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PT = Qc + Ps
Ingeniera Aeronutica: Avinica 7
The static pressure (Ps)
Its measured by an absolute pressure
transducer connected to a suitable orifice
located where the surface pressure is nearly the
same as the pressure of the surrounding
atmosphere.
0
( )( )
=
And:
= +
0
In the chemosphere region the static pressure versus altitude
relationship can be derived by a similar process by substituting
= + ( ) and g = g0
Substitute = in (7)
= (8)
The speed of sound only depends on the temperature of the air
So, the speed of sound at sea level, 0 , under standard conditions is:
1.4 287.0529 288.15
0 = 340.294
The speed of sound reduces with increasing altitude until the tropopause
height is reached. Then in the stratosphere the speed stays constant as the
temperaturature is constant.
2
= (12)
Fig. 10 Impact pressure
Study Case
AeroPer 603 Crash
Description:
Flight 603 took off from Lima for a flight to Santiago.
After five minutes the crew reported problems with
their instruments and stated that they wanted to
return to the airpoirt. While returning, the captains
altitude and airspeed indications were too high and
the co-pilots airspeed indications were too low.
Comments:
The loss of one reading, like static pressure in this case, can
cause a huge accident and the loss of many people. It can be
stated the importance of the pressure sensors in an aircraft.
1 1 0
+ 1 = 0 (15)
1 1
1 2
= 1 (16)
1 2
From (13)
1
1
=
1
Substituting for in eq (16) and rearranging gives
(1)
= [1 + 2 ] (1)
2
7
166.92
= 2 2.5 (20)
7 1
7
166.92
= 2 2.5 1 (21)
7 1
Subtopic 3.6: 7.3.6 Mach Number
Mach number can be obtained from equations (17) for
subsonic speeds and from equation (20) for supersonic
speeds by substituting =
7
166.92
0
= 2.5 1 (26)
2
7 1
0
Fig. 12 Qc vs Vc
Subtopic 3.8: 7.3.8 Static Air
Temperature
The temperature sensed by a thermometer probe in the airstream is the free
airstream temperature plus the kinetic rise in temperature.
The kinetic rise in temperature can be obtained by application of Bernouillis
For unit mass of air
1 1 2 1
+ 12 + 1 = + 22 + 2 (27)
1 2 2 2
Where 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 and 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 represent pressure, density, velocity,
temperature and internal energy at two points in a streamline ow, free
airstream and at the probe
At free airstream 1 = and 1 = . At stagnation point 2 = 0 and
2 =
Substituting these values in eq (27)
1 2
= 2 1 + ( ) (28)
2
Change in internal energy becomes heat
2 1 = ( ) (29)
where J is the Joule constant and is the specific heat of air at constant
volume
1 2
= ( + ) ( ) (30)
2
Thermodynamic theory
= ( ) (31)
Combining (30) and (31)
1 2
= ( )
2
Rearringing and substituting =
(1) 1
= 2 (32)
2
2
Substituting for and putting = 1.4
= (33)
(1+0.22 )
= (34)
(1+0.22 )
Subtopic 3.9: 7.3.9 True Airspeed
True airspeed, can be obtained from Mach number
= =
= (35)
1+0.22
= 20.0468 / (36)
1+0.22
Subtopic 3.10: 7.3.10 Pressure error
The pressures measured at the Pitot head and the static
orice are not exactly equal to the true values.
The error of the total pressure measured by the pitot
probe is usually small.
The error in the static pressure measurement, however,
can be signicant, and is due to disturbance of the airow
near the detecting orices by the pressure head itself and
by the aircraft structure.
To minimize the latter effect, the Pitot static probe is
often mounted in front of the foremost part of the
aircraft.
Topic 4: 7.4 Air Data Sensors
Subtopic 4.1: 7.4.1 Introduction
The key air data sensors comprise two pressure
sensors and a temperature sensor.
=
Consider the requirement for the measurement of airspeed to an
accuracy of 0.5 m/s (approx.1 knot) at an approach speed of 50 m/s
Temperature changes
Vibration
Shock
Acceleration
Humidity
7.4.2.2 Pressure Sensor Technology
Although there are other types of pressure
sensor in service, attention has been
concentrated on these two types as they
account for most of the modern systems. The
two main types can be divided into:
1
=
0
7.4.3 Air Data Computation
This can be computed from the actual measurment and corrected air temperatura value or
from the standard atmosphere temperatura. The latter is
the usual case so that is purely a function of .
(a) Troposphere
1
= 8434.51(1 2.25577 105 )
(a) Stratosphere
1
= 6341.62
Deriving by the first differentiating to generate and then multipltiying essentially
1
by enables a better resolution to be obtained with fewer computational delays.
7.4.3 Air Data Computation
MACH NUMBER, M
The pressure ratio, can be computed at suitable increments of
Mach Num and he results stored in a table look-up store using the
appropiate formulae.
= (1 + 0.22 )3,5
(a) Supersonic speeds
166.922
=
(72 1)2.5
7.4.3 Air Data Computation
(a) 340.3 (661.5 )
Calibrated Airspeed
3.5
The impact pressure, can be = 101.325 1 + .2 1 /2
computed at suitable increments 340.294
overthe range of calibrated airspeeds,
say 25m/s (50 knots) to 400 m/s (800 (a) 340.3 661.5
knots) and the results stored in a table
look-up store using the appropiate 7
formulae. 166.92 340.294
= 101.325 2.5 1
2
7 340.294 1
7.4.3 Air Data Computation
Static Air Temperature and True Airspeed
The statis air temperatur is derivade by
computing the correction factor 1/(1 +
0.22 )And multiplying the measured
(indicated) air temperature , by this
correction factor, viz.
=
(1 + 0.22 )
True airspeed
= 20.0468
Subtopic 4.4: 7.4.4 Angle of Incidence
Sensors
Knowledge of the angle of incidence can become
particularly important at the extremes of the
flight envelope when high values of incidence are
reached and the limiting conditions approached.