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leat 155,10;ng
Broadstone, Dorset BHIB 818, England.
Phone/FAX: Broadstone (01202) 658474;
lntemational +44 1202 658474
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International
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MM40 June 1995
M5105
GBZIWM on VJ Day Virginia, on 31 March 1995. The nal
Duxford Radio Society was unable to transmissions were reported in detail in
obtain authority to use the hoped for MM39, p.36.
/VV IVJ sufxes for its special station to In a striped tent set up on the lawn
celebrate VB and VJ Day (reported in at NMN, a small audience assembled,
MM39, p2). Despite this disappointment, comprising people who had used Morse
the Society decided to identify the code for many years. These included
station onair by using VV and VJ ofcers and NCOs with four and ve
immediately after its callsign and/0r , rows of ribbons on their dress blues,
CQ transmissions during the respective USCG retirees with many years service
events. pounding brass, an oldtimer wearing a
The V] Day station will be on the air cap embroidered USS Idaho 193438
on August 15 from the Imperial War and a Windbreaker with Pearl Harbor
Museums Duxford Aireld on Survivor on its back, and civilians who
7.007MH2 and 14.007MHz CW and love the rhythmic sound of Morses
3.770MHz SSB. The object is to contact magical dots and dashes.
as many radio amateurs as possible who When one speaker asked how any
were in the Far East during the war with hams were present, about a quarter of
Japan. the audience raised their hands. Four
Those interested should contact keynote speakers addressed the audience,
Norman Shires G3BTM, in advance recalling their own experiences as CW
of the event, to ensure that priority can operators and the history of Morse in the
be given to them on the day. Normans Coast Guard. These were CPT Craig M.
address is Choice Hall, Duxford, Nicholson K7VEW, Chief of the Infor
Cambridgeshire CB2 4QG. mation Systems Division, Atlantic Area;
(Information from Duxford Radio LCDR Robert F. Salmon, Chief of the
Society) USCG Communications System 2000
Staff; Dr Joseph Gardner K7CI, Senior
NMN Closing Ceremony Applications Specialist, EOSAT; and the
The cessation of Morse service by the commanding ofcer of CAMSLANT,
United States Coast Guard, on April 1, 1
\
CQ'JIIIIE'
i.
COAST GUARD COMMUNICATIONAREA MASTER STATION ATLANTIC:
I
i
M
TWTELECOI
ii 9
IUNICATIONS
SPECIALIST IN CH ARGE
C
LLet
MMxNDINL,
'0 lLIle
C\'\ISIANI
0000 HRS APRII I
1995
this was transmitted by TC3 Sergio mally placed by each operator in a small
Morales, KP4FFW, using an electronic wooden box which was then carried
keyer at a speed of about 35 wpm. away from the ceremony. It was an emo-
Halfway through the message, the tional moment and the end of an era.
circuit breaker for the electrical service (Information extracted from The
to the tent opened, casting darkness in ARRL Letter, April 1 7, 1995, and adapt
the tent. The operating position was ed for MM. Thanks to John McGinty,
powered separately, and Sergio contin G4GZQ, for drawing our attention to
ued sending without lapse as he shifted this report.)
his attention from the hard copy in front
of him to the CRT at his position where UK Test Fees Increase
the message was also displayed. The The Radio Society of Great Britain has
trafc was thus handled expertly to the announced increases in radio amateur
end. Morse test fees as from July 1995. 1
Finally, the code keys from the three The 12 wpm test will be increased to
operating positions in the tent were for- 18.00 and the 5 wpm test to 13.00.
MM40 june 1995
The Society points out that this is the will be made by the contest manager.
rst increase since 1990, and says that Logs: List QSOs separately for each
the new charges accurately reflect the band and mark your claimed multipli-
current costs of running this service. ers. Give details of the obligatory rest
time(s) taken and the outputs or inputs
AGCW-DL QRP Summer Contest of all transmitters used. Other station
Dates/times: 1516 July 1995, 1500 information will be appreciated.
UTC Saturday to 1500 UTC Sunday, Include your full address and send
including 9 hours compulsory rest time an IRC if a results list is required. Other
to be taken in one or two periods. stations worked in the contest will only
Participants: Singleops in CW mode get full points for contacts with you
on 3.5, 7.00, 14.00, 21.00 and 28MHz if you send in your log! Logs to be sent
bands. Only one TX and RX or trans- (to arrive by September 15) to Dr Hart-
ceiver may be operated at the same time. mut Weber DJ7ST, Schlesierweg 13,
QSOs with stations outside the contest D38228 Salzgitter, Germany.
are valid for scoring.
Reception of RST only is sufcient AGCW-DL Marconi Memorial Month
for noncontest stations. Contest stations In 1895, Guglielmo Marconi succeeded
exchange RST + serial number/category. in transmitting wireless telegraphic sig
Observe IARU-recommended sub-bands nals. In memory of this achievement,
for contest operation. and to help promote Morse telegraphy
Categories: VLP very low power, up on todays amateur radio bands, the Ac-
to watt output or 2 watts input. QRP
1
tivity Group CW Germany (AGCW-DL)
classic QRP, up to 5 watts output or 10 has proclaimed September 1995 as the
watts input. MP moderate power, up Marconi Memorial Month (MMM).
to 25 watts output or 50 watts input. The Group invites all radio
QRO above 25 watts output or 50 amateurs using CW/AlA to join them
watts input. by making one hundred (or more)
Scoring: Every QSO with a station CW/AIA QSOs during that month. All
on the same continent = 1
point. DX bands, SW and/or VHF/UHF, may be
stations = 2 points. The contest manager used. Contest QSOs will also be accept-
will calculate extra points for contacts able.
with VLP, QRP and MP-stations having Special awards will be issued for
submitted logs. 100 QSOs or more made; participants
Multipliers: Each DXCC country having at least 50 QSOs will receive
worked = 1
multiplier per band. The commemorative cards.
contest manager will calculate extra To claim an award, send a log
multipliers for DXCC countries worked extract for the month of September
for every QSO with a VLP, QRP or 1995, to Otto A. Weisner DJSQK, Feu
MPstation having submitted logs. denheimer Str.12, D69123 Heidelberg,
Final score: Total QSO points x total Germany. The log information should
multiplier points. The nal calculation include date, time (UTC), band, call
Having decided recently (as re- to abolish RR2735 has come from,
ported in MM38, p.14) that it would in New Zealand and/or overseas, that
not at present support any change to he told NZART he required before
the current amateur Morse test re he would propose any modication
quirement, it must have come as of Article 32?
something of a surprise to the Inter- It could be pointed out to him
national Amateur Radio Union and that the International Amateur Radio
its member-societies to learn that the Union, its three Regional Organisa-
New Zealand Government is now tions, and the vast majority of its
proposing the abolition of the test at membersocieties around the world
WRC95. all support the retention of the ama-
Presumably IARU societies teur Morse test at the present time;
around the world will now seek to as do many thousands of individual
persuade their own government del- radio amateurs who still value the
egations to WRC-95 not to support Morse code as a highly effective
the NZ proposal since it is in direct means of radio communication.
opposition to current IARU policy. A really heavy mailbox would
The question is, will they? There demonstrate to the Minister a world-
are some national societies who may wide strength of opinion, contrasting
welcome the New Zealand move, and with the obviously one-sided and ill-
it will be interesting to see what informed advice he has received on
impact their response has on IARU this matter so far. His address is: The
solidarity. Hon. Maurice Williamson, Parlia-
The real point of issue, however, ment Buildings, Wellington, New
is that the Minister of Commerce spe Zealand.
cically said that New Zealand will Perhaps readers could also ask
not make proposals for changes their own societies what their atti-
until there is evidence of signicant tude is to the NZ proposal? If you
opinion in New Zealand, and/or over- do, please let me know what reply
seas, to support modication of arti you get so that it can be reported in
cle 32. MM.
Perhaps MM readers around the Additionally, readers own com
world would like to write to the Min- ments on this matter will be wel-
ister of Commerce personally. Per- come for publication in our Letters
haps they could ask him where the pages.
evidence of overwhelming support Tony Smith
G4ZPY
PADDLE KEYS
INTERNATIONAL
41 MILL DAM LANE, BURSCOUGH,
ORMSKIRK, LANCS., ENGLAND, L40 7TG
TEL/FAX (01704) 894299
We thought we should remind you that, despite
our name, we dont just produce paddle keys!
As well as single and twin lever paddles and
combos, miniatures and keyers, we also make big,
beautiful pump keys like this . . .
duration) for a dah, and each equal unit of silence denoted by 0 (zero). The
required three units of silence separating each character is added (000) to
each one below.
\/
the magazine title logo blocked in gold on the spine. Each
binder holds two years-worth of the magazine, retained by
strong wires, but easily removable should the need arise.
UK addresses 6.50 each, or 12.00 for 2 binders (both
prices inc. VAT)
Overseas addresses by surface mail:
EU States 7.20, or 13.20 for 2 (inc. VAT);
Elsewhere - 6.15, or 11.25 for 2 (no VAT).
All prices include postage and packing. Send your order
with a cheque or postal order, payable to G C Arnold
Partners, or Visa/Mastercard number and expiry date to:
Gc Arnold Partners, 9 Wetherby Close, Broadstone,
Dorset BH18 8JB, England, phone/fax 01202 658474
Overseas payments must be by Visa/Mastercard or in Sterling.
Due to high costs, we can no longeraccept payment by Girobank transfer
If you enjoy reading Morsum Magnificat, please tell your friends and
encourage them to take out a subscription too. Thank you!
welcome a member from the United and Amateur Radio A Summary from
Kingdom. the work of the IARU CW Ad Hoc Com
A member of the Working Group mittee (which was reported in detail in
does not have to be a high speed opera- MM38, p.14).
tor, but obviously he or she does need (Incidentally, I understand there is
to have an interest in promoting this a possibility that a summary of that
aspect of amateur radio. document may appear in Radio Commu
The appointment of an RSGB repre-
nication shortly.)
sentative would automatically create a The next meeting of the High Speed
focus of interest in the subject within Telegraphy Working Group will be at
the Society. Hopefully, he or she would the HST championships in Hungary in
then be instrumental in publicising and October, so anyone interested in serving
encouraging participation in competitive on the Group should contact the RSGB
activities in the UK, leading eventually as soon as possible. Write to Peter Kirby
22
-
MM40 June 1995
GOTWW, General Manager, Radio score comes up on the list to compare
Society of Great Britain, Lambda with the others already there.
House, Cranborne Road, Potters Bar, The on-screen instructions and the
Herts EN6 3JE. It goes without saying README le are in German. These are
that MM will be more than pleased to not really needed just to run the program
give every encouragement and support but, if required, I can provide an English
(and a few suggestions!) to anyone tak- translation of these (thanks to Ken Quigg
ing on this task. GI4CRQ). If the translation is required,
please send 30p in stamps to cover the
Individual Championship Entries cost of photocopying (3 sheets x 10p).
Still Welcome My address is given inside the front
As reported in MM, when a country cover of this issue of MM.
does not enter a national team in the Nonteam entries for the champion-
championships, the way is open for ships can be made until 48 hours before
representatives of CW clubs, or individ- the event begins. Such entries, however,
uals, to enter at their own expense. require the approval of the competitors
Several MM readers have done this in national IARU member-society. In the
the past, but none from the UK! case of the UK, which is not sending a
As reported in MM39, one of the team, all enquiries should be addressed
tests this year will be based on the RUFZ to Peter Kirby, General Manager of the
callsign receiving program devised by RSGB, address as above. MM
DL3DZZ. This requires competitors to
make two attempts at receiving 50
callsigns, typing them onto a computer Radio The vintage
wireless
keyboard. The best attempt is taken for
scoring. ygones magazine,
If anyone is interested in trying this is now bigger!
program to see how they would fare, I More pages, more features
can provide a copy on a 3.5m disk for including In the current issue
use on an IBM-compatible computer. recollections from the days
There are a few scores already on screen of World War II
0Sea Battle, a few hours in the life of
so you will be able to see what you
an MTB Sparker
would up against! Just send me a for- - GL Top Secret, early days of
matted disk, with a suitable stamped anti-aircraft radar
- Radio Servicing on BOAC Dakotas
addressed envelope for its return, and
Ill send it back straight away. Annual subscription (6 issues)
18.50 in the UK; 19.50 to Europe
All you have to do is type in your and 23.75 elsewhere by airmail,
callsign, press ENTER to begin, and or send 3 for a sample copy
again when you are ready to move on G C Arnold Partners, 9 Wetherby Close
to the next callsign. If you get the call Broadstone, Dorset BH18 BJB.
right the speed increases; if you dont Telephone/FAX: 01202 658474
the speed goes down. At the end, your
Fla
y
353:0}
WW7;
Elwood
John
Collection:
WAaLKN
Bones
Dale
Photo/Collection:
Foote-Pierson Sounder,
120 ohms. Patented
March 6, 1917
Pennes
Dave
Photo/Collection:
vies
pa
Wyn
l
Photo/Collection:
the Great Strike of 1883 as an introduc- were ideal places to run telegraph lines,
tion to the world of the operators; a affording easy access for construction
description of the telegraph industry and and maintenance at a time when there
especially Western Union; a social were few roads. Telegraph business was
portrait of the telegraphers; a study of likely to be found in the same places the
women telegraphers; and a summary railroads served.
of the labour movement and politics of In many small towns the railroad
telegraphers. station served as the public telegraph
An epilogue compares the situation ofce, as there was not enough tele-
of telegraphers in the 18803 with that of graph business to support an ofce for
the air trafc controllers a hundred years telegraph alone. Some railroads such
later. Telegraph and railroad companies as B & O operated their own public
following the Civil War represented an telegraph businesses. (cf. Southern
entirely new kind of business, one in Pacic a century later getting into the
which the companys assets are strung communications business.) Other rail-
out for hundreds or thousands of miles roads had contract arrangements with
with ofces and employees sprinkled the telegraph companies, principally
along the lines. Western Union, for use of rights of
GSKPd
Byrne
Douglas
Collection/Photo:
Unknown Key.
Any information welcomed
Collection/photo:Mike Pa veiy GSG WD
W5VJW
Combs
I.
David
Collection/Photo:
5. Ifthe children are noisy, you put them Another article gives advice to
outside. French amateurs on non-French QSOS
6. If he wants to go on the air you forget (contacts) in general, and specically on
about plans to go out. QSOs with Russian stations. It includes
7. Show interest in the technicalities, imitated phonetic pronunciation of all
even if you dont understand a thing. the Russian words used.
8. Even when it disturbs you, be socia
ble to visiting OMs. Contest Advice
9. When he wants to transmit /M, you A report on the 1994 UFT contest
drive the car. records that conditions were not good
10. Right until he dies, be patient, dont on the higher frequency bands, so most
disturb him before then. QSOs took place on the 40 and 80 metre
34 91191140
june 1995
bands. There was good participation by 0
Keep zero beat on frequency, RIT off,
members with few band-limits exceed narrow lter in circuit.
ed, and only three OMS were caught ,
- Between CQs listen for 2 or 3 seconds
by the bandwatch and penalised. .
only.
The report advises members that Our l
- Always reply promptly.
little family contest is an excellent - Avoid repeating RST, but when
introduction before joining the BIG
for all operators to get it into their heads report, power, age, serial number, etc.,
that rule number one is BREVITY. depending on the contest.
A good operator, it says, can work Note well, says the report, when you are
three or four QSOs a minute (more if calling the occupier of a frequency, the
they have a sought-after call and a frequency is his, not yours! Dont try to
station that commands respect); and steal it from him that gives rise to bad
that rules out all pointless transmission. feelings!
A long text follows giving hints (Summary by MM. Original translation
and tips on contesting which concludes i
if,,\
E
27,l (/1 The club has awards, nets (including a beginners net). dial-a-sked tor begin-
\l"
,
ners. straight key activities, QSL bureau, newsletter, and discounts from traders.
lCfCLfi"
8
Further information can be obtained from Geo. Longden 63208,
,7. .. 119 Cemetery Road, Damen, Lanes 383 2L2, Send an s.a.e. or two IRCs.
G-QRP Club
The G-QFtP Club promotes and encourages low-power operating on the amateur
bands with activity periods, awards and trophies. Facilities include a quarterly maga-
zine, Morse training tapes, kits, traders discounts and a QSL bureau. Novices and
SWLs welcome.
Enquiries to Rev. George Dobbs GsFtJV, St Aidans Vicarage, 498 Manchester
Road, Rochdale, Lancs 0L11 3HE. Send a large s.a.e. or two IRCs
Glad to QSO
therefore he wastes energy. It is easy to In conclusion, let me suggest that
see, also, how a too stiff spring or too you try readjusting your key and see
wide contacts (too much vertical knob whether it doesnt improve your operat
travel) will likewise tire one out. ing pleasure and skill. You will proba-
From this it may be gathered that bly nd as a result that where you were
there is a critical key adjustment for formerly a QRU 73 CUL artist, you
every operator, which indeed seems to will become a staunch supporter of the
be the case. In my own case it appears Royal Order of Bacon Rind Munchers
that the best adjustment seems to vary, and the other fellows will be glad to
slightly, from day to day, facetious as it QSO you. Try it and see.
may seem. There can be no hard and fast (Reprinted with permission from
rules for key adjustment because indi- QST, journal ofARRL, January 1940.)
viduals are so unlike. However, a few
principles, humbly suggested, might be
m
in order. me ag
Ursum
glint:
gl/[rzgmficat
Keyers
Curtis 8044ABM chip 19.95
Oak Hills Curtis keyer kit 33.95
assembled pcb 44.95
RA Kent Electronic keyer kit 45.00
ready to use 59.50
3 Morse Tutors
G3TUX Omega" multimode 44.95
l
R A Kent 57.00
Jones keys .
Practice Oscillators
1
Kent (built in speaker)
Ft A 17.50
C Howes 8T2
M pcb kit 9.80
Peter Jones
1
E G3TUX =
The QRP Component Companv
PO Box 88, Haslemere, Surrey GU27 2RF
Tel: 01428 641771 Fax: 01428 661794
I should add that ----- is already frequently used in PA-PA and PA-ON
well established not only on keyboard CW contacts.
radio interfaces manufactured by ABA Monika Pouw-Arnold PA3FBF
and Kantronics, mentioned by TAZZO, Mijdrecht, Holland
Mill/[40 June 1995 39
Hobbies magazine kit
key, ear/y 19205. Knob
not original
Photo: John Power GMOKTO
which I received a QSL card in response given in the callbooks and databases.
to a reception report. Now that online services are becom
The postmark on the card was ing commonplace, I wonder whether we
Berkhamsted which I think is probably should publicise online addresses as
where the WFSRA British headquarters auxiliary callsigns. Becoming somewhat
were located (G6AQ QTH?). I regret I common are letterheads that carry an
no longer have the membership certi online address or two for fast commu
cate. nication. Examples are when arranging,
Robert Charlton G3CPC or changing, schedules and frequencies
Twickenham, Middlesex for QSOs; also when exchanging long
les, such as hard-toobtain magazine
Auxiliary Callsigns articles or diagrams.
I nd that I often wish to communicate I have found these ancillary media
with fellow hams off the bands, simply of communication to be most useful, and
because, in the absence of a scheduled I must say that their use has enhanced,
contact, QSOs are quite happenstance. but never substituted for, my enjoyment
Until somewhat recently the postal of CW. My recommendation, then, is
service (snail mail) has been the only that we all circulate our on-line address
recourse for this purpose since, under es through the organisations we belong
standably, telephone numbers are not to that keep membership rosters, and in
to it: This key was used to control Mar- MM37, my own key of this type is
coni 20kW Transmitter at Drummond- marked Zl/ZAA 7990 KEY W/T
ville, Quebec, from October 1926 to (AUST) No. l, and has no later name
October 1963. This was signed by the plate covering the earlier designation.
late Fred Howe, VE3JU, who worked I feel the black plastic terminal knobs
for a while for the Canadian Marconi are original. My key has them also, and
Company in the 20s, working in I can remember seeing the same type on
Montreal and Drummondville.
other equipment in the past.
From this information it would ap Peter Lord VK3N/XPL
pear that Marconi supplied these keys Camberwell, Victoria, Australia
with their transmitters during the early
203, but they may have obtained them Golden Section Key
from another supplier. Using Dr Jim Lycetts drawings, as
The design is not typically Marconi, made available by MM, I have made two
but rather resembles the old Swedish Golden Section keys as featured in
Ericsson telegraph key with its long le- MM27, page 12, one for myself and one
1
ver, and with both contacts at the rear of for my friend Bill, VKZFKE.
the lever. It was certainly not unusual They are a delight to look at and to
for transmitter manufacturers to obtain use. Having been an amateur for only
their keys from companies who special- four years, however, and knowing the
ised in them, and it is even possible code only for that period, I asked Bill
MM40 june 1995 45
Wes Tylers Golden Section Key
Photo: VK2WES
who is a professional to put the key securing screws, also brass covers over
through its paces. His comment: A the bearings to improve appearance.
lovely piece of gear! I thoroughly enjoyed this project and
I made the key from scrap brass from the results justify the hours invested in
a local yard. The base is salvaged 20mm it. My thanks to MM and to Jim Lycett
black phenolic electric switchboard ter- for making it possible.
minal material. The pin is 3/16in stainless Wes Tyler VKZWES
steel and the bearings are sealed units. New South Wales, Australia
The sections and screws were machined
to suit. The tools I used were a 41/2in Reading Visual Signalling
centre lathe, a 1bin pedestal drill, a 6in I was interested in the recent corre-
bench grinder and the usual hand tools. spondence on this subject. In 1942 I went
I made some additions to Jims de- by troopship round the Cape in a convoy
sign. There is a third terminal connected escorted by Royal Navy destroyers. They
to the copper point in the back stop for used lamp Morse to signal between ships,
relay operation in changing over a QRP and I found that I could easily read the
rig. There is a safety stop under the arm, trafc which was in plain language.
used when transporting the key to avoid At that time I had held my ham tick-
damage to the contact plate and the et for six years and I guess my normal
points. A l4-gauge brass plate has been CW working speed was 1618 wpm
countersunk screwed to the underside of certainly less than 20 wpm. So I doubt if
the base; and future additions will be the they were ashing their lamps at over
insertion of brass bushes in the base for 1012
me.
l
TELEGRAPHY BOOKS, etc. Detailed descriptions0fthe titles listed below available on request
Introduction to Key Collecting by Tom French (MM17) ................ ........ 6.75 (UK): 7.05 (Eur/Sur)
Vibroplex Collectors Guide by Tom French (MM17) ..................... . 9.75 (UK): 10.25 (Eur/Sur)
Bunnell's Last Catalog (with commentary) by Tom French (MM23). 4.85 (UK): 5.05 (Eur/Sur)
Railroad Telegraphers Handbook by Tom French (MM22) ...... 6.75 (UK): 7.05 (Eur/Sur)
McELROY, Worlds Champion Radio Telegrapher by Tom French ..... 14.70 (UK): 15.40 (Eur/Sui)
The Telegraph by Lewis Coe (MM31) ..................................................................... 19.10 (UK): 19.80 (Eur/Sur)
History, Theory & Practice of the Electric Telegraph by George B. Prescott 12.75 (UK): 13.65 (Eur/Sur)
The Story of the Key by Louise Ramsey Moreau (MM38) .........................................................3.95 (UK): 4.25 (Eur/Sur)
McElroy Chart of Codes and Signals (MM38) 10.65 (UK): 10.99 (EU States) [both inc. VAT) : 9.35 (rest of world)
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Early Radio in Marconis Footsteps by Peter R. Jensen {MM38) .
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Credit card orders welcome by phone orfax on 01202 658474
3
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SINCE 1974 6789
QTH: ' YE OLDE RADIO HOUSE'
20 HAELWOODGROVE.
EASTWOOD.
LEIGH - ON - SEA,
ESSEX. SS9 4DE
ENGLAND Vy 73! TKS FER QSO.
THE NATIONAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY CENTRE
MR TONY SMITH
I} MORLEY ROAD SHERINGWWI
NORFOLK NR26 BJE ENGLAND
1700 HRS/30TH A LM
_ :1"
Courtesy of Morsecodtans Fraternity volunteer operators
using facilities provided by Telecom Australia
ce'ecnun-nu
om
4K1?
The Morsecodians Fratemity operated their annual telegraph landline from the
National Science and Technology Centre at Canberra to the historic Overland
Telegraph Station at Alice Springs for nine days in April. This year they also linked up
with the Killer Whale Museum at Eden, New South Wales, while Eden was celebrating
the 125th anniversary of its Telegraph connection with the Gabo Island Lighthouse.
Allan Moore, VK1AL, wrote to say we all had a great time, and are literally
Morsed-Outl" MM hopes to carry a fuller report later.
The above telegram, sent over the line from Alice Springs to Canberra records the fact
that Telecom Australia is unable to provide a dedicated telegraph channel for future
events. The use of a voice channel, with modems and telegraph relay sets, however,
will make the end result exactly the same.