Globalization

Understanding the dynamics and Impact of

Globalization: Africa as a consequence of Social
Construction of Ethno-Cultural Marginality and
Racial Reality ; A Post Conflict Liberian Case Study

Dr. Amos M.D. Sirleaf (PH. D.) 0880313111

Professor- Vice President-Blacology Research and
Development Institute, Inc. (USA-Liberia)
Professor- Peace Studies, Cuttington University:
amdsirleaf@gmail.com. Blacology.com
amdsirleaf@cuttingtonuniversity.edu.rl

Introduction

A. In understanding the necessity of global

culture in the context of globalization, we must

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first of all establish a working definition of

globalization. Globalization" is a term that

came into popular usage in the 1980's to

describe (1) the increased movement of people,

(2) knowledge and ideas, (3) goods and money

across national borders that has led to increased

interconnectedness among the world's

populations such as, (a) economically, (b)

politically, (c) socially, (d) safety, security and

culturally.

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Globalization

B. The research question is, Is Liberia a viable

participant or a suitable , qualified and relevant

post conflict nation for this contemporary

working definition for globalization or global

culture? From a Black African Nationalistic

and Blacological perspective, it is essential to

point out that we as Black African people ,

specifically Liberian people, must by now be

cognizant and able to smartly utilize our

naturally gifted and traditional knowledge in

understanding of the contemporary world, with

specific emphasis on 15 years into the 21st

century.
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Globalization

C. This is absolutely essential in order to

convey to our specifically Americanized-

Liberian people, the western knowledge and

understanding from a positive aspect of our

collective consciousness of our development, 15

years within the 21st century, what has happened

to us as Liberians and to Liberia? .(Dr. Sirleaf

2014 USA). Is Africa, Black African people,

Liberian people in particular fall within the

essence, opportunistically in the collective

definition of the global culture or globalization

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considering the contemporary working

definition?

D. Although globalization is often thought of in

economic terms (i.e., "the global marketplace"),

(the global market economy). This process has

many social. Cultural, ideological, regional,

continental, geographical, and political

implications as well. The major research

question is Where is Africa, specifically Liberia

in the globalization process? (a) Many in local

communities, vis--vis, nations out of the

peripherals of the peripheries, associate

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Globalization

globalization with modernization (i.e., the

transformation of "traditional" societies into

"Western" industrialized ones. Is Liberia, from

the 1800s (1847 to present can be considered a

modern nation and as a part of the understanding

of globalization? (b) At the global level,

globalization is thought of in terms of the

challenges it poses on the role of governments in

international affairs and the global economy.

E. In the context of the subject Globalization,

Africa-sub of the Saharan, of course Black-

African people, specifically Post Conflict

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Liberia , remain as a consequence of Social

Construction of Reality and Ethno- Racial-

Cultural Marginality; this, of course, is

positively considered as an independent variable

in this presentation. Liberia, from 1847 to the

present is responsible for this independent

variable. This research, of course has a limited

scope in blaming the total political, social,

economic, and cultural- developmental demise

on outsiders alone.

F.For instance, the perpetual economic , social,

cultural, education, and technological un-

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sophistication and underdevelopment of Liberia,

from yesterday and today, perhaps is the most

silent characteristics , for wish, most of our

1960s, 70s and 80s academically capable

Liberian in the past, have failed to articulate

properly and persuasively.

G. As a matter of 21st century evidence, those

so-called academically capable Liberian

scholars and political activists are considered by

this research to be psycho-sociologically, and -

physically challenged and absolutely disabled ,

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deaf and domed from a politically,

economically, socially, , verbally, or orally with

a tsunamis pandemics impairment . These so-

called political, social, and revolutionaries and

activists are today caught up the 21st century

Liberian political web of opportunism, therefore,

in- capaciting them into the present days

Liberian reality of ignore, disease , illiteracy and

the culture of poverty.

H. I am however, pre-disposed to
know that the situations in Liberia,
specifically in post conflict Liberia,
cannot and will not be amicably
resolved by obnoxious, pessimistic,
and skeptics angry Liberian masses
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Globalization

whose horizons are critically myopic

by obvious realism. This research
study or presentation is making an
appeal on the national level, which is
manifested by structure (including
communications and transportation),
of course, , limited use of modern
technology. The historic plague of
Liberia in the specific domain of 21st
century and post conflict low
consumption of some combination of
low gross domestic product (GDP) per
capita (an indirect measure of per
capita income), highly unequal income
distribution, poor in infrastructure
(including communications and
transportation), limited use of modern
technology, and low consumption of
energy.(Post conflict Liberia,
unfortunately, and regrettably, fit this
criteria of the definition of

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understanding global culture and

globalization.

I. At the grassroots level, ( the neo-have

and have nots, the last, the lost, and
the least in the post conflict Liberian
society), post conflict Liberia,
economic underdevelopment connotes
widespread scarcity, substantial
unemployment, substandard housing,
poor health conditions perpetuated by
historic leadership culture of
insensitivity and the less concerned
for the masses due to their lack of
education, of course not a fault of their
own making, and an inadequate
nutrition are some of the
contemporary definitions for Liberias
self inflicted definitions referred to in
this presentation.

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J. Therefore, one of the major research

questions is why other African
countries are generally much poorer
than countries in Western Europe and
North America, at worst Liberia, yet,
located between previously poor
nations that are today emerging and
graduating for their past degenerated
conditions to optimistic progression,
yet Liberia continues degenerating
retrogressively? There are also
considerable variations among some
Liberians in the context of the present
conditions in Liberia. To them, Liberia
is progressing. For others, Liberia has
outlived her existence, for some,
Liberias location between and among
emerging progressive Black-African
nations demand some levels of
developmental consciousness with
specific emphasis on post conflict
Liberia as a pre-lude to reparation for
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Globalization

not educating, not totally involving the

indigenous population in political,
social, and natural resources
engineering of the emergence
Republic throughout the 1800s, to the
another, Liberia is at verse of
extinction to ground zero.
K. In essence, the subject of post conflict

Liberias situation is historically complex and so

vast that in the limited space at our disposal, 15

years into the 21st century, requires that we

prioritize those absolutely need issues that are

affecting our peoples existence. This is a matter

of great urgency that we should understand

what is the key to the situation. The truth is that

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within this complex historic Liberian political

system of propositions there must be room for

change, i.e., dynamic reorientation and

reconceptualization by way of qualitative

research method.

L. This is what Karl Poper meant by the

statement that 1 within any science there must

always be an overabundance of falsifiable

propositions. This study intends in an effort to

know the sociological perspectives (from

particular to general and from general to

1 Karl Poper;
within any science there must always be an
overabundance of falsifiable propositions. Research
Methodology: Some Issues in Social Science Research. Clyde O
McDaniel, Jr. University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, Dubuoue, Iowa, 1974
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particular-from inductive to deductive and from

deductive to inductive) to analytically

contextualize the issues accurately so that if a

stated proposition is not falsifiable, then it is

metaphysical and cannot be classified as a

scientific issues.

M. Thus, in this study, each proposition must be

objective and transparently unbiased, and must

always hang in a suspended state of its own

discretional articulatory justification. Based

upon these analyses, it becomes imperative

therefore, to address two major separate

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contemporary political and social factors

playing in the post conflict Liberian political and

social dynamics. The first, the historic

dominance of the Americo-Liberian political

hegemonic structures has relatively dissipated.

The second, substitution of the Americo-

Liberianism, has understandingly led to an

indigenous neo-Americo-Liberianistic

hegemonies, creating a post conflict Liberia

political dichotomy in the context of a paradigm

shift.

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Globalization

N. What we have got in the Liberian political

landscape as it relates to the political, social, and

cultural stratification is that the have in the past

(the Americo-Liberians-Congos), have been

transformed transitively into the previously have

nots-to have(the indigenous children in the

House as Law Makers are now the neo-Congos).

From all indications, and considering all

possibilities, the post conflict Political landscape

supposed to be a positive paradigm shift to an

endless progress for the suffering Liberian

masses.

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Globalization

O. This brings the study to another research

question. Who is actually doing in the Liberian

masses when parts of the masses are now in

positions to make life changing decisions; vis--

vis, law makers? Who are doing more harm to

the Liberia people presently than in the past?

Therefore, the term globalization once again is

thus a theoretical construct that is itself

contested and open for various meanings and

inflections.

P.Understanding Culture and Globalization, all

can relatively be described positively or

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negatively, in one way, it can, in many instances,

be defined as a systematic body of organized

conservatively, strategically institutionalized

European neo-classical and neo-capitalistic

system of thoughts. This theoretical aspect of

this subject is of crucial importance to note. In

other worlds, it specifies the particular way in

which politically, socially, economically, and

culturally marginalized nations, Africa-Liberia,

as a case in point, can carve out of the mass of

seemingly unrelated concepts and propositions a

coherent and sufficiently demarcated body of

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ideas, peoples, cultures, over which it alone

claims jurisdiction.

Q. This phenomena it is a highly complex and

multidimensional processes in the economy,

polity, culture, and everyday life, with specific

emphasis on Africa which remains as a

Europeans consequence of Social Construction

of Reality and Ethno-Cultural Marginality.

R. It is safe, therefore, to articulate that a

critical theory of globalization attempts to

specify the interconnections and

interdependency between different levels such

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Globalization

as the economic, political, cultural, and

psychological, sectionalistic as well as between

different flows of products, ideas, and

information, people, and technology.

S.Critical Thinking and philosophical theory

describes the mediations between different

phenomena, the systemic structure which

organizes phenomena and processes into a social

system, and the relative autonomy of the parts,

such that there are both connections and

disjunctions between, say, the economy and

culture. Concerned to related theory to practice,

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Globalization

critical theory also attempts to delineate the

positive potentials for greater freedom and

democratization, as well as the dangers of

greater domination, oppression, and Destruction

(Keller 1989). Grounded in historical vision,

critical theory stresses the continuities and

discontinuities between past, present, and future,

and the possibility of constructive political

action and individual and group practice,

grounded in positive potentials in the current

constellation of forces and possibilities (Best

1995).

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Social and Cultural Manifestation of Global Culture

and Globalization

In anticipation of conceptualizing the

social and cultural manifestation of global
culture and globalization, it becomes
necessary to engage in the sociopolitical
context within which evaluation research
of this study is placed and conducted
poses numerous constraints in ,
undertaking rigorous critical thinking
philosophy. in an effort to reach a
transparent conjecture. It must be
mentioned that periods of change or
crisis make everyone feel a little off
balance and prompt us to use the
sociological perspective. The US
Sociologist C. Wright Mills (1959)
illustrated this idea with the Great
Depression of the 1930s. As the
unemployment rate soared to 25 percent,
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Globalization

people out of work could not help but see

general social forces at work in their
particular lives. Rather than saying
Something is wrong with me; I cant find
a job, they took a sociological approach
and realized The economy has collapsed,
there are no jobs to be found. Just as
social change fosters sociological
thinking, so sociological thinking can
bring about social change. In essence, the
more we learn how the system
operates, the more we may wish to
change it in some way. Considering this
research study from a sociological
perspective, entails that sociological
perspective does the following
endeavors:2 (1) It helps us assess the
truth of our common sense. (2) It helps us
assess both opportunities and constraints
in our lives. (3) It empowers us to be

2 See John J. Macionnis ( Sociology, Eight Edition) Kenyon College2000

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Globalization

active participants in our society. (4) It

helps us live in a diverse world.

Primary industry is concerned with production of

goods with the help of nature. It is a nature-oriented
industry, which requires very little human effort. E.g.
Agriculture, farming, forestry, fishing, horticulture,
etc.
2. Genetic Industry
Genetic industries are engaged in re-production and
multiplication of certain spices of plants and animals
with the object of sale. The main aim is to earn profit
from such sale. E.g. plant nurseries, cattle rearing,
poultry, cattle breeding, etc.
3. Extractive Industry
Extractive industry is concerned with extraction or
drawing out goods from the soil, air or water.
Generally products of extractive industries come in
raw form and

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Globalization

they are used by manufacturing and construction

industries for producing finished products. E.g.
mining industry, coal mineral, oil industry, iron ore,
extraction of timber and rubber from forests, etc.
4. Manufacturing Industry
Manufacturing industries are engaged in
transforming raw material into finished product with
the help of machines and manpower. The finished
goods can be either consumer goods or producer
goods. E.g. textiles, chemicals, sugar industry, paper
industry, etc.
5. Construction Industry
Construction industries take up the work of
construction of buildings, bridges, roads, dams,
canals, etc. This industry is different from all other
types of industry because in case of other industries
goods can be produced at one place and sold at
another place. But goods produced and sold by
constructive industry are erected at one place.
6. Service Industry
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Globalization

In modern times service sector plays an important

role in the development of the nation and therefore it
is named as service industry. The main industries,
which fall under this category, include hotel
industry, tourism industry, entertainment industry,
etc.

INDUSTRIAL SOCIOLOGY:

Industrial sociology is a branch of sociology that

looks at the impact of labor and industry on society,
as well as the ways in which society impacts
industrial forces. The perspectives used within this
discipline vary over time, and given the practical
value of understanding this relationship, this type of
study has often been very well supported.
There are many topics within this field that merit
individual investigation, including technologies
used, worker relations, and even subjects as broad as
globalization. Most of the time, industrial sociology
is influenced by current sociological thought more

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Globalization

broadly, making use of theories that are popular in

the time in which a study is conducted.
There are many ways to think about sociology, but
one of the most common definitions of sociology is
that it is the study of society. This means that
industrial sociology is the study of industry's place
in society. Sociology often overlaps with other
similar social sciences and may borrow theories
when convenient from psychology, anthropology,
and philosophy. Industry is an area in which the
people being studied have a monetary interest in the
results of sociological studies because these studies
can help improve business practice. This can be an
advantage for researchers in this field, but it can also
lead to interference.
Topics within industrial sociology are incredibly
diverse, but subjects of particular interest involve the
people directly involved in industrial processes. This
includes looking at management strategies, ways of
employing people, and even the relationships
between workers as a whole. Another interesting
aspect of industrial sociology considers the effects of
technological change and globalization on the people
involved in specific industries. In the reverse, it is
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possible to look at how specific societies lend

themselves to the evolution of certain work
practices.
While the focus of sociology is often inequality on a
human level, the definition of inequality is often
different depending on the perspective used. The
way in which workers view themselves and the
traditions of a given culture make a large difference
in whether inequalities actually exist in a given case.
Viewing workers as non-agentive in industrial
contexts is problematic and is often considered
condescending. It is important to take into account
both the factual elements of the case and the lived
experience in order to get an accurate view.
Strategies and theories within industrial sociology
are constantly evolving, and different trends within
this discipline are characteristic of different ages.
Generally, all theories attempt to explain a specific
process, covering why things are a certain way. In
some cases, industrial sociology ventures into
predictive realms, attempting to make
generalizations that hold outside of the past. Even
when processes are economic rather than cultural, it
is difficult to come up with theories that are accurate
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across different societies because of the unique

factors at play in each case.

The world we live in today is more advanced

technologically. With greater access to

transportation, the media and the internet, countries

have little means from keeping the influences of

other nations outside of their borders. These

mediums are useful in connecting people from other

nations and cultures and provide greater

opportunities to learn and understand the differences

that exist between them. Better understanding and

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greater tolerance is particularly important in first

world countries where the number of immigrants

from other countries is increasing. This paper will

address the global culture from the Political,

Economic, environmental, and disease and health

perspectives.

The Political perspective- Most difficult to solve

(Ex. Taxes)

Nation-state forms of politics operating as unified

centers within political system are faced with

changing from a government form of politics to a

more governance-based mode.

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While most previous theories of development have

seen global forces as tending to lean either towards

convergence or towards duality and oppression,

there is ample evidence suggesting that

governments and countries can and do exercise

choice in the global economy (Guillen,Pg. 6). In

making decisions, they follow their political and

ideological instincts and preferences, and they try to

strike a balance among competing claims and

pressures. Like governments, organizational factors

such as labor union and firms also respond in a

variety of ways to globalization, adopting different

approaches and organizational forms.

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The Economical Perspective

Globalization encourages competition and

specialization. By specializing, countries can focus

on products and services that they are better at

developing and offering due tom the nature of the

resources that are available to them. They can then

compete more effectively in trading in the global

marketplace and therefore increase their wealth.

Specialization generally increases a countrys ability

to expand its production, product manufacturing and

distribution of goods.

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The Environmental perspectives when developing

plans for LDCS to improve their economys 1st must

their ability to compete.

In addition to the political and economic factors that

link the world globally, there are environmental,

medical and social factors that play a part in

globalization. The environment we share as

inhabitants of the earth is a universal concern that

has no respect for differences in culture, social,

economical or political structure of countries.

Political, geographical, and cultural barriers do not

ensure that elements that pollute the environment in

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one country do not affect other countries around the

world.

Humans are increasingly aware of the way the

Earths environment has been changed by human

activity. We are also aware that nature pays no

attention to national borders. While laws attempt to

control the flow of capital, goods and labor around

the globe, no legislature, committee, or king can

control the way blow greenhouse gasses or where

currents carry oil or waste (Porter, Globalization and

the Environment).

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Globalization

One nation might pass strict environmental

protection laws, but they will have little affect if

neighboring countries dont pass similar laws. Only

global agreements, therefore, can truly get all

nations to act together to improve the environment.

Because of this, some of the first truly global civil

movements have been those that intend to protect the

environment represent one of the most critical

challenges of globalization. This is particularly

evident in the threats posed to the worlds population

by global warming. These threats can only be

addressed by far-reaching multilateral agreement,

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Globalization

but the political consensus necessary to achieve this

has not been easy to obtain.

Some of the worldwide efforts to address

environmental issues include (The report of the

secretary, section 239-243):

The Conference of the Parties to the United

Nations Framework Convention on Climate

change held in Buenon Aires in November 1998.

The conference convened to begin the process of

deciding the rules for implementation of the

mechanisms agreed in Kyoto in 1997 and to

adopt a two-year plan of action.

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Globalization

The Tenth meeting of the parties to the Montreal

Protocol on Substances that Deplete the ozone

layer was held at Cairo in November 1998. The

meetings focused on strengthening international

efforts to reverse the destruction of the earths

protect the ozone layer consistent with the

ongoing efforts to reduce emissions of the

greenhouse gases that cause climate change.

In February 1999, the conference of the Parties

to the Convention on Biological Diversity at

Cartagena examined the risks that biotechnology

may pose for biological and human health, its

Socio-economic implications for developing

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Globalization

countries and the relevance of biosafety

concerns in developing a precautionary approach

to risk prevention. The international community

is pursuing a protocol on biosafety that, among

other aims, seeks to ensure that living modified

organisms are transported into countries only

with their prior informed consent.

Headway continues to be made in the global

chemical safety agenda. International consensus

was finally reached on the need for a legally

binding treaty to promote chemical safety by

preventing unwanted trade in hazardous

chemicals and pesticides.

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Globalization

The Global International Water assessment, a

major initiative led by United Nations

Environment Programme (UNEP) and financed

by the Global environment. The assessment

focuses on the problems of shared, trans-

boundary waters. It is designed not only to

analyze current problems but also to develop

scenarios for the future condition of the worlds

water resources.
Disease and Health issues
Globalization creates challenges for infectious

disease policy. These challenges are horizontal

and vertical in nature. Horizontal challenges

constitute problems that arise between states

40
Globalization

from global microbial traffic. Vertical

challenges, such as inadequate surveillance

capacity, are problems countries face territories

that require responses within states. States

cannot handle horizontal or vertical challenges

without cooperating with each other. Unilateral

efforts have limited impact when the source of

the problem is beyond national jurisdiction.

Similarly, unindustrialized countries need

assistance to improve domestic public health.

International cooperation mechanisms, including

international law, are crucial to respond to both

types of challenges (Fidler, 2003).

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Globalization

Globalization, therefore, creates infectious

disease challenges that force nations and state to

cooperate. Historically, international law has

been important in facilitating such cooperation.

It has to address the governance challenges that

globalization presents to public health.

Developments over the past 50 years mean that

the role of international law in infectious disease

control today has never been more important and

uncertain. International law remains important

to horizontal international governance, as

indicated by the world trade organizations

(WTO) international legal role in public health.

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III. CONCLUSION

Globalization raises the likelihood that

organizational actors and other players will be

aware of each other and offers endless

opportunities for them to relate to one another.

It compels us to abandon modernist and views as

to what is the best policy for development, the

optimal way to organize markets and industries,

the right organizational form, and the best

communities industries and organization; to look

for what makes each country unique and

valuable.

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Globalization

Although a global world is more unpredictable

and ambiguous than the modern world of the

recent past, it allows individuals and

organizations to grow out of straightjackets of

location and the modern nation-state, to express

themselves in a more boundless way, and to

pursue their identities without having to conform

to a dominant model or paradigm (Guillen, pg.

25).Though there are many social and

cultural manifestations of

globalization, here are some of the

major ones:

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Globalization

Informational services: The past two decades

have seen an internationalization of information

services involving the exponential expansion of

computer-based communication through the

Internet, social media, media network, social

network, and electronic mail. On the one hand,

the electronic revolution has promoted the

diversification and democratization of

information as people in nearly every country

are able to communicate their opinions and

perspectives on issues, local and global, that

impact their lives. Political groups from Chiapas

to Pakistan have effectively used information

45
Globalization

technology to promote their perspectives and

movements. On the other hand, this expansion of

information technology has been highly uneven,

creating an international "digital divide" (i.e.,

differences in access to and skills to use Internet

and other information technologies due

predominantly to geography and economic

status). Africa-Black Africa is a case, often;

access to information technology and to

telephone lines in many developing countries is

controlled by the state or is available only to a

small minority who can afford them...

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Globalization

B. NEW SERVICES:

In recent years there has been a significant shift in

the transmission and reporting of world news with

the rise of a small number of global news services.

This process has been referred to as the "CNN-

inaction of news," reflecting the power of a few

news agencies to construct and disseminate news.

Thanks to satellite technology, CNN and its few

competitors extend their reach to even the most

geographically remote areas of the world. This

raises some important questions of globalization:

Who determines what news what is

47
Globalization

"newsworthy?" Who frames the news and

determines the perspectives articulated? Whose

voice(s) are and are not represented? What are the

potential political consequences of the silencing of

alternative voices and perspectives?

C. Popular culture:

The contemporary revolution in communication

technology has had a dramatic impact in the

arena of popular culture. Information technology

enables a wide diversity of locally-based popular

culture to develop and reach a larger audience.

For example, "world music" has developed a

48
Globalization

major international audience. Old and new

musical traditions that a few years ago were

limited to a small local audience are now

playing on the world stage.

On the other hand, globalization has increased

transmission of popular culture easily and

inexpensively from the developed countries of the

North throughout the world. Consequently, despite

efforts of nationally-based media to develop local

television, movie, and video programs, many media

markets in countries of Africa, Asia, and Latin

America are saturated with productions from the

49
Globalization

U.S., Europe and a few countries in Asia (especially

Japan and India). Local critics of this trend lament

not only the resulting silencing of domestic cultural

expression, but also the hegemonic reach of Western,

"alien" culture and the potential global

homogenization of values and cultural taste. From

all indications, globalization must be understood by

Africans form such as:

1. a new treatment from Black-African intellectual

virtues as basis for understanding and sharing the

nature and goals of the Black African people in the

argument of the globalization policy.

50
Globalization

2. A simplified and more culturally, ethnically, and

sensitively intuitive argument casting system of

equitability on globalization decision making.

3. Streamlined and condensed coverage over

globalization dialogues across the globe will be

imperative for the Black-African people to equally

participate.

Meanwhile, the technology of Global Culture

involves promoting life-style, consumption,

products, and identities. Transnational corporations

deploy advertising to penetrate local markets, to sell

global products, and to overcome local resistance.

51
Globalization

Expansion of private cable and satellite systems has

been aggressively promoting a commercial culture

throughout the world. In a sense, culture itself is

being redefined for previously local and national

cultures have been forces of resistance to global

forces, protecting the traditions, identities, and

modes of life of specific groups and peoples. Culture

has been precisely the particularizing, localizing

force that distinguished societies and people from

each other. Culture provided forms of local

identities, practices, and modes of everyday life that

could serve as a bulwark against the invasion of

ideas, identities, and forms of life extraneous to the

52
Globalization

specific local region in question. Indeed, culture is

an especially complex and contested terrain today as

global cultures permeate local ones and new

configurations emerge that synthesize both poles,

providing contradictory forces of colonization and

resistance, global homogenization and new local

hybrid forms and identities.

Globalization of the Economy and the Systems of

Power and Inequality

An understanding of economics helps the

temporarily disaffected to realize that their transition

is a necessary and healthy consequence of economic

53
Globalization

competition within a system of power and equality.

That economic competition underlies and makes

possible the continually growing abundance of

wealth, that without it they would be dramatically

worse off, and therefore it is in everyone's interests

to support. It must be mentioned that difference in

communication and transportation technology,

combined with free-market ideology, have given

goods, services, and capital unprecedented mobility,

northern countries want to open world market to

their goods and take advantages of abundant, cheap

labor in the south, politics often supported by

southern elites. They use international institutions

54
Globalization

and regional trade agreements to compel poor

countries like Africa to integrate by reducing tariffs,

privatizing state and labor standards. The result has

enlarged profits for investors but offered pittances to

labors, provoking a strong backlash from civil

society. In essence, one of the most psychological

racial warfare in the international systems is within

the globalization and technological transfers political

doctrines. In the context of politics, one would like

to articulate from a social effect that, if political

institutions are inherently constrained in what results

they can produce, political ideologies are not

constrained in what they can promise. To maintain

55
Globalization

the plausibility of what they promise, however, they

must first establish and then maintain a particular

vision of social processes that will define a

solution within the scope of political actions. In

the context of globalization and technology transfer,

although most people tend to think of them as

individual characteristics or systems identity that is

built into the very structure of society and it is a

social fact that derives out of analysis of

international cultural, ethnic, religious, and

sectionalism based on racism.Locating a

psychologically structured phenomena in an historic

social construction of national and international

56
Globalization

realities, and racial oppression in the structure of

social, political, ethnic, and cultural institutions,

provides a different frame of analysis from that

which would be obtained by analyzing only

powerful institutions of international systems.,

Capitalism is dynamic. The structure of production

is continually changing. Every participant in the

economic system has the incentive and the moral

responsibility to plan for the future, to match their

skills to the productive opportunities in the economy

and to enhance their skills and focus them on new

areas as the economy changes. Success in capitalism

requires paying attention to the market and

57
Globalization

responding appropriately, no matter your level of

production, from janitors and bricklayers to

validation engineers to captains of industry. To

succeed, you cannot stand still. Complacency is

failure. As Andy Grove is fond of saying, "only the

paranoid survive." Illustratively, therefore, it

becomes imperative to address the American

competitiveness directly to this subject; I firmly

believe that one of America's greatest strengths is the

adaptability of its people. The American people can

create change, and thrive on it. The historic

accomplishments of the United States in science, in

invention, in engineering, and in business are

58
Globalization

without peer. Americans are the people best

positioned to prosper in the globalized economy.

D. The UN equal World Globalization

Globalization also involves the dissemination of new

technologies that have tremendous impact on the

economy, polity, society, culture, and everyday life.

African and the Third World nations are not equally

viewed within the world globalization. The research

question is, is the so-called dissemination of new

technology equitable in all countries? Time-space

compression produced by new media and

communications technologies are overcoming

59
Globalization

previous boundaries of space and time, creating a

global cultural village and dramatic penetration of

global forces into every realm of life in every region

of the world, with racially culturally, and ethnically

limited penetration in Africa. New technologies in

the labor process displace living labor, make

possible more flexible production, and create new

labor markets, with some areas undergoing

deindustrialization (i.e. the "rustbelt" of the Midwest

in the United States), while production itself

becomes increasingly transnational (Harvey 1989).

The new technologies also create new industries,

such as the computer and information industry, and

60
Globalization

allow transnational media and information to

instantaneously traverse the globe (Morley and

Robins 1995). This process has led some to celebrate

a new global information superhighway and others

to attack the new wave of media and culture of race,

class, and system of imperialism, which leaves

Africa as victim of globalization.

Using a social structural analysis of system of

power-system that differentially advantage and

disadvantage groups or nations depending on their

social locations within the international systems of

globalization, race, class, and the international

61
Globalization

global system, turn one attention to how they work.

For several centuries, globalization proceeded on an

increasingly rising curve, bringing more and more

areas of the world into the world market-system.

World War One and its aftermath produced a

slowing down of this process, however, first,

enmeshing much of the Western world in a highly

destructive war, followed by a period of economic

boom and bust, protectionism, growing nationalism,

and the failure of internationalist economic and

political policy. World War Two once again engulfed

much of the world in an even more destructive and

global war, though already during the war itself

62
Globalization

events occurred that would shape the post-War

world economic order. At the Breton Woods

conference in 1944, monetary arrangements were

undertaken which would help produce a globalized

world order. At the end of this meeting, the World

Bank and I.M.F. were founded, two major economic

institutions that would be at the basis of later

arrangements such as GATT and NAFTA. With the

end of the war, world trade exploded with a

vengeance. National trade barriers were

systematically dismantled and eroded, global

economic forces penetrated local economies, and a

63
Globalization

global consumer and media culture traversed the

globe.

E. The impact of globalization

The impact of globalization is felt first and foremost

in economic life. The globalization of the economy

refers to the increasing integration and

interdependence of all realms of economic life,

including trade, finance, production, and

consumption. Debates about economic globalization

include whether integration has helped or hindered

the plight of poor people around the globe; whether

jobs lost to 'outsourcing' really contribute to the

64
Globalization

health of an economy by lowering end-users' costs;

whether business and accounting practices and

principles (so-called 'corporate governance' issues)

developed in one social context can be transferred

and utilized productively across national boundaries;

and whether government policies should promote

foreign direct investment in every sector of the

economy or whether some sectors should be

protected for the benefit of domestic companies. The

following articles have been assembled to shed light

on these and other related issues. Technology is

also advancing one culture and one language.

The US has more computers than the rest of

65
Globalization

the world combined. English is used in 80

percent of websites, yet fewer than one in ten

people worldwide speak the language.

Everywhere, Internet access divides educated

from illiterate, rich from poor, young from old

and urban from rural. For many countries

feeling the deadening and harmonizing

impacts of economic globalization, protecting

cultural diversity has become as important a

fight as preserving biodiversity.

Many societies, particularly indigenous

peoples, view culture as their richest

heritage, without which they have no

66
Globalization

roots, history or soul. Its value is other

than monetary. To commodity it is to

destroy it.

F.Some Advantages of globalization

Increased free trade between nations.

Increased liquidity of capital allowing

investors in developed nations to invest in

developing nations

Corporations have greater flexibility to operate

across borders

Global mass media ties the world together

Increased flow of communications allows vital

information to be shared between individuals

67
Globalization

and corporations around the world. Greater

ease and speed of transportation for goods and

people

Reduction of cultural barriers increases the

global village effect. Spread of democratic

ideals to developed nations. Greater

interdependence of nation-states

Reduction of likelihood of war between

developed nations

Increases in environmental protection in

developed nations
G. Some Disadvantages of globalization

Increased flow of skilled and non-skilled jobs

68
Globalization

from developed to developing nations as

corporations seek out the cheapest labor.

Increased likelihood of economic disruptions

in one nation affecting all nations.

Corporate influence of nation-states far

exceeds that of civil society organizations and

average individuals. Threat that control of

world media by a handful of corporations will

limit cultural expression. Greater chance of

reactions for globalization being violent in an

attempt to preserve cultural heritage. Greater

risk of diseases being transported

unintentionally between nations

69
Globalization

Spread of a materialistic lifestyle and attitude

that sees consumption as the path to prosperity

International bodies like the World Trade

Organization infringe on national and

individual sovereignty. Increase in the chances

of civil war within developing countries and

open war between developing countries as

they vie for resources

Decreases in environmental integrity as

polluting corporations take advantage of weak

regulatory rules in developing countries.

H. Summary and Conclusion

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Globalization

Understanding the dynamics and Impact

of Globalization: Africa as a consequence
of Social Construction of Reality and
Ethno-Cultural Marginality. The economic
changes brought about by globalization
will affect different people in different
ways. Everyone benefits from
globalization through a general increase
in production which causes generally
lower prices. While the diffuse nature of
this benefit makes its magnitude difficult
to measure, it is certainly real. RACEAND
RACIALISM: THE WAY OF THE WEST; A SYSTEM OF
WHITE SUPREMACY AND BLACK-AFRICANS AND
PEOPLE OF COLOR AS INFERIOR.
This scholarly article is conceived as a
sympathetic treatment of the scourge of
the historic racial disparities of Black-
African people and other people of color.
Much of this article is about reaction to
the perpetual covert and some times
overt global racial institutionalization of
71
Globalization

Black-African People and other people of

color. This article challenges many
dogmas of so-called social science. as
well as many underlying assumptions
about racial issues and cultural
differences. This challenge is based on
more than the origin of humanity and the
question of God in the context of racism,
Blacology cries. I write on this pre-historic
and with contemporary social perspective
and at a time when the social dynamics
or race and its relationship to gender and
class are changing some how
progressively or in another time
retrogressively.
I. RACE AND RACIALISM: THE WAY OF
THE WEST; A SYSTEM OF WHITE
SUPREMACY AND BLACK-AFRICANS
AND PEOPLE OF COLOR AS INFERIOR.
Why Race, Class, and Gender are still
potential contemporary international

72
Globalization

social, cultural, ethnic, gender and

religious problems in the 21st
century? Is It significant to lament
that there is a contemporary racial
tolerant school of thought that
since Barrack Hussan Obama has
become the first Black-African
President in the United States, it
becomes a fallacy of relevance to
deduce that the intensity of
racialism has elongated or
somehow compromised. In the
context of the United States where
the author of this article lived over
38 years and went to school, is a
nation where people are supposed to
be to rise above their origins. There
is a believe that those who want to
succeed can do so with hard enough
work and good efforts under the
premise that the United States was
founded on the principle of equality.
73
Globalization

Although equality has been

historically denied to Black African
people many people of color, there is
no prospect for an absolute
eradication of racism. The question
is why race, class, gender still
matter? They are mattered based of
the below listed underlined factors:
(1) the persistent social, cultural,
economic, and educational
structures in e ways that value some
lives, with specific emphasis on
Black-African people than others. (2)
Currently in the United States, there
exists White privilege. (3) They
remain the foundations for the
American system of power,

The impact of globalization is greater for individuals

with a greater interaction with the affected

74
Globalization

industries. For people brought into the international

economic system as a result of globalization, there

are large and obvious benefits. Displaced workers in

those industries will need to find new employment,

but the fact that a relative overproduction in their

industry caused them to lose their job necessarily

implies a relative underproduction, and therefore

employment opportunities, elsewhere in the

economy.

The burden of adjustment falls most heavily upon

those most able to bear it, and even this may be

greatly diminished through planning. Savings

75
Globalization

provides liquidity during a person's transition to a

new field. Savings are the source of funds for paying

ongoing expenses such as food and housing as well

as new expenses such as education. Forethought

enables a person to anticipate the economic changes

before they occur. Forethought includes identifying

possible alternative industries to work in, beginning

an education in them, and saving enough money to

make the transition more comfortable when it

arrives.

76
Globalization

References:

See George M. Scott, Randall J. Jones, Jr.

and Louis S. Furmanski: Contemporary

International Problems: World Politics,

2004.

See www.globalpolicy.org searched in

2008

See www.investorwords.com. Searched in

2008

See www.businessdictionary.com.

Searched in 2008

77
Globalization

See

http://www.dni.gov/nic/NIC_GLOBALTREND

2020_S1.HTML. Searched in 2008.

See Howard Handelman; the Challenge of

Third World Development, 2011 Custom

Edition.

See Dr. Amos M.D.Sirleafs Understanding

the Dynamics of Politics in Cultural

Pluralism : An Experimental Perceptive of

Post Conflict Liberias 2017 predictions.

Unpublished article 2006, Strayer

University-USA.

78
Globalization

See Margaret L. Anderson and Patricia Hill

Collins: Race, Class, and Gender, an

Anthology, 2010, USA.

See Thomas Sowell: Race and Culture, A

World View, 1994.

Globalization as Govern mentality, Alternatives

29 (2004) pp. 495-514

Guillen, Mauro F. Diversity In Globalization,

Organizational change in Argentina, South
Korea and Spain, January 2000, paper Number 6

Porter, Keith, globalization And The

environment, About .Com URL:

79
Globalization

http://globalization.about.com./od/glob
alenvironment/a/gzenv.

Report of the Secretary-General on the work of

the Organization, Globalization and the
Environment, general assembly official Records,
fifty-fourth session, supplement No. 1 (a.54/1),
chapter IV.

Fiddler, David P., emerging Trends in

International Law concerning Global Infectious
Disease Control, march 2003 URL:
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol9no3/02-
0336.htm

80