The Higher Center Pons with CN V jaw jerk, corneal reflex, tearing, sneezing,

(Felipe C. Barbon, MD) sucking, chewing

Spinal Cord
Other CNs associated with the pons are VI, VII and part of VIII
Cervical = 8
Thoracic = 12 Cerebellum feed-forward regulation of motor activity
Lumbar = 5
Sacral = 5
Coccygeal = 1

Spinal Cord Section

Center for reflex actions

Somatic and autonomic afferent pathways

Diencephalon
Somatic and autonomic efferent pathways
Thalamus sensory and motor relay to the cerebral cortex
Provides communicating branches for the autonomic nervous
system
Hypothalamus autonomic and endocrine control
Center for micturition and defecation

Exerts tonic influence on muscles

Involve in the execution of motor commands

Brain

5 Regions
Myelencephalon
Metencephalon
Mesencephalon
Diencephalon
Telencephalon
Hypothalamus
Myelencephalon
Paraventricular and supraoptic ADH and OXY
Medulla control of visceral functions and brainstem reflexes
Dorso and ventromedial nuclei food intake; control of aggression
Cranila nerves mostly associated with the medulla are the XII, X, IX
and part of V and VII Pre-optic; anterior and posterior hypothalamus thermoregulation

Brainstem reflexes gustatory, gag, cough, baroreceptor, Posterior hypothalamus sleep/wake cycle and consciousness
chemoreceptor, vomiting
Suprachiasmatic n. circadian rhythms
Pons and Cerebellum respiratory and urinary bladder control;
vestibular control of eye movement Mammillary body short-term memory

Arcuate n. source of releasing hormones

1 Shannen Kaye B. Apolinario, RMT

Hypothalamus (Head Ganglion of the ANS) Cerebral Cortex

Regulation of cardiovascular system Frontal

Parietal
Regulation of the respiratory system Temporal
Occipital
Body water and electrolyte balance Limbic

Regulates water and food intake

Regulates GI secretory activities Frontal Lobe

Regulates hypophysial secretion sexual and maternal/paternal Primary motor area Brodmann area 4
behaviour (reproduction)
Premotor area Brodmann area 6
Emotions (fear and rage)
Area for word formation (Brocas area) Brodmann area 44
Regulation of body temperature
Area controlling eyelids and eyes Brodmann area 8

Telencephalon

Basal Ganglia motor control (feedback) regulation corrects

and evaluates movement as they happen. Participate in movement
control especially in the initiation of movement and also support of
on going movement

Cerebral Cortex sensory perception, memory and learning,

behaviour and emotions, motor planning and voluntary movements

Olfactory Cortex

*** Functionally related to: Subthalamic nucleus and Substantia nigra

Parietal Lobe

Somatic sensory area I Brodmann areas 1, 2 and 3

Somatic sensory area II at the superior wall of the sylvian fissure

2 Shannen Kaye B. Apolinario, RMT
 Other Association Areas
Somatic sensory association areas Brodmann areas 5 and 7

o Posterior Parietal cortex

Gustatory Sense

Gustation does not have a specific cortical area but is represented in

the portion of the post-central gyrus concerned with cutaneous
senses from the face

Posterior Parietal Association Areas

Occipito-parieto temporal areas

o Spatial coordination of body parts and surroundings

o Language comprehension (Wernickes area)

o Processing of visual language (reading)

o Naming of persons/objects

Temporal Lobe
Pre-frontal Association Areas
Primary auditory cortex Brodmann areas 41 and 42
Plan complex patterns and sequence of motor activities
Auditory association area Brodmann area 22 and 43
Prognostication

Planning for the future

Occipital Lobe
Correlation
Primary visual cortex Brodmann area 17
Conscience
Visual association area Brodmann area 18
Do activities in accord with existing moral laws

Solve complicated mathematical, legal or philosophical problems

Decision making to do the best course of action in response to a

sensation

Primary centers Idiotypic areas

Association areas Homotypic areas

Injuries agnosia

3 Shannen Kaye B. Apolinario, RMT

Limbic System Reward Centers

The allocortex and juxtallocortex Located along the course of the medial forebrain, nucleus
accumbens:
Major connections to the hippocampal system, olfactory tract and
amygdala o Lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus

Along with the hypothalamus concerned with sexual behaviour, o Ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus
emotions (rage/fear and satisfaction) and motivation
Septum
Prolonged after-discharge following stimulation so activities
associated with hypothalamic functions are not easily turned on and Some areas in the amygdala
off at will
Thalamus

Basal ganglia

Basal tegmentum of the mesencephalon

Strong stimulation of the reward centers placidity / tameness /

pleasurable sensations

Activated by agents like amphetamine, alcohol, nicotine, morphine,

heroin, and cocaine increases dopamine acting on D2 receptors
addiction

Long term intake of these agents leads to tolerance, need to increase

amount of agents taken

Punishment Centers

Central gray area around the aqueduct of Sylvius (mesencephalon)

extending upward into the periventricular zones of hypothalamus
and thalamus

Some areas in the amygdala

Hippocampus

Strong stimulation of the punishment centers rage reaction

Activated by agents that block post-synaptic D2 dopaminergic

receptors

Activation of the rostral areas (midline pre-optic areas) fear and

anxiety

Destruction of the areas loss of fear, tame, forgetful, extreme

*** Atrophy of the hippocampus Alzheimers disease and Senile Dementia curiosity, excessive sex drives

Seen in bitemporal lobectomies with removal of some limbic

structures (amygdala) [Kluver-Bucy Syndrome]
Alzheimers Disease

Progressive loss of short-term (episodic) memories followed by

general loss of cognitive function death

Atrophy of the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex

Loss of cholinergic and other neurons in the cerebral cortex, and

severe loss of cholinergic neurons in the nucleus basalis of Meynert
(basal forebrain)

Present in 17% of the population aged 65-69; 40-50% in aged 95

and above

Similar problem in elderly is called senile dementia of the Alzheimer

type which is always attributed to vascular disorders

4 Shannen Kaye B. Apolinario, RMT

Cerebral Hemispheres
Uses imagery, colors
Activity in the two hemispheres is coordinated by interconnections
through the cerebral commisures Open-ended unlimited

Bulk of the neocortex is interconnected through the corpus callosum

Cerebral Dominance Hemisphere Dominance Handedness

Dominant (Categorical) Hemisphere In 96% of right handed the dominant hemisphere is the left

o For sequential and analytical processes In 15% of left handed the dominant hemisphere is the right

o Main language center In 15% of left handed there is no clear lateralization

o Center for calculation In 70% of left handed the dominant hemisphere is the left

o Expressing ideas in speech and writing

o Understanding printed and spoken words Cortical Areas Language

o Stereognosis Wernickes area comprehension of auditory and visual
information
***Dominance appears at about 5-7 years of age
Brocas area essential for vocalization
Non-dominant (representational) Hemisphere
Arcuate fasciculus (parietal operculum) connects the Wernickes
o Spatiotemporal relations
to Brocas area
o Simple language comprehension
Angular gyrus processes information from words that are read
o Stereognosis
Injuries aphasia
o Non-verbal ideation

o Recognition of faces

o Identification of objects by their form

Protection of the CNS
o Appreciation of art/music/tones
Bones (skull and vertebrae)
o Interpretation of body language
Meninges

Cerebrospinal fluid
In a right handed person

LEFT Brain

Logical math

Analytic does things part by part

Computational

Sequential one at a time

Factual

Insular works within a given parameter

RIGHT Brain

Imaginative

Synthetic arranges parts to form the whole

Delight yourself in the Lord and He will give you the desires of your
heart.
Intuitional
-Psalms 37:4
Holistic all tasks at once
GOD BLESS YOU!

5 Shannen Kaye B. Apolinario, RMT