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Vice Chancellor
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BEST PRACTICE
PROGRAMME
COMBINED HEAT AND POWER (CHP) IN UNIVERSITIES
INTRODUCTION
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COMBINED HEAT AND POWER (CHP) IN UNIVERSITIES
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COMBINED HEAT AND POWER (CHP) IN UNIVERSITIES
Energy services
An energy services arrangement can provide a wide range of building and systems
services including the finance, installation and operation of CHP plant.
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COMBINED HEAT AND POWER (CHP) IN UNIVERSITIES
ASSESSING THE CASE FOR CHP Management and technical guidance can be found
There are two primary technical requirements in the following Good Practice Guides available
for CHP. from ETSU (see back cover for details).
There must be sufficient need for heating and
electricity on the site for CHP plant to operate, GPG 1 Guidance notes for the implementation
typically for over 4000 hours a year of small scale packaged combined heat
(equivalent to 11 hours a day throughout the and power
year, or 17 hours a day for eight months of GPG 3 Introduction to small scale combined
the year). heat and power
CHP plant is compatible with most heating GPG 43 Introduction to large scale combined
systems, but a site which has high heat and power
temperature or steam heating can restrict the
options. Longer term plans
Plans to add extra buildings to the heat or
The amount of heating required in milder weather electricity mains served by CHP plant should be
is critical for individual buildings or small groups considered as these may improve the base loads
of buildings with local heating systems. Ideally, and hence the economics of the system.
there should be year-round loads, such as
extensive hot water heating for residential blocks Decentralisation of central plant into local
or changing facilities, or specific heating boiler plants will greatly reduce, or even eliminate,
requirements such as that for swimming pools. the case for large central CHP plant. Care should
be taken to evaluate such options within an
overall technical strategy including energy costs,
for example, the availability and benefit of
interruptible gas.
AN INITIAL CASE
FOR CHP
The following indicate
promising sites.
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COMBINED HEAT AND POWER (CHP) IN UNIVERSITIES
THE STEPS TOWARDS A CHP INSTALLATION taken by the supplier which shortens the
The steps below are generally necessary for all CHP procedure, although most steps are still necessary
installations. For smaller installations the level of in principle. Good Practice Guides that are
finance is lower and more responsibility can be available to support particular steps are indicated.
1 Generate initial interest. This ideally comes from the most senior levels. A preliminary case for CHP can be established
without significant research.
GPG 176 Small-scale combined heat and power for buildings
2 Assess initial technical and economic feasibility. This can be achieved by in-house teams using published guidance such as
the Department of the Environments Best Practice publications, through consultation, or by inviting initial proposals from CHP
suppliers or energy services companies. It should identify the initial costs and benefits of the options, and should assess strategic
options such as decentralisation, new building plans, replacement and maintenance of main plant, and energy efficiency programmes.
GPG 182 Heating system option appraisal a managers guide
GPG 187 Heating system option appraisal an engineers guide for existing buildings
3 Consider finance and management resources. The source of finance and the universitys ability to manage installation and
maintenance should be considered. Both of these can be made the responsibility of the CHP supplier or energy services company.
GPG 161 Finance options for small-scale combined heat and power
4 Initial committee stage. Summarise and assess CHP prospects at relevant committees and, if appropriate, obtain commitment
in principle. Allocate funds for a detailed feasibility study.
6 Detailed committee stage. Assess detailed proposals and implications of CHP for
facilities management, finance and marketing. Recommend preferred contract type.
Obtain appropriate approvals.
7 Tender stage. Tender evaluation should encompass all issues raised by investigations. The financing of all
these stages can be made
the responsibility of the
8 Assess funding and maintenance options. Confirm suitability of contract
procedures, funding and maintenance arrangements, and energy supply contracts.
CHP supplier or energy
services company (see
Consider staff information and training needs.
box Contract types,
page 4), but the
9 Installation and associated works. Any major works may need coordinating with
the university timetable.
university should
monitor proposals.
GPG 1 Guidance notes for the implementation of small scale combined heat and power
GPG 161 (from ETSU)
GPG 3 Introduction to small scale combined heat and power
GPG 43 Introduction to large scale combined heat and power
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COMBINED HEAT AND POWER (CHP) IN UNIVERSITIES
The large central installation makes savings of 400 000 a year. Initial cost
The scheme was largely funded by a commercial loan, so it imposed little burden on university 2.1M (in 1985/86)
finances. Annual savings
Works included an upgrade of the ageing electricity network and heat main. 416 000
The installation is owned and operated by a separate management company, which is in turn (no finance costs)
wholly owned by the University. Payback period
Dual fuel gives energy supply flexibility. 5 years
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COMBINED HEAT AND POWER (CHP) IN UNIVERSITIES
MEDIUM/LARGE PACKAGED
SUMMARY CHP PLANT YORK UNIVERSITY
Size and type The Universitys energy management initiative
1030 kWe packaged gas was well advanced before the introduction of CHP.
engine unit Boiler replacements, lighting, and local heating
Buildings served control measures and a site-wide building energy
Campus buildings via management system (BEMS) were already installed,
heat and electricity mains and helping to make significant savings.
Source of finance
University The University engineer had expressed an interest
Maintenance in CHP from the early 1980s, and provided a
Annual contract with summary report each year to the working party for
CHP suppliers energy conservation. In the early 1990s, the
CHP supplier prospects for CHP improved as medium-sized
Baseload Systems packages became available, and the engineer
Commissioned commissioned a feasibility study of central and
February 1995 local CHP options.
Running hours
SUMMARY
KEY POINTS
CHP was investigated as part of an extensive energy management programme.
A thorough investigation was carried out of the ageing heat main and the prospects for
decentralising to local boiler rooms.
Heat is provided at up to 127C from a reciprocating engine CHP unit.
Noise levels were restricted to 1dB increase in the centre of the main boiler house, and no increase
outside the boiler house.
The CHP plant is saving 14% of the annual energy bill.
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COMBINED HEAT AND POWER (CHP) IN UNIVERSITIES
SUMMARY
the units later. Vice Chancellor Dr Goldstein accepts the bill of supplier
sale for the CHP units from Nedalo (UK) Ltd Annual savings
There are six boiler rooms on the campus, and a 20 000 under
residential site was identified with seven day use, Operating experience funded scheme
together with kitchens. A second site was also Savings were 20 000 for both units in the first Payback period
identified, which incorporated the original six year. These are expected to rise to 32 000 a year, Immediate, under
buildings of the Lanchester College of Technology, with no finance costs because the units were financial scheme
Students Union and laboratories. funded by the CHP supplier. If the University
purchases the units, savings (before finance costs)
Coventry University had also negotiated an increase to 60 000 a year each. The University is
advantageous electricity supply contract because of delighted with the performance of the units. Minor
the sites electricity load pattern. The contract was problems have been overcome and have not
not affected by CHP use. affected the schemes attractiveness.
KEY POINTS
Two medium sized units provide significant contribution (600 kWe total) to energy demand, while
retaining the advantages of smaller packaged systems.
The supplier-financed contract includes maintenance.
The automatic operation is trouble-free, with on-board diagnostics managed by CHP suppliers.
Packaged units are located in a boiler room and a car park area.
This is a flexible arrangement. The University may subsequently purchase units and benefit from
higher savings.
The stand-by power capability from one unit avoided cost of replacing ageing stand-by generator.
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COMBINED HEAT AND POWER (CHP) IN UNIVERSITIES
SUMMARY
Size and type
75 kWe packaged gas
engine unit
Buildings served
Four residential student
blocks and amenity
buildings
Source of finance
University
Maintenance
Initial period included in
purchase cost
CHP supplier
Combined Power
Systems Ltd
Commissioned
January 1992
Running hours
5900 hours per year
SUMMARY
Initial cost
63 000 Energy manager, Trevor Rogers, in the Plas Gwyn complex served by the CHP system
Annual savings
15 000 excluding SMALL PACKAGED CHP UNIT Operating experience
finance costs BANGOR UNIVERSITY Installation was straightforward and there were
Payback period Initial interest in CHP resulted in investigations of no problems connecting to the local heating and
4 years various applications within the estate, and a electrical systems. The CHP contract has run
student accommodation site was identified as satisfactorily alongside a site energy services
suitable for a packaged installation. The availability contract which encompasses 160 boiler houses.
of a comprehensive contract, including
maintenance and on-board diagnostics, allowed The three year initial maintenance period is short
the University to proceed as in-house maintenance by the standards of current good practice (usually
management was not considered possible. five years including the first major overhaul).
However, a new contract has successfully extended
the initial maintenance arrangement.
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COMBINED HEAT AND POWER (CHP) IN UNIVERSITIES
WHAT NEXT?
Availability: the percentage of time that a CHP unit is able to be oil or some other fuel for occasional use, and the plant must be
used. Availability is reduced below 100% by maintenance time able to use the stored fuel. (Usually significantly cheaper than
(scheduled down-time) and breakdowns (unscheduled down-time). firm gas.)
Decentralisation: changing to local boilers in place of existing kWe: the capacity of CHP plant to generate electricity, measured
central boiler plant and heat mains. The decision to decentralise in kilowatts of electrical power.
encompasses the cost of maintaining heat mains and the benefit Packaged CHP: a self-contained CHP unit with all the necessary
of interruptible gas which is normally only available for central equipment in a casing or box which is usually sound-insulated.
plant. The opportunity for central CHP should also be considered. Public electricity supplier: a company that supplies electricity
Energy services: provision of a wide range of energy to customers. Includes the 12 regional electricity companies and
management and other services including funding, installation, the two Scottish supply companies.
operation and maintenance of buildings and plant. Introduces Reliability: the percentage of time the CHP plant is able to
private sector skills and finance in keeping with the Private be used, without penalising for maintenance time (scheduled
Finance Initiative. down-time).
Equipment supplier financing (ESF): a type of contract Remote diagnostics and monitoring: an extra control system
whereby the CHP supplier installs equipment at its own cost. The for CHP plant which diagnoses any problems and reports them
CHP supplier is paid by the customer, at a discounted cost, for automatically via a telephone link to the CHP supplier.
electricity generated. Stand-by power: generation capacity on site which provides
Export electricity: electricity generated by CHP plant which is in electricity for selected essential services during mains failures.
excess of the site demand at any time and which can be sold to Turbine: larger CHP plant sometimes uses a gas or oil fired
other users or back to the electricity supplier if suitable contract turbine to drive the generator. While providing higher
and metering arrangements exist. temperature heat and greater flexibility in operation, turbine
Interruptible gas: gas supplies that can be interrupted by the technology requires more specialist installation and maintenance
gas supplier, in contrast to firm gas contracts. The site has to store arrangements.
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COMBINED HEAT AND POWER (CHP) IN UNIVERSITIES
GETTING HELP
The organisations listed below can help in Consortium for Higher Education Energy
different ways. Purchasing (CHEEP)
FAO Mr Graham E Manning
For Good Practice Guides and many other Queen Mary & Westfield College
useful publications contact BRECSU or ETSU. London E1 4NS
For lists of suppliers, contractors and Tel 0171 975 5101 Fax 0171 975 5500
consultants, contact the Combined Heat and
Power Association (CHPA), the Institute of Energy Systems Trade Association
Energy or the Energy Systems Trade Association. PO Box 16, Stroud, Gloucestershire GL6 9YB
To find out more contact the CHPA. Tel 01453 886776 Fax 01453 885226
To view existing installations, contact ETSU,
BRECSU or one of the case study universities Institute of Energy
in this Guide. 18 Devonshire Street, London W1N 2AU
Tel 0171 580 7124 Fax 0171 580 4420
Combined Heat and Power
Association (CHPA) Utility Buyers Forum
35-37 Grosvenor Gardens, London SW1W 0BS PO Box 526
Tel 0171 828 4077 Ingatestone, Essex CM4 9TP
Fax 0171 828 0310 Tel 01277 353399 Fax 01277 355989
Further details on investigating and implementing 115 An environmental guide to small scale
CHP are available from BRECSU and ETSU combined heat and power
(see below). 161 Finance options for small scale combined
heat and power
Good Practice Guides 176 Small-scale combined heat and power for
1 Guidance notes for the implementation of buildings
small scale packaged combined heat and 182 Heating system option appraisal
power a managers guide
3 Introduction to small scale combined heat 187 Heating system option appraisal
and power an engineers guide for existing buildings
43 Introduction to large scale combined heat
and power
The Governments Energy Efficiency Best Practice programme provides impartial, Energy Consumption Guides: compare energy use in
authoritative information on energy efficiency techniques and technologies in industry and specific processes, operations, plant and building types.
buildings. This information is disseminated through publications, videos and software,
Good Practice: promotes proven energy-efficient techniques
together with seminars, workshops and other events. Publications within the Best Practice
through Guides and Case Studies.
programme are shown opposite.
New Practice: monitors first commercial applications of new
Visit the website at www.energy-efficiency.gov.uk energy efficiency measures.
Call the Environment and Energy Helpline on 0800 585794
Future Practice: reports on joint R&D ventures into new
For further specific information on: energy efficiency measures.
Buildings-related projects contact: Industrial projects contact:
General Information: describes concepts and approaches
Enquiries Bureau Energy Efficiency Enquiries Bureau yet to be fully established as good practice.
BRECSU ETSU
Fuel Efficiency Booklets: give detailed information on
BRE Harwell, Oxfordshire
specific technologies and techniques.
Garston, Watford WD25 9XX OX11 0RA
Tel 01923 664258 Tel 01235 436747 Introduction to Energy Efficiency: helps new energy managers
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Fax 01923 664787 Fax 01235 433066 understand the use and costs of heating, lighting, etc.
E-mail brecsuenq@bre.co.uk E-mail etsuenq@aeat.co.uk CROWN COPYRIGHT FIRST PRINTED NOVEMBER 1996