1

Atmospheric
Correc.on
of
MASTER
Data
For
The
Visible,
Infrared,

And
Short
Wave
Infrared
Spectrum

July
27,
2010 


Paul
Zunkel

Minnesota
State
University


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 Overview










 2

•  Introduc.on

•  Background
informa.on

•  Process

•  Results

•  Conclusion


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 Introduc.on



Atmospheric
Correc.on
 3

•  Remotely
sensed
imagery
is
used
for
developing
and
valida.ng
studies

involving
land
cover
dynamics


•  Imagery
 collected
 by
 remote
 sensing
 is
 oQen
 contaminated
 by


atmospheric
 absorp.on
 and
 scaRering
 of
 radia.on
 from
 the
 earth’s

surface



•  The
 objec.ve
 of
 atmospheric
 correc.on
 is
 to
 retrieve
 surface


reflectance
 (that
 characterizes
 the
 surface
 proper.es)
 by
 removing

atmospheric
contaminants


•  Once
 completed,
 atmospheric
 correc.on
 significantly
 improves
 the


accuracy
 of
 image
 classifica.on
 and
 analyses,
 and
 provides
 accurate

data
for
future
work


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 4

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 Background
Informa.on



Dropping
Some
Knowledge
 5

•  On
 June
 28,
 2010
 ET
 (Evapotranspira.on)
 group
 arrived
 in
 Lost
 Hills,

CA
to
conduct
field
studies
in
an
almond
and
pistachio
orchard


•  On
 June
 29,
 2010
 and
 July
 1,
 2010
 the
 DC‐8
 aircraQ
 took
 MASTER

(MODIS/ASTER)
 data
 over
 the
 orchard,
 two
 flyovers
 were
 completed

for
each
day
crea.ng
four
images

•  June
29th


•  First
flyover
eleva.on:
13,117
feet

•  Second
flyover
eleva.on:
13,061
feet

•  
July
1st


•  First
flyover
eleva.on:
12,946
feet

•  Second
flyover
eleva.on:
12,930
feet



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 Background
Informa.on



Dropping
Some
Knowledge
 6

•  Fast
Line‐of‐sight
Atmospheric
Analysis
of
Spectral
Hypercubes
(FLAASH)
is

one
of
the
tools
needed
for
atmospheric
correc.on

•  FLAASH
 calculates
 the
 surface
 reflectance
 derived
 from
 several

atmospheric
proper.es

•  FLAASH
is
derived
from
the
equa.on


L*
=
Aρ/(1‐ρeS)
+
Bρe/(1‐ρeS)
+
L*a

•  L*
is
the
spectral
radiance
at
a
sensor
pixel

•  ρ
is
the
pixel
surface
reflectance


•  ρe
 is
 a
 surface
 reflectance
 averaged
 over
 the
 pixel
 and
 a
 surrounding

region

•  S
is
the
spherical
albedo
of
the
atmosphere


•  L*a
is
the
radiance
backscaRered
by
the
atmosphere

•  A
 &
 B
 are
 coefficients
 that
 depend
 on
 geometric
 and
 atmospheric

condi.ons



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 Band
 Wavelength

μm
 Band
 Wavelength

μm

7
Band
1
 .4680
 Band
14
 1.7200


Band
2
 .5080
 Band
15
 1.7760


Band
3
 .5480
 Band
16
 1.8260


Band
4
 .5860
 Band
17
 1.8780


Band
5

 .6580
 Band
18
 1.9340


Band
6
 .7140
 Band
19
 1.9800


Band
7
 .7560
 Band
20
 2.0820


Band
8
 .8060
 Band
21
 2.1640


Band
9
 .8720
 Band
22
 2.2140


Band
10
 .9120
 Band
23
 2.2620


Band
11
 .9520
 Band
24
 2.3240


Band
12
 1.6060
 Band
25
 2.3920


Band
13

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1.6680

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 Process



Down
The
Rabbit
Hole
 8

•  Four
 glt
 georeferenced
 images
 were
 put
 on
 the
 server
 (Qp://
128.200.78.4/SARP‐2010/)

•  These
 images
 were
 later
 reduced
 to
 the
 study
 area
 for
 faster

computa.on


•  The
VNIR
and
SWIR
bands
in
the
spectrum
occupy
the
first
twenty
five

bands,
the
last
twenty
five
were
not
needed

•  Resize
Data
(Spa.al/Spectral)
tool
in
ENVI


•  When
analyzed,
using
ENVI,
several
spectral
bands
were
found
to
have

been
altered
by
atmospheric
disturbances

•  Bands:
11,
16,
17,
18,
19,
and
25


•  Since
ENVI
cannot
run
FLAASH
using
image
files
or
BSQ
files,
those
files

needed
to
be
converted
to
BIL
to
become
useable


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 Process



Down
The
Rabbit
Hole
 9

•  Four
 glt
 georeferenced
 images
 were
 put
 on
 the
 server
 (Qp://
128.200.78.4/SARP‐2010/)

•  Images
were
taken
using
master
from
the
DC‐8
aircraQ


•  Two
images
were
taken
during
the
flyover
on
06‐29‐2010

•  Two
images
were
taken
during
the
flyover
on
07‐01‐2010


•  When
analyzed,
using
ENVI,
several
spectral
bands
were
found
to
have

been
altered
by
atmospheric
disturbances

•  Bands:
11,
16,
17,
18,
19,
and
25


•  The
 visible
 and
 near
 infrared
 bands
 in
 the
 spectra
 occupy
 the
 first

twenty
five
bands,
the
last
twenty
five
were
not
needed

•  Resize
Data
(Spa.al/Spectral)
tool
in
ENVI


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 10

Light Source

Vegetation Source Dark Source

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 Process



Down
The
Rabbit
Hole
 11

•  Many
variables
are
needed
for
FLAASH
atmospheric
correc.on

•  Input
file

•  Output
file


•  Output
directory
file


•  Rootname
for
files


•  La.tude


•  Longitude



•  Sensor
al.tude


•  Ground
eleva.on


•  Pixel
size

•  Flight
.me


•  Flight
date


•  Atmospheric
model


•  Aerosol
retrieval


•  Water
absorp.on



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 Process



Down
The
Rabbit
Hole
 12

•  Flaash
(Fast
Line‐of‐sight
Atmospheric
Analysis
of
Spectral
Hypercubes)


•  The
 visible
 and
 near
 infrared
 bands
 in
 the
 spectra
 occupy
 the
 first

twenty
five
bands,
the
last
twenty
five
were
not
needed

•  Resize
Data
(Spa.al/Spectral)
tool
in
ENVI


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 Process



Down
The
Rabbit
Hole
 13

•  Data
inputs
for
FLAASH
atmospheric
calibra.on
on
July
1,
2010


•  Input
radiance
image:
SARP_01_20100701_VNIR

•  Output
reflectance
file:
20100701_01_ORF_VNIR

•  Output
directory
file:
Tes.ng_flaash

•  Rootname
for
FLAASH
file:
flaash_20100701_01__VNIR

•  La.tude:
35.99300003

•  Longitude:
‐119.93300229

•  Flight
.me:
19:15:05

•  Sensor
al.tude:
3.946
km

•  Ground
eleva.on:
0.093
km

•  Pixel
size:
5.700


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 Process



Down
The
Rabbit
Hole
 14

•  Flaash
 is
 the
 acronym
 for
 Fast
 Line‐of‐sight
 Atmospheric
 Analysis
 of

Spectral
 Hypercubes
 and
 is
 one
 of
 the
 tools
 needed
 for
 atmospheric

calibra.on

•  Many
variables
are
needed
for
flaash
atmospheric
correc.on

•  Input
 file,
 output
 file,
 output
 directory
 file,
 rootname
 for
 files,

la.tude,
longitude,

sensor
al.tude,
ground
eleva.on,
pixel
size,
flight

.me,
 flight
 date,
 atmospheric
 model,
 aerosol
 retrieval,
 and
 water

absorp.on.


•  Primary
tests
of
flash
were
not
successful

•  Several
files
were
needed
for
program
to
work

•  Correct
filter
func.on
file
was
created
for
successful
run
of
flaash

•  Paul
finish
this
slide!************************


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 Process



Down
The
Rabbit
Hole
 15

•  Primary
tests
of
FLAASH
were
not
successful


•  Several
files
were
needed
for
program
to
work

•  Correct
 filter
 func.on
 file
 was
 created
 for
 successful
 run
 of

FLAASH



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 Process



Down
The
Rabbit
Hole
 16

•  Aerosol
calcula.on
was
primarily
trial
and
error


•  AQer
 many
 failures
 a
 correct
 way
 to
 calculate
 aerosol
 retrieval
 was

found

•  Mul.spectral
setng

•  Channel
defini.ons:
GUI
(Graphical
User
Interface)

•  Kaufman‐Tanre
Aerosol
Retrieval

•  Default
 values
 based
 on
 ‘Over
 land
 retrieval

standard’
(660‐2100
nm)

•  Upper
channel:
Band
21

•  Lower
Channel:
Band
5


•  With
parameters
set
FLAASH
converted
radiance
to
reflectance


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 17

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 Process



Down
The
Rabbit
Hole
 18

•  With
FLAASH
completed
the
next
step
was
to
compute
empirical
line
correc.on


•  Empirical
line
correc.on
assumes
that
within
an
image
are
several
targets
with

different
 reflectances
 covering
 a
 wide
 range
 of
 reflectance
 values
 for
 the

wavebands
being
used



•  The
 reflectance
 spectra
 of
 each
 of
 the
 calibra.on
 targets
 is
 measured
 on
 the

ground
with
a
field
spectrometer,
ET
used
the
ASD
(Analy.cal
Spectral
Devices)

Field
Spec
Pro
FR
(full‐range),
then
calibrated
to
the
sensor
image


•  The
 radiance
 recorded
 by
 the
 sensor
 for
 each
 calibra.on
 target
 is
 extracted

from
 the
 remotely
 sensed
 data.
 The
 radiance
 and
 the
 reflectance
 for
 the

calibra.on
 target
 is
 compared
 and
 an
 equa.on
 predicts
 reflectance
 from

radiance


•  The
 equa.on,
 which
 aRempt
 to
 remove
 both
 illumina.on
 and
 atmospheric

effects,
 is
 then
 applied
 to
 the
 remotely
 sensed
 data
 to
 produce
 an
 image
 in

units
of
reflectance


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 Process



Down
The
Rabbit
Hole
 19

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 Process



Down
The
Rabbit
Hole
 20

•  Calcula.ng
 Regions
 of
 Interest
 (ROI)
 was
 another
 step
 needed
 for

atmospheric
correc.on


•  ROI
is
the
process
of
loca.ng
a
polygon,
line,
or
point
that
has
been
drawn

by
the
user
for
the
purpose
of
compu.ng
sta.s.cs,
classifica.on,
etc.


•  For
atmospheric
correc.on,
the
purpose
of
ROI
was
to
iden.fy
the
three

specific
research
sites

•  Gravel
lot,
tarred
lot,
and
water
pond


•  The
points
used
as
ROI
needed
to
be
compared
to
data
gathered
from
the

ground
at
each
study
site

•  Spectral
 data
 for
 each
 study
 site
 was
 taken
 with
 a
 ASD
 (Analy.cal

Spectral
Device)
Field
Spec
Pro
FR
(full‐range)


•  For
empirical
line
correc.on
ROI
data
is
matched
with
field
spectra
data


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 21

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 22

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Results
 Light Source
23

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Results
 Dark Source
24

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Results
 Vegetation Source
25

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 Conclusion




What
Did
We
Learn
 26

•  There
 were
 several
 problems
 that
 were
 encountered
 when
 trying
 to

correct
the
MASTER
data

•  While
 aerosol
 retrieval
 worked
 with
 FLAASH,
 water
 retrieval
 did

not

•  Some
of
the
data
that
was
collected
became
corrupt
and
was
not

able
to
be
used


•  Overall,
the
results
came
out
quite
good


•  The
 regions
 of
 interest
 along
 with
 the
 spectral
 data
 collected
 in
 the

field
 provided
 accurate
 results
 when
 using
 empirical
 line
 correc.on.

The
corrected
MASTER
data
provided
accurate
data
to
the
rest
of
the

ET
 group
 so
 they
 could
 compute
 beRer
 results
 for
 their
 individual

projects


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 References
 27

•  Smith,
Geoffrey
M.;
Milton,
Edward
J..
"The
Use
Of
The
Empirical
Line
Method

to
Calibrate
Remotely
Sensed
Data
to
Reflectance"
Interna.onal
Journal
of

Remote
Sensing
20.13
(1999).
22
Jul.
2010

<
hRp://www.informaworld.com/10.1080/014311699211994
>


•  A.F.
Kruse.
"
Comparison
Of
ATREM,
ACORN,
and
FLAASH
Atmospheric

Correc.ons
Using
Low‐Al.tude
AVIRIS
Data
Of
Boulder"
13th
JPL
Airborne

Geoscience
Workshop
(2004).
22
Jul.
2010



<hRp://www.hgimaging.com/PDF/Kruse‐JPL2004_ATM_Compare.pdf>


•  MaRhew,
Michael
W.;
Adler‐Golden,
Steven
M..
"Atmospheric
Correc.on
Of

Spectral
Imagery:
Evalua.on
Of
The
FLAASH
Algorithm
With
AVIRIS
Data"
31st

Applied
Imagery
PaRern
Recogni.on
Workshop
(2002).
22
Jul.
2010


<hRp://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=01182270>


•  Clinton,
Nick.
"EMR
In
The
Atmosphere"
9
Jul.
2010


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 Acknowledgements





Thank
You
 28

•  NASA

•  NSERC

•  SARP

•  Shawn
Kefauver

•  Dr.
Nick
Clinton

•  Dr.
Susan
Us.n

•  ET
Group


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 Ques.ons
 29
Ques<ons?

Ques<ons?

•  Ques.ons?


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