DAFTAR ISI

HALAMAN PERSETUJUAN.....................................................................

..i

DAFTAR ISI.................................................................................................

.ii

DAFTAR TABEL.........................................................................................

iii

DAFTAR GAMBAR....................................................................................

iv

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN................................................................................

.v

BAB I PENDAHULUAN............................................................................

1.1 Latar Belakang

...........................................................................................................

1.2 Perumusan Masalah.......................................................................

1.3 Tujuan Penelitian

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1.3.1 Tujuan Umum......................................................................

1.3.2 Tujuan Khusus.....................................................................

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 1.4 Manfaat Penelitian
.........................................................................................................

BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA.................................................................

2.1 Pencemaran Udara

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2.2 Sumber Pencemar Udara Primer dan Sekunder

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2.2.1 Sumber Pencemar Udara Primer.........................................

2.2.2 Sumber Pencemar Udara Sekunder.....................................

2.3 Industri Oleokimia........................................................................

2.4 Karakteristik Pekerja....................................................................

2.4.1 Usia.....................................................................................

..8

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 2.4.2 Lama Paparan.....................................................................

..9

2.4.3 Masa Kerja.........................................................................

..9

2.4.4 Penggunaan APD................................................................

..9

2.5 Pengolahan Limbah Cair

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10

2.5.1 Jenis-jenis Perlakuan Limbah Cair

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10

2.5.2 Praperlakuan Limbah Cair

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11

2.5.3 Perlakuan Primer Limbah Cair

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17

2.5.4 Perlakuan Sekunder Limbah Cair

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19

2.5.5 Perlakuan Tersier Limbah Cair

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24

2.6 Sistem Pengelolaan Limbah Cair Oleokimia

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26

2.6.1 Oil Separator

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26

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 2.6.2 Fat Separator
...........................................................................................................

27

2.6.3 Koagulan Tank dan Flokulan Tank

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28

2.6.4 Dissolved Air Flotation

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28

2.6.5 Collection Pit

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29

2.6.6 Distribution Tank

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29

2.6.7 Conditioning Tank

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30

2.6.8 UASB Tank

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30

2.6.9 Distribution Tank

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31

2.6.10 Activated Sludge

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31

2.6.11 MBR Tank

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32

2.6.12 Belt Press

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...........................................................................................................

32

2.6.13 Effluent Tank

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32

2.7 Parameter-parameter dalam Air Limbah

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33

2.8 Amonia (NH3)

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35

2.8.1 Sifat Fisika Amonia

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36

2.8.2 Sifat Kimia Amonia

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37

2.8.3 Sumber Amonia

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37

2.9 Dampak Gas Amonia terhadap Kesehatan Manusia

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38

2.9.1 Dampak Amonia pada Pernapasan

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39

2.9.2 Dampak Amonia pada Kulit

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44

2.9.3 Dampak Amonia pada Mata

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 ...........................................................................................................

45

2.10. Kerangka Konsep

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47

BAB III METODE PENELITIAN............................................................

48

3.1 Jenis Penelitian.........................................................................................

48

3.2 Lokasi dan Waktu Penelitian....................................................................

48

3.2.1 Lokasi Penelitian............................................................................

48

3.2.2 Waktu Penelitian.............................................................................

49

3.3 Metode Pengumpulan Data......................................................................

49

3.3.1 Data Primer....................................................................................

49

3.3.2 Data Sekunder................................................................................

49

3.4 Parameter dan Subjek Penelitian..............................................................

49

3.4.1 Parameter Penelitian.......................................................................

49

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 3.4.2 Subjek Penelitian............................................................................

50

3.5 Populasi dan Sampel................................................................................

50

3.5.1 Populasi..........................................................................................

50

3.5.2 Sampel............................................................................................

50

3.6 Titik Pengambilan Sampel..........................................................................

50

3.7 Definisi Operasional.................................................................................

51

3.8 Aspek Pengukuran....................................................................................

52

3.8.1 Kadar Amoniak...............................................................................

52

3.8.2 Lama Paparan..................................................................................

52

3.8.3 Karakteristik Responden.................................................................

52

3.8.4 Sistem Pengelolaan Limbah Cair....................................................

53

3.8.5 Keluhan Kesehatan..........................................................................

53

3.9 Pengukuran Kadar Amonia......................................................................

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54

3.9.1 Prinsip..............................................................................................

54

3.9.2 Bahan...............................................................................................

54

3.9.3 Peralatan..........................................................................................

55

3.9.4 Pengambilan Contoh Uji.................................................................

57

3.9.5 Persiapan Pengujian........................................................................

58

3.9.6 Perhitungan Volum Contoh

Uji Udara yang Diambil..................................................................

58

3.10 Teknik Pengolahan Data.........................................................................

59

3.11 Analisa Data...........................................................................................

60

DAFTAR PUSTAKA....................................................................................

61

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN................................................................................

63

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 DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel 2.1 Baku Mutu Air Limbah bagi Industri Oleokimia Dasar dengan

untuk Fatty Alcohol melalui Jalur Alkyl Ester..............................35

Tabel 2.2 Sifat Fisika Amonia.....................................................................36

Tabel 2.3 Dampak Gas Amonia terhadap Kesahatan Manusia...................39

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 DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar 2.1 Tahapan Proses Oleokimia......................................................... 8

Gambar 2.2 Proses Ekualisasi........................................................................13

Gambar 2.3 Mekanisme Pembentukan Gas Metana dari

Limbah Organik..........................................................................23

Gambar 2.4 Blok Diagram Proses Pengelolaan Limbah Cair........................26

Gambar 3.1 Botol Penjerap Midget Impinger................................................56

Gambar 3.2 Rangkaian Peralatan Pengambilan Contoh Amoniak.................56

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 DAFTAR LAMPIRAN

Lampiran 1. Lembar Kuesioner63