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Interconnecting
Networks with
TCP/IP
1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 2002 Recopilado por Diego Pinzn
Objectives
Upon completion of this chapter you will
be able to perform the following tasks:
Identify the IP protocol stack, its protocol layer
functions, and commonly used IP protocols
Identify IP address classes, IP addresses, IP subnet
masks, IP network numbers, subnet numbers, and
possible host numbers.
Configure IP addresses and subnet masks on a
router interface and optionally configure a host table.
Interconnect the VLANs with a layer three device
such as a router on a stick.
1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 2002 Recopilado por Diego Pinzn
Introduction to TCP/IP
Host Host
Internet
TCP/IP
7 Application
6 Presentation 5
Application
5 Session
4
4 Transport Transport
3
3 Network Internet
2
2 Data Link Data Link
1
1 Physical Physical
File Transfer
- TFTP *
- FTP *
- NFS
E-Mail
Application - SMTP
Remote Login
- Telnet *
- rlogin *
Transport Network Management
- SNMP *
Internet Name Management
- DNS*
Data Link
Data Link
Physical
Options (0 or 32 if any)
Data (varies)
F T S D T S R
Application T E M N F N I
Layer P L T S T M P
N P P P
E
T
Source Dest.
Port Port
Telnet Z
Host A Host Z
Send SYN
1 (seq=100 ctl=SYN)
SYN received
Send SYN
1 (seq=100 ctl=SYN)
SYN received
Send SYN
1 (seq=100 ctl=SYN)
SYN received
Window size = 1
1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 2002 Recopilado por Diego Pinzn
TCP Simple Acknowledgment
Sender Receiver
Send 1
Receive 1
Window size = 1
1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 2002 Recopilado por Diego Pinzn
TCP Simple Acknowledgment
Sender Receiver
Send 1
Receive 1
Send ACK 2
Receive ACK 2
Window size = 1
1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 2002 Recopilado por Diego Pinzn
TCP Simple Acknowledgment
Sender Receiver
Send 1
Receive 1
Send ACK 2
Receive ACK 2
Send 2
Receive 2
Window size = 1
1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 2002 Recopilado por Diego Pinzn
TCP Simple Acknowledgment
Sender Receiver
Send 1
Receive 1
Send ACK 2
Receive ACK 2
Send 2
Receive 2
Send ACK 3
Receive ACK 3
Window size = 1
1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 2002 Recopilado por Diego Pinzn
TCP Simple Acknowledgment
Sender Receiver
Send 1
Receive 1
Send ACK 2
Receive ACK 2
Send 2
Receive 2
Send ACK 3
Receive ACK 3
Send 3
Receive 3
Window size = 1
1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 2002 Recopilado por Diego Pinzn
TCP Simple Acknowledgment
Sender Receiver
Send 1
Receive 1
Send ACK 2
Receive ACK 2
Send 2
Receive 2
Send ACK 3
Receive ACK 3
Send 3
Receive 3
Window size = 1
1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 2002 Recopilado por Diego Pinzn
TCP Sequence and
Acknowledgment Numbers
Source Dest. Sequence Acknowledgement
Port Port # #
I just
sent #10.
I just
sent #10. I just got #10,
now I need #11.
I just
sent #11. I just got #10,
now I need #11.
I just
sent #11. I just got #11,
now I need #12.
Sender Receiver
Window size = 3
Sender Send 1 Receiver
Window size = 3
Send 2
Window size = 3
Send 3
Window size = 3
Sender Send 1 Receiver
Window size = 3
Send 2
Window size = 3
Send 3
ACK 3 Packet 3 is
Window size = 2 Dropped
Window size = 3
Sender Send 1 Receiver
Window size = 3
Send 2
Window size = 3
Send 3
ACK 3 Packet 3 is
Window size = 2 Dropped
Window size = 3
Send 3
Window size = 3
Send 4
Window size = 3
Sender Send 1 Receiver
Window size = 3
Send 2
Window size = 3
Send 3
ACK 3 Packet 3 is
Window size = 2 Dropped
Window size = 3
Send 3
Window size = 3
Send 4
ACK 5
Window size = 2
Options (0 or 32 if any)
Transport
TCP UDP
Layer
6 17 Protocol
Numbers
Internet
Layer IP
Application
Transport Destination
1 Unreachable
ICMP
Echo (Ping)
Internet
Other
Data Link
Physical
I need the
Ethernet
address of
176.16.3.2.
172.16.3.1 172.16.3.2
I need the
I heard that broadcast.
Ethernet
The message is for me.
address of
Here is my Ethernet
176.16.3.2.
address.
172.16.3.1 172.16.3.2
I need the
I heard that broadcast.
Ethernet
The message is for me.
address of
Here is my Ethernet
176.16.3.2.
address.
172.16.3.1 172.16.3.2
IP: 172.16.3.2
Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111
I need the
I heard that broadcast.
Ethernet
The message is for me.
address of
Here is my Ethernet
176.16.3.2.
address.
172.16.3.1 172.16.3.2
IP: 172.16.3.2
Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111
Map IP Ethernet
Local ARP
1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 2002 Recopilado por Diego Pinzn
Reverse ARP
What is
my IP
address?
I heard that
broadcast.
What is
Your IP
my IP
address is
address?
172.16.3.25.
I heard that
broadcast.
What is
Your IP
my IP
address is
address?
172.16.3.25.
Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111
IP: 172.16.3.25
I heard that
broadcast.
What is
Your IP
my IP
address is
address?
172.16.3.25.
Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111
IP: 172.16.3.25
Map Ethernet IP
172.18.0.1 172.16.0.1
172.18.0.2 172.16.0.2
HDR SADA DATA
10.13.0.0 192.168.1.0
10.13.0.1 172.17.0.1 172.17.0.2 192.168.1.1
8
128
64
32
16
4
2
1
8
128
64
32
16
4
2
1
4
8
64
32
16
8
2
1
64
32
16
4
2
1
128
128
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
64
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
32
16
8
4
2
1
128
128
Example
Decimal 172 16 122 204
Example 10101100 00010000 01111010 11001100
Binary
1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 2002 Recopilado por Diego Pinzn
IP Address Classes
Class D: Multicast
Class E: Research
Bits: 1 8 9 16 17 24 25 32
0NNNNNNN Host Host Host
Class A:
Range (1-126)
Bits: 1 8 9 16 17 24 25 32
10NNNNNN Network Host Host
Class B:
Range (128-191)
1 8 9 16 17 24 25 32
Bits:
110NNNNN Network Network Host
Class C:
Range (192-223)
1 8 9 16 17 24 25 32
Bits:
1110MMMM Multicast Group Multicast Group Multicast Group
Class D:
Range (224-239)
1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 2002 Recopilado por Diego Pinzn
Host Addresses
172.16.2.1 10.1.1.1
10.6.24.2
E1
172.16.3.10 E0 10.250.8.11
172.16.2.1
172.16.12.12 10.180.30.118
Routing Table
172.16 . 12 . 12 Network Interface
Network Host 172.16.0.0 E0
10.0.0.0 E1
1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 2002 Recopilado por Diego Pinzn
Determining Available Host
Addresses
Network Host
172 16 0 0
N
1
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
10101100 00010000 00000000 00000000 1
00000000 00000001 2
00000000 00000011 3
...
...
...
11111111 11111101 65534
11111111 11111110 65535
11111111 11111111 65536
- 2
2N-2 = 216-2 = 65534 65534
1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 2002 Recopilado por Diego Pinzn
IP Address Classes Exercise
10.2.1.1
128.63.2.100
201.222.5.64
192.6.141.2
130.113.64.16
256.241.201.10
256.241.201.10 Nonexistent
...
172.16.0.0
Network 172.16.0.0
1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 2002 Recopilado por Diego Pinzn
Addressing with Subnets
172.16.3.0
172.16.4.0
172.16.1.0 172.16.2.0
Network 172.16.0.0
1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 2002 Recopilado por Diego Pinzn
Subnet Addressing
172.16.2.200 172.16.3.5
172.16.3.1
E1
172.16.2.2 E0 172.16.3.100
172.16.2.1
172.16.2.160 172.16.3.150
172.16.2.200 172.16.3.5
172.16.3.1
E1
172.16.2.2 E0 172.16.3.100
172.16.2.1
172.16.2.160 172.16.3.150
IP
Address
172 16 0 0
Network Host
Default
Subnet
Mask
255 255 0 0
11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000
Also written as /16 where 16 represents the number of 1s
in the mask.
Network Subnet Host
8-bit
Subnet 255 255 255 0
Mask
Also written as /24 where 24 represents the number of 1s
in the mask.
1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 2002 Recopilado por Diego Pinzn
Decimal Equivalents of Bit
Patterns
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 128
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 192
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 = 224
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 = 240
1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 = 248
1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 = 252
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 = 254
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 255
Network Host
Network
172 16 0 0
Number
128
192
224
240
248
252
254
255
Network
Number 172 16 2 0
128
192
224
240
248
252
254
255
128
192
224
240
248
252
254
255
Network
Number 172 16 2 128
172.16.2.10 255.255.255.0
10.6.24.20 255.255.240.0
10.30.36.12 255.255.255.0
172.16.3.0
172.16.4.0
172.16.1.0
172.16.3.255 172.16.2.0
(Directed broadcast)
255.255.255.255
(Local network broadcast)
X
172.16.255.255
(All subnets broadcast)
1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 2002 Recopilado por Diego Pinzn
Addressing Summary
Example
172 16 2 160
255.255.255.192 Mask
Subnet 4
Broadcast
First
Last
Subnet
Broadcast
First
Last
Subnet
Broadcast
First
Last 7
10000000 Subnet 4
Broadcast
First
Last
10000000 Subnet 4
10111111 Broadcast
5
First 6
Last
10000000 Subnet 4
10111111 Broadcast
5
10000001 First 6
Last
10000000 Subnet 4
10111111 Broadcast
5
10000001 First 6
10111110 Last 7
20 subnets
5 hosts per subnet
Class C address:
192.168.5.0
192.168.5.16
Other
subnets
192.168.5.32 192.168.5.48
201.222.10.60 255.255.255.248
15.16.193.6 255.255.248.0
128.16.32.13 255.255.255.252
153.50.6.27 255.255.255.128
Router(config-line)#ip netmask-format
{bitcount | decimal | hexadecimal}
Router(config)#ip domain-lookup
Router(config)#end
Router#pat
Translating pat"...domain server (255.255.255.255)
% Unknown command or computer name, or unable to find computer address
Router#config t
Router(config)#no ip domain-lookup
Router(config)#end
Router#pat
Translating pat"
% Unknown command or computer name, or unable to find computer address
Router#
Router#show hosts
Default domain is not set
Name/address lookup uses domain service
Name servers are 255.255.255.255
VLAN 1 VLAN 2
Application
TCP
IP
10.1.1.2 10.2.2.2
ISL
Ethernet
FastEthernet 0/0
FastEthernet 0/0.1
FastEthernet 0/0.2
FastEthernet 0/0.3
VLAN 1 VLAN 2
ISL S0
172.16.1.1
172.16.1.2
VLAN 1 VLAN 2
TCP
interface Serial0 IP
ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.255.0
HDLC
Serial
fa0/23 ...
fa0/1 fa0/12 fa0/12 fa0/1
fa0/24 fa0/13 fa0/13