc tnh ngn
ng ng vai tr quan trng trong cht lng ca thit k c ci t v nh hng ti cch
thit k c xc nh. Mt s o nh tnh, nh lng ca thit k tt, cc khi nim v
tnh module v s c lp module cng c nhn mnh. Cc c trng k thu t c a nhiu
ngn ng lp trnh c th nh hng ti nhng khi nim ny trong vic ci t thit k. . . .134
Thit k d liu cng c th b nh hng bi c trng ngn ng. Cc ngn ng lp trnh
nh ADA, C++, Smalltalk u h tr cho khi nim v kiu d liu tru tng - mt cng c
quan trng trong thit k v c t d liu. Cc ngn ng thng dng khc nh Pascal cho
php nh ngha cc kiu d liu do ngi dng xc nh v vic ci t trc tip danh sch
mc ni v nhng cu trc d liu khc. Cc tnh nng ny cung cp cho ngi thit k ph m
vi rng hn trong bc thit k s b v chi tit........................................................................... 135
nh hng ca cc c trng ngn ng ti cc bc thit k bao gm kh khn trong vic
nh gi kim th phn mm. Cc ngn ng trc tip h tr cho cc kt cu c cu trc c
khuynh hng gim bt phc tp ca chng trnh, do mt cch no lm cho n d
dng kim th. Cc ngn ng h tr cho vic c t chng trnh con v th tc ngoi (nh
Fotran) thng cho vic kim th t tch hp t sinh li hn. Mt khc mt s c trng k
thut ca ngn ng c th gy tr ngi cho vic kim th. V d: cu trc khi trong ALGOL
c th c xc nh theo cch lm mt d liu trung gian khi vic ra khi khi xu t hi n, do
lm cho trng thi chng trnh kh xc nhn hn. Ging nh kim th, hiu qu ca cc
c trng ngn ng lp trnh v mt bo tr phn mm cng cha c hiu y . .........135
2. Nn tng ca ngn ng lp trnh................................................................................................... 135
2. Nn tng ca ngn ng lp trnh................................................................................................... 135
Nn tng ca ngn ng lp trnh c th hin trong ng cnh bn ch i th: nh
kiu, c ch chng trnh con, cu trc iu khin v h tr cho vic tip cn hng i
tng. Mi ngn ng lp trnh u c th c c trng theo nhng ch ny v cht
lng ca mt ngn ng lp trnh c th c nh gi theo im mnh v im mnh lin
quan ti tng ch ........................................................................................................................... 135
................................................................................................................................................................ 135
................................................................................................................................................................ 135
2.1 Kiu d liu v nh kiu d liu ............................................................................................. 135
2.1 Kiu d liu v nh kiu d liu ............................................................................................. 135
11
Ngy nay ch li ca cc ngn ng lp trnh c nh gi khng ch c php v s phng

khong ca cc kt cu th tc. nh kiu d liu v cc kiu d liu c bit c ngn ng
lp trnh h tr l kha cnh quan trng ca cht lng ngn ng............................................. 135
Kiu d liu v nh kiu d liu c m t l : mt lp cc i tng d liu cng vi
mt tp cc php ton to ra v thao tc trn chng. Mt i tng d liu k th a mt
tp cc thuc tnh nn tng ca kiu d liu m n thuc vo. Mt i tng d liu c th
ly mt gi tr nm bn trong min gi tr hp l cho kiu d liu v c th b cc php ton
ca kiu d liu thao tc................................................................................................................ 135
Cc kiu d liu n tri trn mt min rng bao gm cc kiu s (nguyn phc, du ph y
ng), kiu lit k (nh kiu d liu do ngi dng nh ngha c trong Pascal), kiu logic (true
hay false) v kiu xu string (nh d liu ch s). Cc kiu d liu phc tp hn bao gm cc
cu trc d liu tri qua ht tng mng mt chiu n gin (vect) cho ti c u trc danh
sch, mng v bn ghi a phc tp.................................................................................................... 135
Cc php ton c th c thc hin trn mt kiu d liu c bit v theo cch th c m
trong cc kiu khc c th c thao tc s c iu khin bi vic kim tra kiu, vn
c ci t bn trong trnh bin dch hay thng dch ngn ng lp trnh. Fairley a ra nm
mc kim tra kiu thng gp trong cc ngn ng lp trnh:...................................................... 135
Mc 0: Phi kiu.................................................................................................................................... 135
Mc 1: B buc kiu t ng............................................................................................................. 135
Mc 2: Kiu hn hp.......................................................................................................................... 135
Mc 3: Kim tra kiu gi mnh........................................................................................................ 135
Mc 4: Kim tra kiu mnh .............................................................................................................. 136
2.2 Chng trnh con ......................................................................................................................... 136
2.2 Chng trnh con ......................................................................................................................... 136
Chng trnh con l mt thnh phn ca chng trnh dch c tch bit c ch a d li u v
cu trc iu khin. Module l cch biu hin tng qut ca chng trnh con. ......................136
Tu theo ngn ng lp trnh m mt chng trnh con c th c gi l trnh con, th tc,
hm hay bt k tn gi c bit no. Bt k n tn ca n, chng trnh con vn bc l ra
mt tp cc c trng tng qut:...................................................................................................... 136
(1)Phn m t c cha tn ca n v m t giao din..................................................................... 136
(2)Phn ci t c cha d liu v cu trc iu khin................................................................. 136
(3)Mt c ch kch hot lm cho chng trnh con c gi ti t mt n i no khc trong
chng trnh.......................................................................................................................................... 136
Trong cc ngn ng lp trnh quy c, mi chng trnh con bn thn u l mt th c th,
vn hnh trn d liu theo mt cch c ch o bi cu trc iu khin ca ch ng trnh
ln hn. Trong cc ngn ng lp trnh hng i tng, cch nhn lp chng trnh con c
thay th bi i tng........................................................................................................................ 136
2.3 Cu trc iu khin....................................................................................................................... 136
2.3 Cu trc iu khin....................................................................................................................... 136
Ti mc c bn, mi ngn ng lp trnh hin i u cho php ngi lp trnh biu din s
tun t, tuyn chn v lp cc kt cu logic lp trnh c cu trc. Ph n l n cc ngn ng
hin i u a ra mt c php cho c t trc tip v if-then-else, do-while, repeat-
untill...Cc ngn ng khc nh LISP v APL i hi ngi lp trnh phi m ph ng cc kt c u
bn trong gii hn c php ca ngn ng .................................................................................... 136
Bn cnh cc kt cu th tc c s ca lp trnh c cu trc, cc c u trc i u khi n khc
cng c th. quy to ra s kch hot ln th hai ca ch ng trnh con trong l n kch ho t
12
th nht. Tc l, chng trnh con gi ti hay kch hot bn thn n nh mt ph n ca th

tc xc nh. Tng tranh a ra s h tr cho vic to ra nhiu nhim v, ng b ha
cc nhim v ny v lin lc ni chung gia cc nhim v y. Tnh nng ngn ng ny l v gi
khi phi thc hin cc ng dng h thng hay thi gian thc. C tnh nng ngn ng lp trnh
t by cc iu kin li h thng hoc ca ngi dng ri truyn iu khin cho b iu
khin c bit x l....................................................................................................................... 136
2.4 Cch tip cn hng i tng.................................................................................................. 136
2.4 Cch tip cn hng i tng.................................................................................................. 136
V l thuyt, vic to ra cc i tng v kt cu ca phn mm h ng i tng c th
c thc hin bng cch dng bt k ngn ng lp trnh quy c no (nh C hay Pascal).
Nhng trong thc t, vic h tr cho cc cch tip cn hng i tng nn c xy dng
trc tip bn trong ngn ng lp trnh, s c dng ci t thit k hng i tng.
Ngn ng lp trnh hng i tng nn c cung cp s h tr trc tip cho nh ngha
lp, k tha, bao gi v truyn thng bo......................................................................................... 136
nh ngha v lp l c s cho cch tip cn hng i tng. Ngn ng lp trnh hng i
tng nh ngha tn mt lp v xc nh cc thnh phn chung v ring ca lp . Mt l p
mi c th c suy dn t nh ngha lp c s. Cc i tng c suy t lp mi c th
dng tt c cc phng php c xc nh cho lp cha. nh ngha v lp bao qut bao qut
c tru tng d liu v thnh phn chng trnh vn hnh trn chng................................... 136
Cc chi tit ci t v thut ng cho nh ngha lp, k tha, bao gi v truyn thng bo s
thay i t ngn ng n sang ngn ng kia, nhng khi nim nn tng v lp vn khng thay
i. Tng t k tha, bao gi v truyn thng bo c ci t vi mt c php khc, nhng
cng nn tng. Mi kt cu s c sn trong bt k ngn ng no thc s hng i tng. 137
................................................................................................................................................................ 137
................................................................................................................................................................ 137
2.5 Cc lp ngn ng .......................................................................................................................... 137
2.5 Cc lp ngn ng .......................................................................................................................... 137
C hng trm ngn ng lp trnh c s dng vo lc ny lc khc trong nhng n l c
pht trin phn mm nghim chnh................................................................................................... 137
C 4 th h ngn ng lp trnh i din:........................................................................................ 137
1.Ngn ng th h th nht: Th h ngn ng th nht lp trnh theo mc m my (mt s
cng vic vi ngn ng th h th nht vn cn tip tc n ngy nay). Chng trnh m my
v dng tng ng ca n d hc hn cho con ngi. Hp ng biu th cho th h ngn
ng th nht. Cc ngn ng ph thuc my ny biu hin mc tru tng thp nht m
mt chng trnh c th c biu din......................................................................................... 137
2.Ngn ng th h hai: Ngn ng th h hai c pht trin t cui nhng nm 1950 v
u nhng nm 1960 v phc v nh nn tng cho mi ngn ng lp trnh hin i (th h
ba). Cc ngn ng th h hai c c trng bi vic s dng rng ri mt th vi n ph n
mm quen thuc: Fortran, Cobol, Algol, Basic v cc ngn ng n n tng. .................................. 137
3.Ngn ng th h ba (Ngn ng lp trnh c cu trc): Ngn ng th h ba, c c tr ng
bi kh nng cu trc d liu v th tc mnh. Cc ngn ng lp ny c th c chia thnh
ba phm tr ln: ngn ng cp cao vn nng, ngn ng cp cao hng i tng v ngn ng
chuyn dng. Ngn ng cao cp vn nng: bao gm PL/I, Pascal, C, Modula-2...........................137
(a)Cc ngn ng hng i tng: Cc ngn ng hng i tng lm cho ngi k s ph n
mm ci t c cc m hnh phn tch thit k to ra bng cch dng OOA v OOD. M c
du c hng chc ngn ng hng i tng c a ra hng trong thp k qua nhng
ch c mt s ngn ng c c ch ng c ngha trn th trng nh d bn ca C (C++,
Objective C), Smalltalk v Eiffel.......................................................................................................... 137
13
(b)Cc ngn ng chuyn dng: Cc ngn ng chuyn dng c c trng bi cc dng c

php bt thng c c bit thi k cho mt ng dng ring. Trong hng trm ngn ng
chuyn dng ang c dng, c mt s cc ngn ng ph bin trong k ngh ph n mm l
Lisp, Prolog, Apl, Forth... ..................................................................................................................... 137
4.Ngn ng th h th t (4GL the fourth Generation Technology): Trong ton b l ch s pht
trin phn mm, chng ta c nh pht trin ra chng trnh my tnh mc tr u tng
ngy cng cao. Cc ngn ng th h th nht lm vic mc tp lnh my, mc tru tng
thp nht c th. Cc ngn ng lp trnh th h hai v ba nng mc biu din chng
trnh my tnh, nhng vn cn phi xc nh th tc thut ton chi tit v phn bi t. Trong
thp k qua, ngn ng th h th t (4GL) nng mc tru tng ln cao hn n a. Ngn
ng th h th t, ging nh mi ngn ng nhn to khc, u c cha mt c php phn bi t
biu din iu khin v cu trc d liu. Mt 4GL biu th nhng cu trc ny mc
tru tng cao hn bng cch xo b yu cu xc nh chi tit thut ton................................ 138
Cc ngn ng th h bn t hp cc c trng th tc v phi th tc. Tc l, ngn ng c kh
nng cho php ngi dng xc nh cc iu kin v hnh ng tng ng (thnh ph n th
tc) trong khi ng thi c v ngi dng ch ra kt qu mong mun (thnh ph n phi th tc)
ri p dng tri thc chuyn ngnh in cc cho tit th tc.................................................... 138
2.6 Cc cng c lp trnh.................................................................................................................... 138
2.6 Cc cng c lp trnh.................................................................................................................... 138
2.6.1 Cng trnh phn mm c my tnh h tr ........................................................................... 138
2.6.1 Cng trnh phn mm c my tnh h tr ........................................................................... 138
CASE l bn ch ci u ca cm t ting Anh ngha l cng trnh phn mm c h tr
bi my tnh. Hin nay c rt nhiu cng c CASE. C hai cch phn loi cc cng c
CASE:..................................................................................................................................................... 138
(1)Hng hot ng: da trn hot ng ca cc qu trnh nh: c t yu cu, thit k, th c
hin......................................................................................................................................................... 138
(2)Hng chc nng: da trn chc nng ca cc cng c ch khng ph i l da trn cc
mc tiu tr gip.................................................................................................................................. 138
2.6.2 Mi trng pht trin phn mm........................................................................................... 138
2.6.2 Mi trng pht trin phn mm........................................................................................... 138
a. i cng.......................................................................................................................................... 138
Mt mi trng pht trin phn mm l mt b cc cng c ph n cng v ph n mm chng
c kt li sn sinh ra mt h thng phn mm trong mt min ng dng chuyn bit.
................................................................................................................................................................. 138
C hai im quan trng: ..................................................................................................................... 138
a.Mi trng pht trin phn mm c th bao gm cc cng c phn cng..............................138
b.Mi trng pht trin phn mm thng xuyn chuyn dng h n l khi qut.....................138
Mi trng pht trin phn mm vn hnh trn mt h th ng my tnh host v ph n mm
c pht trin nhm vo mt my tnh mc tiu, c vi l do v sao m hnh my ch - my
khch li thch hp nht vi mi trng pht trin phn mm:.................................................. 138
a.Trong mt s trng hp phn mm ng dng ang c pht trin c th l dnh cho mt
my khng c tin ch phn mm....................................................................................................... 138
b.My khch c th l hng ng dng n khng thch hp vi cc mi trng pht tri n ph n
mm ...................................................................................................................................................... 138
c.My khch c th c dnh cho vic vn hnh mt ng dng c bit v n ph i l c tnh
u tin trn s pht trin phn mm (chng hn nh h x l giao tc) .................................... 138
14
u im ca cch thc my ch - my khch l cc tin ch v cc thnh ph n cho ngi pht

trin dng mi trng khng th hp tc vi nhau trong h thng ng dng c phn
phi......................................................................................................................................................... 139
C th phn loi cc mi trng pht trin phn mm nh sau:................................................. 139
1. Mi trng lp trnh: Tr gip cho lp trnh, th nghim, g li. Hn ch vic xc nh yu
cu, c t, thit k phn mm........................................................................................................ 139
2. Bn th CASE: y l cc mi trng ch yu hng v c t phn mm v thit k. N
thng ch cung cp mt s tr gip lp trnh th s (chng hn cc ngn ng lp trnh th h
th t). N thng thch hp vi cc my tnh c nhn v kt h p vi cc mi tr ng l p trnh.
................................................................................................................................................................. 139
3. Mi trng cng trnh phn mm: N tr gip sn sinh ra cc h thng ln, th m chi ph
cho vic bo tr cn vt qu chi ph pht trin v c sn sinh ra bi mt i ch khng
phi l mt ngi lp trnh ring r. N tr gip cho tt c mi hot ng pht tri n v bo
tr............................................................................................................................................................. 139
Thc t bin gii gia cc loi khng r rng............................................................................. 139
b.Cc mi trng lp trnh................................................................................................................. 139
Cc mi trng lp trnh c th c nhm li thnh cc lp sau:.............................................. 139
i) Cc mi trng mc nh khi qut.............................................................................................. 139
ii) Cc mi trung hng ngn ng.................................................................................................. 139
Mi trng lp trnh c th c cc cng c sau: .............................................................................. 139
i) Phn mm giao tip my ch - my khch................................................................................... 139
ii) Phn mm bt chc my khch................................................................................................. 139
iii) Cc b bin dch cho.................................................................................................................... 139
iv) Cc cng c th nghim v g li............................................................................................... 139
v) Cc cng c qun l cu hnh........................................................................................................ 139
vi) Cc cng c giao tip..................................................................................................................... 139
c.Bn th CASE.................................................................................................................................... 139
Cc thnh phn in hnh ca bn th CASE l: ............................................................................ 139
i) T l son tho biu ................................................................................................................. 139
ii) Cc tin ch phn tch thit k v kim tra................................................................................. 139
iii) Cc tin ch ngn ng hi............................................................................................................. 139
iv) Cc tin ch t in d liu.......................................................................................................... 139
v) Cc tin ch sinh ra bo co............................................................................................................ 139
vi) Cc cng c to dng cho php vic nh dng mn hnh v t liu l c c t. ..........139
vii) Cc tin ch xut nhp khu....................................................................................................... 139
viii) Tr gip cc b sinh m ct t ng t thit k c trong kho trung tm. ...........................139
Cc h bn th CASE thng ch yu dng d pht trin cc h thng l d liu. C ngi
minh nh mt s cc khim ca bn th CASE nh sau:........................................................ 139
i) N khng thch hp c vi cc cng c chun b t liu khc. Tin ch xut nh p th ng
l gn vi vn bn ASCII.................................................................................................................... 139
ii) Thiu chun ho, trao i thng tin gia cc bn th khc l kh khn hoc khng th......139
15
iii)Thiu tin ch cho php mt kt ni vo mt ng dng hoc lp ng dng. .......................139

iv) Tin ch to ra ti liu cht lng cao thiu tng qut...................................................... 140
v) Tin ch lp biu l chm chp.............................................................................................. 140
3 Phong cch lp trnh......................................................................................................................... 140
3 Phong cch lp trnh......................................................................................................................... 140
Phong cch lp trnh bao hm mt trit l v lp trnh, nhn mnh ti tnh n gi n v r
rng. Cc yu t ca phong cch lp trnh bao gm ti liu (mc ch ng trnh gc) bn trong,
phng php khai bo d liu, xy dng cu lnh, vo/ra............................................................. 140
3.1 Ti liu chng trnh............................................................................................................. 140
3.1 Ti liu chng trnh............................................................................................................. 140
Ti liu bn trong ca chng trnh gc bt u vi vic chn la cc cc tn g i nh danh
(bin v nhn), v tr v thnh phn ca vic ch thch, v cch t ch c tr c quan c a ch ng
trnh........................................................................................................................................................ 140
Vic la chn cc tn gi nh danh/tn chnh l iu kin ch cht cho vi c hiu ch ng
trnh. Nhng ngn ng gi hn tn bin hay nhn ch trong vi k t t n mang ngha m
h. Cho d mt chng trnh nh th mt tn gi c ngha cng lm tng tnh d hiu. Theo
ngn t ca m hnh c php/ng nghi, tn c ngha lm "n gin vic chuyn i t c
php chng trnh sang cu trc ng ngha bn trong".................................................................. 140
R rng l: phn mm phi cha ti liu bn trong. Li ch thch cung cp cho ngi pht
trin mt phng tin truyn thng vi cc c gi khc v chng trnh gc. Li ch thch
c th cung cp mt hng dn r rng d hiu trong pha cui cng ca k ngh ph n mm
l bo tr................................................................................................................................................. 140
C nhiu hng dn c ngh cho vic vit li ch thch. Cc ch thch m u v ch
thch chc nng l hai thnh phn i hi cch tip cn khc nhau:............................................. 140
Li ch thch m u nn xut hin ngay u ca mi modul. nh dng cho li ch thch
nh sau: ................................................................................................................................................. 140
1. Mt pht biu v mc ch ch r chc nng modul.................................................................. 140
2. M t giao din bao gm:............................................................................................................... 140
a) Mt mu "dy li gi" ................................................................................................................. 140
b) M t v mi i tng............................................................................................................... 140
c) Danh sch tt c cc modul thuc cp......................................................................................... 140
3. Tho lun v d liu tng ng (nh cc bin quan trng v nhng hn ch gii hn v
cch dng chng) v cc thng tin quan trng khc.......................................................................... 140
4. Lch s pht trin bao gm: .......................................................................................................... 140
a) Tn ngi thit k modul (tc gi)............................................................................................... 140
b) Tn ngi xt duyt (kim ton) v ngy thng.......................................................................... 140
c) Ngy thng sa i v m t sa i............................................................................................ 140
Cc ch thch chc nng c nhng vo bn trong thn ca chng trnh gc v c dng
m t cho cc hm x l. Bn cnh li ch thch m t nn:................................................ 140
M t cc khi chng trnh thay v ch thch cho tng dng........................................................ 140
Dng dng trng hay tt l cho li ch thch c th c thun tin vi ch ng trnh.....140
Phi ng n: mt li ch thch khng ng hay gy ra hiu sai th cn ti t h n l khng c
ch thch no c..................................................................................................................................... 140
16
Vi nhng tn gi tng trng ng n v vic ch thch tt, vic lm ti liu bn trong thch
hp s c bo m......................................................................................................................... 141
Khi mt thit k th tc chi tit c biu din bng cch dng mt ngn ng thit k
chng trnh th ti liu thit k c th c nhng trc tip vo trong vn bn chng trnh
gc nh nhng cu ch thch. K thut ny c bit c ch khi vic lm ti liu c th c hi n
trong hp ng v gip m bo rng c chng trnh thit k s c bo tr khi nhng thay
i c thc hin cho c hai............................................................................................................ 141
T chc trc quan ca chng trnh gc nh trong bn in l mt ng gp quan trng cho tnh
d c. Vic tt l chng trnh gc ch ra kt cu v khi logic ca ch ng trnh sao cho
nhng thuc tnh ny l thy c so vi l tri. Ging nh vic ch thch, cch tip cn tt
nht l nn m cho tranh lun. Vic tt l th cng c th tr nn ph c tp khi c s sa
i chng trnh v kinh nghim ch ra rng khi tch lu hiu bit th s tng cu ng
c vic l cho khp. C l cch tip cn tt nht l dng b nh dng ch ng trnh t
ng (nh cng c CASE: Visual Basic, Visual Studio, Edit Plus ) s t ng vi c tt l cho
chng tnh gc. Bng cch xo b i gnh nng ca vic lm tt l cho ngi lp trnh, c
th ci thin khun dng chng trnh vi tng i t cng sc............................................... 141
3.2 Khai bo d liu.......................................................................................................................... 141
3.2 Khai bo d liu.......................................................................................................................... 141
phc tp v vic t chc cu trc d liu c xc nh trong bc thit k. Phong cch
khai bo d liu c thit lp khi chng trnh c sinh ra. Mt s hng dn tng i
n gin c th c lp ra lm cho d liu c d hiu hn v n gin hn khi bo
tr............................................................................................................................................................. 141
Th t khai bo d liu nn c chun ho cho d ngn ng lp trnh khng c yu cu bt
buc no v diu . Chng hn, th t khai bo cho mt modul FOTRAN c th l:.............141
1. Mi khai bo tng minh ( c cht lng cao, mi bin u nn khai bo):.....................141
INTEGER, REAL, DOUBLE, PRECISION,..................................................................................... 141
2. Mi khi d liu ton cc: COMMON/tn khi/... ................................................................... 141
3. Mi mng cc b: DIMENSION tn mng v chiu.................................................................. 141
4. Mi khai bo tp: DEFINE, OPEN, CLOSE................................................................................ 141
Th t to ra cc thuc tnh d tm, cho php xc tin kim th , g li v bo tr. ...........141
Khi c nhiu tn bin c khai bo trong mt cu lnh th vic sp xp theo trt t ch ci
cho cc tn gi c cng c gi tr. Tng t, d liu ton cc c nhn (nh khi chung trong
FOTRAN) cng nn c lp th t theo bng ch....................................................................... 141
Nu thit k c m t trc cu trc d liu phc tp th nn ch thch nhng im c th
c hu trong vic ci t ngn ng lp trnh. Chng hn, cu trc d liu danh sch mc n i
trong C hay kiu d liu ngi dng xc nh trong PASCAL c th yu cu ti liu b sung c
cha trong li ch thch ca n........................................................................................................... 141
3.3 Xy dng cu lnh....................................................................................................................... 141
3.3 Xy dng cu lnh....................................................................................................................... 141
Vic xy dng lung logic phn mm c thit lp trong khi thit k vic xy dng tng cu
lnh tuy nhin li l mt phn ca bc lp trnh. Vic xy dng cu lnh nn tun theo mt
qui tc quan trng: mi cu lnh nn n gin v trc tip chng trnh khng nn b xon tt
t tnh hiu qu............................................................................................................................ 141
Nhiu ngn ng lp trnh cho php nhiu cu lnh trn mt dng. Kha cnh tit kim khng
gian ca tnh nng ny kh m bin minh bi tnh kh c ny sinh............................................ 141
Cu trc chng trnh v cc php ton iu kin c cha trong on trn u b che l p
bi cch xy dng nhiu cu lnh trn mt dng............................................................................ 142
17
Cch xy dng cu lnh n v vic tt l minh ho cho cc c trng logic v ch c nng ca

on ny. Cc cu lnh chng trnh gc ring l c th c n gin ho:...........................142
Vic trnh dng cc php kim tra d liu phc tp...................................................................... 142
Kh b cc php kim tra iu kin ph nh................................................................................ 142
Trnh lng nhau nhiu gia cc iu kin hay chu trnh............................................................... 142
Dng du ngoc lm sng t cc biu thc s hc hay logic.................................................... 142
Dng du cch v/hoc cc k hiu d c lm sng t ni dung cu lnh...........................142
Suy ngh: Liu ta c th hiu c iu ny nu ta khng l ngi lp trnh cho n khng?. .142
Tng hng dn trn u c gng "gi cho n gin"................................................................ 142
3.4 Vo/ra............................................................................................................................................. 142
3.4 Vo/ra............................................................................................................................................. 142
Phong cch vo v ra c thit lp trong khi phn tch thit k yu cu ph n mm, khng
phi khi lp trnh. Tuy cch thc vo v ra c ci t c th l c trng xc nh vic c ng
ng ngi s dng chp nhn h thng. Phong cch vo ra s thay i theo mc tng
tc con ngi. Vi vo ra theo l th cch t ch c ci vo logic, kim tra l i vo/ra c ngha, ph c
hi li vo/ra tt v nh dng bo co ra hp l l c trng mong mun. Vi ci vo/ra tng
ng, mt s a vo c hng dn, n gin, vic kim tra li k l ng v ph c hi
chng, ci ra v s nht qun ca nh dng vo ra tr thnh mi quan tm ch yu. ...........142
Bt k ti bn cht theo l hay tng tc ca phn mm, mt s hng dn phong cch
vo/ra nn c xt ti trong khi thit k v lp trnh:.................................................................. 142
Lm hp l mi ci vo....................................................................................................................... 142
Kim tra s tin cy ca cc t hp khon mc vo quan trng................................................... 142
Gi cho nh dng ci vo n gin. ................................................................................................ 142
Dng cc ch bo cui d liu thay v yu cu ngi dng xc nh s cc khon mc .............142
t nhn cho yu cu ci vo tng tc, xc nh chn la c sn hay gn cc gi tr ...............142
Gi cho nh dng ci vo thng nht khi mt ngn ng lp trnh c cc yu cu nh dng
nghim ngt........................................................................................................................................... 142
Phong cch ca vo/ra b nh hng bi nhiu c trng khc nh thit b vo/ra (nh kiu
thit b cui hay trm lm vic, thit b ho my tnh, chut v.v...), ph c tp c a ng i
dng l mi trng truyn thng....................................................................................................... 142
4 Tnh hiu qu................................................................................................................................... 142
4 Tnh hiu qu................................................................................................................................... 142
Trong h thng k ngh tt, c mt khuynh hng t nhin l dng cc ti nguyn ch cht
mt cch hiu qu. Cc chu trnnh b x l v v tr b nh thng c coi nh cc ti nguyn
ch cht. Th nht, tnh hiu qu l mt yu cu hon thin v do nn c thit lp trong
phn tch yu cu phn mm. Th hai l tnh hiu qu c ci thin vi thit k tt. Th ba
l tnh hiu qu ca chng trnh v tnh n gin ca chng trnh i i vi nhau. Ni
chung, khng nn gt b tnh r rng, d c hay tnh ng n ch c c s ci thin
nho nh v tnh hiu qu.................................................................................................................... 142
4.1 K thut lp trnh hng hiu qa......................................................................................... 142
4.1 K thut lp trnh hng hiu qa......................................................................................... 142
Lp trnh l mt ngh th cng. N ph thuc vo k xo c nhn ngi lp trnh, s ch
n cc chi tit v kin thc v vic s dng cc cng c sn c theo cch th c tt nh t. Trong
18
phn ny ch tp trung vo mt vi k thut chuyn bit c dng nhm t c mt h

thng tin cy, kh chuyn v dng li c cc thnh phn. ...................................................... 143
Nhu cu cc h thng ng tin ang tng ln, hin nhin l v cc h th ng my tnh lan
khp ni. Hin thi c hai k thut vit cc chng trnh ng tin: trnh li v th l i ...143
A. Trnh li.......................................................................................................................................... 143
Tt c cc k s phn mm hn u mun lm ra cc ph n mm khng c li. Mt qu trnh
pht trin ch da vo vic pht hin li v kh li ch khng n trnh li l mt qu
trnh cha tht tt................................................................................................................................ 143
Phn mm khng c li ni y l phn mm tun theo ng c t. Ni chung, c th c l i
trong c t hoc c th khng phn nh ng cc nhu cu ca ngi s dng. Vy l ph n
mm khng c li khng nht thit l cc phn mm lun lun hnh x nh ngi dng d
on........................................................................................................................................................ 143
Vic pht trin phn mm khng c li i hi chi ph nhiu. Khi m mt s l i c tho
khi chng trnh th gi c cho vic tm v tho cc li cn li c xu hng tng theo hm s
m. Do d mt t chc c th quyt nh chp nhn mt vi li cn lu li. Tnh v mt gi
c th th rng chu tin chi tr cho cc ph tn ca h thng do cc li gy ra cn h n l i
iu tra v tho g cc li truc khi phn phi. ........................................................................ 143
Trnh li v pht trin phn mm v li da trn:....................................................................... 143
i) Sn phm ca mt c t h thng chnh xc............................................................................ 143
ii) Chp nhn mt cch tip cn thit k phn mm la chn vic che du thng tin v bao
gi thng tin........................................................................................................................................... 143
iii) Tng cung duyt li trong qu trnh pht trin v thm nh h thng ph n mm. ........143
iv) Chp nhn trit l cht lng t chc: cht lng l bnh li ca quy trnh xy dng ph n
mm....................................................................................................................................................... 143
v) Vic lp k hoch cn thn cho vic th nghim h thng trng ra cc li m cc li
ny cha c pht hin trong qu trnh duyt li v nh lng tin cy ca h thng.
................................................................................................................................................................. 143
C hai cch chnh h tr trnh li: .............................................................................................. 143
Lp trnh c cu trc........................................................................................................................... 143
Thut ng ny c t ra t cui nhng nm 60 v c ngha l lp trnh m khng dng goto,
lp trnh ch dng cc vng lp while v cc pht biu if xy dng iu khin v trong thi t
k th dng cch lip cn t trn xung (top down). Vic tha nh n lp trnh c cu trc l
quan trng bi v n l bc u tin bc t cch tip cn khng khun php ti pht trin
phn mm............................................................................................................................................. 143
Lp trnh c cu trc buc ngi lp trnh phi ngh cn thn v chng trnh ca h, v v
vy n t to ra sai lm trong khi pht trin..................................................................................... 143
Lp trnh c cu trc lm cho chng trnh c th c c mt cch tu n t v do d
hiu v d thanh tra. Tuy nhin n ch l bc u tin trong vic lp trnh nh m t tin
cy tt. C mt s cu trc c ch nhng hay dn ti cc li trong h thng nh: cc s th c
du phy ng, con tr, song song, quy, cc ngt, v vy ngi l p trnh nn dng chng
mt cch cn thn. .............................................................................................................................. 143
Phn quyn truy cp d liu ............................................................................................................. 143
Nguyn l an ninh c tha nhn bi cc t chc v trang l mt nguyn l nhu cu bit.
Mi thnh phn chng trnh ch c php truy cp n d liu no cn thit thc hin
chc nng ca n. ................................................................................................................................ 144
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Gio trnh tm tt Cng Ngh Phn Mm

3.1 Giai on xc nh lm ci g ?........................................................................................................ 44

5.6 Xt duyt c t............................................................................................................................... 58

1.3 Qu trnh thit k ............................................................................................................................ 72

3. Thit k hng cu trc................................................................................................................... 89

thi thng tin............................................................................................................................ 99

2.2 Chin lc kim th phn mm................................................................................................. 115

(1) Chng trnh gc c th c chuyn t b x l ny sang b x l khc v t trnh bin

1.5 Ngn ng lp trnh v k ngh phn mm .............................................................................. 134

Ngy nay ch li ca cc ngn ng lp trnh c nh gi khng ch c php v s phng

th nht. Tc l, chng trnh con gi ti hay kch hot bn thn n nh mt ph n ca th

(b)Cc ngn ng chuyn dng: Cc ngn ng chuyn dng c c trng bi cc dng c

u im ca cch thc my ch - my khch l cc tin ch v cc thnh ph n cho ngi pht

iii)Thiu tin ch cho php mt kt ni vo mt ng dng hoc lp ng dng. .......................139

Cch xy dng cu lnh n v vic tt l minh ho cho cc c trng logic v ch c nng ca

phn ny ch tp trung vo mt vi k thut chuyn bit c dng nhm t c mt h

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