Crank Arm Static Test

Experimental ANSYS Model

Set-up

Pre-Analysis

1. Mathematical model
2. Numerical solution procedure
3. Hand-calculations of expected results/trends

1
 Mathematical Model
1. Governing
equations defined
in a domain
2. Boundary
conditions defined
at the edges of the
domain
These types of
models are called
Boundary Value
Problems

Mathematical Model: Governing Equations

Physical principle: Equilibrium of 3D Differential Equations of
infinitesimal element Equilibrium
= or = 0
+ + + =0

+ + + =0

+ + + =0

3 eqs.: Force balance in x, y, z directions

6 unknown fields: , , , , ,
Need additional equations

2
Additional Equations: 3D Hookes Law
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
= 0 12 0 0
(1 + )(1 2 ) 0 0
0 0 0 0 12 0
0 0 0 0 0 12
sz

tzy
tzx tyz
txz sy
txy
tyx
sx

Additional Equations: Strain-Displacement Relations

= = =

= + = + = +

3
Mathematical Model: Equations Summary
Equations
3: Force balance on infinitesimal
element in x, y, z directions
6: 3D Hookes law
6: Strain-displacement relations
Unknown fields
6 stress components:
, , , , ,
6 strain components:
, , , , ,
3 displacement components: , ,

Traction at the Boundary

=
=

4
Mathematical Model: Boundary Conditions
At every point on the boundary, the
displacement or traction has to be
defined
Normal as well as tangential directions

Numerical Solution Strategy: Finite-Element Method

Divide domain into
elements
Reduce the problem
to determining
displacement values
only at nodes ( , , )
Use polynomial
interpolation to relate
displacements at any
point within an element
to its nodal
displacements

5
 How to Find Nodal Displacements?
Mathematical Model Set of algebraic Invert Nodal
(Boundary Value equations in nodal displacements
Problem) displacements , ,
Post
Piecewise ={ }
processing
polynomial
approximation for u , , etc.
, , , , etc.

Each algebraic
equation will relate a
nodal displacement
to its neighbors

How to Derive System of Algebraic Equations?

Piecewise polynomial
Piecewise polynomial approximation for displ.
approximation for
displacements Special Weighted Integral
Weighted
Form
Integral Form
=0
Governing eq. + =0
( , , z) is an
BCs ( , , z) is an
arbitrary piecewise
=0 arbitrary function
polynomial function

Set of algebraic eqs

in nodal
displacements + + + =0 Set of algebraic eqs in
nodal displacements

6
Euler-Bernoulli Beam Theory

Crank Pre-Analysis: Hand Calculations

This loading condition looks
like a beam in bending
E-B beam theory: For
B
constant cross-section,
= A
Can extend to varying cross-
section if rate of variation is
small
( )
= At A, = 14,300
( )
At B, = 14,300

7
 Crank V&V: Verification Steps

Check that solution agrees with mathematical

model
Are boundary conditions on displacement and
traction satisfied?
Is equilibrium satisfied?
Check that numerical error is acceptable
Are ANSYS results reasonably independent of
mesh?
Check comparison with hand calculations for
bending stress

Validation

Strain Beam ANSYS Expt. % diff.

gauge theory
Rosette 1 317 311 351 6 11
Center